Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:40:04.878Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Collective Action and Policy Implementation: Evidence from Salvador Allende’s Expropriations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2021

Felipe González  and
Felipe Vial
Felipe González
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of Economics, Instituto de Economía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: [email protected].
Felipe Vial
Affiliation:
Ph.D. Candidate in Economics, Department of Economics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Cold War triggered the appearance of U.S.-sponsored re-distributive policies in Latin America with the goal of decreasing the influence of the Soviet Union. We study how organized groups of workers increased the intensity of one of the largest programs of the time, Salvador Allende’s land reform in Chile (1970–1973). Using original data in an event study research design, we find that the local political actions of workers—proxied by land invasions—affected the intensity and location of expropriations. We argue this result can be explained by a threat of political unrest.

Type
Article
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , June 2021 , pp. 405 - 440
Copyright
© The Economic History Association 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We would like to thank the editors and two anonymous referees for comments and suggestions that greatly improved the paper. We also thank Brad DeLong, Barry Eichengreen, Francisco Gallego, Pablo Muñoz, Suresh Naidu, Cristóbal Otero, Santiago Pérez, Mounu Prem, Claudio Robles-Ortiz, Mateo Uribe-Castro, Damián Vergara, Harrison Wheeler, and seminar participants at UC Berkeley and Universidad del Rosario for comments and suggestions. José Benito Ruiz and Cristine von Dessauer provided outstanding research assistance.

References

REFERENCES

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 4 (2000): 1167–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. “Democratization under the Threat of Revolution: Evidence from the Great Reform Act of 1832.” Econometrica 83, no. 2 (2015): 505–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael. Autocracy and Redistribution: The Politics of Land Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael, Brambor, Thomas, and Ceneviva, Ricardo. “Land Inequality and Rural Unrest: Theory and Evidence from Brazil.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 3 (2016): 557–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael, Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto, Magaloni, Beatriz, and Weingast, Barry R.. “Authoritarian Survival and Poverty Traps: Land Reform in Mexico.” World Development, 77 (2016): 154–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, Michael, and Oliver, Kaplan. “Land Reform as a Counterinsurgency Policy.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57, no. 2 (2012): 198–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battaglini, Marco. “Public Protests and Policy Making.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 1 (2017): 485–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellisario, Antonio. “The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist Partial Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980. Part 1: Reformism, Socialism and Free-Market Neoliberalism.” Journal of Agrarian Change 7, no. 1 (2007a): 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellisario, Antonio. “The Chilean Agrarian Transformation: Agrarian Reform and Capitalist Partial Counter-Agrarian Reform, 1964–1980. Part 2: Cora, Post-1980 Outcomes and the Emerging Agrarian Class Structure.” Journal of Agrarian Change 7, no. 2 (2007b):145–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengoa, José. “Movilización Campesina: Análisis y Perspectivas.” Sociedad y Desarrollo 3 (1972): 54–75.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne, Duflo, Esther, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. “How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, no. 1 (2004): 249–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Robin, Burgess. “Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, no. 2 (2000): 389–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhalotra, Sonia, Chakravarty, Abhishek, Mookherjee, Dilip, and Pino, Francisco J.. “Property Rights and Gender Bias: Evidence from Land Reform in West Bengal.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 2 (2019): 205–37.Google Scholar
Blattman, Christopher, and Edward, Miguel. “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 1 (2010): 3–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boorstein, Edward. Allende’s Chile: An Inside View. New York: International Publishers, 1977.Google Scholar
Bravo, José Manuel. De Carranco a Carrán: Las tomas que cambiaron la historia. LOM Ediciones, 2012.Google Scholar
Brown, Stephen J., and Jerold B. Warner. “Using Daily Stock Returns: The Case of Event Studies.” Journal of Financial Economics 14 (1985): 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, John B., Lonnie, Magee, and Leslie Robb, A.. “Alternative Transformations to Handle Extreme Values of the Dependent Variable.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, no. 401 (1988): 123–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, John Y. The Econometrics of Financial Markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantoni, Davide, Yang, David Y., Yuchtman, Noam, and Jane Zhang, Y.. “Protests as Strategic Games: Experimental Evidence from Hong Kong’s Anti-Authoritarian Movement.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 2 (2019): 1021–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, Timothy. “GMM Estimation with Cross Sectional Dependence.” Journal of Econometrics 91, no. 1 (1999): 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuesta, José I., Díaz, José G., Francisco, Gallego, Felipe, González, and Guillermo, Marshall. “La reforma agraria en Chile: Hechos estilizados a la luz de una nueva base de datos.” Estudios Públicos 146 (2017): 7–48.Google Scholar
Cuesta, José I., Francisco, Gallego, and Felipe, González. “Local Impacts of Trade Liberalization: Evidence from the Chilean Agricultural Sector. In Economic Policies in Emerging-Market Economies, edited by Ricardo, J. Caballero and Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus, 351–78. Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile, 2015.Google Scholar
Darnton, Christopher. “Asymmetry and Agenda-Setting in U.S.-Latin American Relations: Rethinking the Origins of the Alliance for Progress.” Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (2012): 55–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Nathaniel. The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Dell, Melissa. “Path Dependence in Development: Evidence from the Mexican Revolution.” Working Paper, 2012. Available from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dell/files/revolutiondraft.pdf.Google Scholar
Dell, Melissa. “Trafficking Networks and the Mexican Drug War.” American Economic Review 105, no. 6 (2015): 1738–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, Anthony. “Up and Down with Ecology—the ‘Issue-Attention Cycle’.” Public Interest 28 (1972): 38–50.Google Scholar
Enikolopov, Ruben, Makarin, Alexey, and Petrova, Maria. “Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia.” Econometrica 88, no. 4 (2020): 1479–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetzer, Thiemo, and Samuel, Marden. “Take What You Can: Property Rights, Contestability and Conflict.” Economic Journal 127, no. 601 (2017): 757–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrido, José, ed. Historia de la reforma agraria en Chile. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 1988.Google Scholar
Ghatak, Maitreesh, and Sanchari, Roy. “Land Reform and Agricultural Productivity in India: A Review of the Evidence.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 23, no. 2 (2007): 251–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Peter A. “The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile.” Political Science Quarterly 90, no. 1 (1975): 93–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez, Sergio, and Emilio, Klein. “Informe sobre el estado actual de los consejos comunales campesinos.” Santiago, Chile: ICIRA, 1972.Google Scholar
González, Felipe. “Can Land Reform Avoid a Left Turn? Evidence from Chile after the Cuban Revolution.” The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 13, no. 1 (2013): 31–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Felipe. “Collective Action in Networks: Evidence from the Chilean Student Movement.” Journal of Public Economics 188 (2020): 104220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Felipe, and Felipe, Vial. “Replication: Collective Action and Policy Implementation: Evidence from Salvador Allende’s Expropriations.” Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2020-12-10. https://doi.org/10.3886/E128542V1.Google Scholar
Hamuy, Eduardo, Salcedo, Danilo, and Sepúlveda, Orlando. El primer satélite artificial: Sus efectos en la opinión pública. Santiago: Instituto de Sociología y Editorial Universitaria, 1958.Google Scholar
Haslam, Jonathan. The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende’s Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide. New York: Verso Books, 2005.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, F. Daniel, Suresh Naidu, Simeon Nichter, and Neal Richardson. “Economic Determinants of Land Invasions.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92, no. 3 (2010): 505–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huerta, María A., ed. Otro agro para Chile: La historia de la reforma agraria en el proceso social y político. Santiago: Cisec-Cesoc, 1989.Google Scholar
Kay, C. “Tipos de reforma agraria y sus contradicciones: El caso de Chile.” Revista Mexicana de Sociología 39, no. 3 (1977): 857–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Emilio. Antecedentes para el estudio de conflictos colectivos en el campo, 1967–1971. Santiago, Chile: ICIRA, 1972.Google Scholar
Kornbluh, Peter. The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. New York, NY: The New Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Larreboure, Magdalena, and Felipe, González. “The Impact of the Women’s March on the U.S. House Election.” Documento de Trabajo IE-PUC, N. 560, 2021. Available from https://economia.uc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/dt-560.pdf.Google Scholar
Lillo, Nicolás. “Land Redistribution, Crop Choice, and Development: Evidence from Reform and Counter-Reform in Chile.” Working Paper, 2018. Available from http://www.ridge.uy/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Lillo-Bustos-Nicolas-Land-Redistribution-Crop-Choice-and-Development.pdf.Google Scholar
Lohmann, Susanne. “A Signaling Model of Informative and Manipulative Political Action.” American Political Science Review 87, no. 2 (1993): 319–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohmann, Susanne. “Information Aggregation through Costly Political Action.” American Economic Review 84, no. 3 (1994): 518–30.Google Scholar
López-Uribe, María del Pilar. “Buying Off the Revolution: Evidence from the Colombian National Peasant Movement, 1957–1985.” Working Paper, 2019. Available from https://www.umass.edu/economics/sites/default/files/BOR_29_10_2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Loveman, Brian. “Unidad Popular in the Countryside: Ni razón, ni fuerza.” Latin American Perspectives 1, no. 2 (1974): 147–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loveman, Brian. Struggle in the Countryside: Politics and Rural Labor in Chile, 1919–1973. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, Abraham F., ed. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Madestam, Andreas, Shoag, Daniel, Veuger, Stan, and Yanagizawa-Drott, David. “Do Political Protests Matter? Evidence from the Tea Party Movement.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (2013): 1633–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manacorda, Marco, and Andrea, Tesei. “Liberation Technology: Mobile Phones and Political Mobilization in Africa.” Econometrica 88, no. 2 (2020): 533–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard. “A Rational Theory of the Size of Government.” Journal of Political Economy, 89, no. 5 (1981): 914–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montero, Eduardo. “Cooperative Property Rights and Development: Evidence from Land Reform in El Salvador.” Working Paper, 2020. Available from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/emontero/files/montero_cooperatives.pdf.Google Scholar
National Congress of Chile. Diario de Sesiones del Senado. Publicación Oficial, Legislatura 316, Ordinaria, Sesión 5, 31 de Mayo, 1972.Google Scholar
Navarrete, Jaime. Movimiento Campesino Revolucionario: Cautín, 1970–1973. Ediciones Escaparate, 2018.Google Scholar
Navia, Patricio, and Rodrigo, Osorio. “Las encuestas de opinión pública en Chile antes de 1973.” Latin American Research Review 50, no. 1 (2015): 117–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percoco, Marco. “Land Invasions and Land Reform in Basilicata, Italy: An Evaluation of Place-Based Policies.” Territory, Politics, Governance (2019): 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petras, James. Política y fuerzas sociales en el desarrollo chileno. Buenos Aires: Argentina: Amorrortu, 1971.Google Scholar
Popular, Unity. “Programa básico de gobierno de la Unidad Popular: Candidatura presidencial de Salvador Allende.” Santiago, Chile: Unidad Popular (UP), 1969.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Lubna Z., ed. Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Redondo, Jesús A. “Las tomas de fundos en la provincia de Cautín (Chile), 1967–1973.” Cuadernos de Historia 42 (2015): 153–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robles-Ortiz, Claudio. “Revolution from below in Panguipulli: Agrarian Reform and Political Conflict under the Popular Unity in Chile.” Journal of Agrarian Change 18, no. 3 (2018): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez, Felipe. “National Politics and Local Conflicts. Landowners from the Province of Llanquihue and Rural Mobilization in the Chilean Agrarian Reform.” Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales 23 (2012): 101–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigmund, Paul E. The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964–1976. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Taffet, Jeffrey. Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America. Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Uribe-Castro, Mateo. “Expropriation of Church Wealth and Political Conflict in 19th Century Colombia.” Explorations in Economic History 73 (2019): 101271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdés, Aalerto, and William, Foster, eds. La reforma agraria en Chile: Historia, efectos y lecciones. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones UC, 2015.Google Scholar
Winn, Peter, and Cristobal, Kay. “Agrarian Reform and Rural Revolution in Allende’s Chile.” Journal of Latin American Studies 6, no. 1 (1974): 135–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Thomas C. Latin America in the Era of the Cuban Revolution. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

González and Vial supplementary material

González and Vial supplementary material

Download González and Vial supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 1.4 MB