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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
In the England of 1840, as Professor Chadwick observes, the idea of mission pertained to the lapsed at home as well as the heathen overseas. This article, in discussing connexions between the English Churches and the Australian colonies, deals with a third meaning: colonial mission. The seventeenth-century association of religion and colonisation is well known. The bearing of religion (heathen missions excepted) on the imperialism of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, and the response of English Christianity to settlement colonies in this period, have occasioned less discussion. Most familiar are the points where religion was drawn into imperial policy, as in British North America after the Revolution. Promotion of the Church of England was part of an overhaul of imperial administration in New South Wales as well. But in the new century this method of achieving political and social stability ran into difficulties at home. In Australia it was ineffective and little more popular than in the Canadas. By 1830 religion was ceasing to be an instrument of imperial policy. The new bearers of British Christianity overseas, the evangelical missionary societies, had been founded with the heathen in view and generally avoided other engagements. The missionary fervour of the post-Napoleonic period thus coincided with indifference to the religious needs of emigrants and colonists. A response came in the 1830s in the form of colonial missionary societies and a quickening of the older Church societies. Though never a match for the home and heathen enterprises of Victorian Christianity, the colonial missions had roots in the nation's past. They expressed the various aspirations of the home Churches and were part of the phenomenon of empire.
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page 362 note 3 Minutes, xix, 14: 28 November 1786. S.P.C.K. records are at Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone Road, London.
page 362 note 4 James Bain to Rev. Dr. Seale, 25 November 1789; to [?], 24 January 1790: Australia Correspondence 1789–1836. S.P.G. records are at United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Tufton Street, London. Thompson, H. P., Into All Lands: the History of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701–1950, London 1951, 17.Google Scholar
page 363 note 1 See Blackton, Charles S., ‘Convicts, Colonists and Progress in Australia, 1800–1850’, in McCulloch, S. C. (ed.), British Humanitarianism, Philadelphia 1950;Google ScholarMadden, A. F., ‘The Attitude of the Evangelicals to the Empire and Imperial Problems (1820–1850)’, Oxford D.Phil, thesis, 1950, 8Google Scholar, 33. By way of exception, ladies connected with Elizabeth Fry's Society for promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners visited 7,471 female convicts on 63 ships between 1818 and 1837. They reported the use of injurious heavy irons, corresponded with Marsden on conditions on ship and in the colony, and supplied each prisoner with sewing materials and tracts. A British and Foreign Bible Society auxiliary was formed in Sydney in 1817; the Religious Tract Society was also represented. The colonies, however, were of minor importance to these societies, at least until the 1840s: A Concise View of the Origin and Progress of the British Ladies Society for promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners, London n.d.; First Report of the Auxiliary Bible Society of N.S.W., 1817, Sydney n.d.; Missionary Register, October 1818, 403; Christian Spectator, 15 May 1839, 17 November 1847, 21 July 1852.
page 363 note 2 Minutes, xxxii, 3 October 1797.
page 363 note 3 Proceedings, 1777.
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page 364 note 1 See J. D. Bollen, ‘English Missionary Societies and the Australian Aborigine’, Journal of Religious History, (forthcoming).
page 364 note 2 Account of a Society for Missions to Africa and the East instituted by members of the Established Church, 1799, London 1886 (facs. ed.), 7;Google ScholarStock, Eugene, The History of the Church Missionary Society, London 1899, i. 68–9.Google Scholar
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page 365 note 2 Minute Book, 24 January 1817, 28 June 1820; J. Taylor to S. Leigh, 25 March 1820, Letter Book.
page 365 note 3 W. Lawry to committee, 21 July 1819: Australia 1812–26; J. Taylor to W. Lawry, 9 December 1819; W. Lawry, B. Carvosso and R. Mansfield to committee 3, 22 July 1821: Minute Book 18 July 1815, 14 March 1817.
page 365 note 4 S. Leigh to committee, 16 November 1821; R. Watson to J. Orton, 15 September 1832.
page 365 note 5 Minute Book, 22 May 1813, 25 February, 12, 13 July, 2, 22 September 1814; J. Buckley to J. Bunting, 3 October 1814.
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page 366 note 2 Minute Book, 7 October 1829.
page 366 note 3 J. Beecham to J. McKenny, 9 October 1835.
page 366 note 4 E. Hoole to J. McKenny, 18 July 1844.
page 366 note 5 Society to W. Boyce, 14 January 1849: FM 14/1424, Mitchell Library, Sydney.
page 366 note 6 J. Beecham to J. Manton, 31 December 1849: Ibid.
page 366 note 7 J. Beecham to W. Boyce, 30 December 1851: Ibid.; Minutes, 3, 5 December 1851.
page 366 note 8 In 1860 £10,025 raised in the colonies was subsidised to cover an expenditure of £14,896: Christian Pleader, February 1861.
page 366 note 9 E. Hoole to chairman and brethren of Australian District, September 1852: Letter Book 1834–61, 174–6, FM4/1423, Mitchell Library.
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page 368 note 4 See Eddy, op. cit., 265–6.
page 368 note 5 Scott to A. Hamilton, 27 January, 23 March, 21 May 1827.
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page 369 note 1 S.P.C.K. Report, 1828, 56.
page 369 note 2 From Burroughs, Peter, Britain and Australia 1831–1855, Oxford 1967, appendix 11, 384.Google Scholar
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page 370 note 1 Broughton to A. Hamilton, 15 February 1831.
page 370 note 2 Australia Correspondence: Lord Howick to A. Hamilton, 30 September 1831. On the withdrawal of government support for the S.P.G. in Canada at this time see Burroughs, art. cit.
page 370 note 3 Annual Report, 1834–5, 19–20; 1836, 3–14.
page 370 note 4 Ibid., 1834–5, 46–7: 1836, 45.
page 370 note 5 Standing Committee Minutes, 5 January 1835, 3 May, 7 June 1836; Minutes, 7 June 1836.
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page 370 note 8 Broughton to Rev. Dr. Warneford, 12 November 1838; to A. M. Campbell, 17 May 1843.
page 371 note 1 William IV, no. 3; see Turner, Naomi, Sinews of Sectarian Warfare?, Canberra 1972.Google Scholar State aid continued in N.S.W. until 1862 and in Victoria until 1870: see Gregory, J. S., Church and State, Melbourne and Sydney 1973.Google Scholar
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page 371 note 3 Based on annual Abstracts of Receipts and Payments: S.P.G. Reports.
page 372 note 1 Broughton to A. M. Campbell, 17 May 1843.
page 372 note 2 Minute Book, 28 November 1822; 22 April, 15 September, 1 December 1831; 13, 24 July 1833: Baptist Missionary Society, Gloucester Place, London; see Bollen, J. D., ‘English-Australian Baptist Relations 1830–1860’, The Baptist Quarterly, XXV (1974), 290–305.Google Scholar
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page 372 note 5 Ibid., 21 October 1799; R. Hassall to Directors, 22–30 April 1800: Australia 1797–1817.
page 372 note 6 Marsden to J. Hardcastle, 20 July 1805, 8 November 1806.
page 372 note 7 D.Tyerman to G. Burder, 8 February 1825, Tyerman-Bennet Deputation, 1821–29.
page 372 note 8 J. Hayward to G. Burder, 7 April 1824; L. Threlkeld to G. Burder and W. A. Hankey, 10 August 1826: Australia 1818–28.
page 373 note 1 Cited in Fletcher, art. cit., 138.
page 373 note 2 F. Miller to W. Ellis, 6 February 1834, encl.; to T. Wilson, 21 October 1834; to W. Ellis, 12 February 1835: Australia 1833–44.
page 373 note 3 Congregational Calendar …, 1841, 85.
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page 374 note 1 Evangelical Magazine, xiii (1835), 503–4; Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent, South Australia 1829–1857, 2nd ed., 1967, 142f.
page 374 note 2 Evangelical Magazine, xiv (1836), 24.
page 374 note 3 Patriot, 16 May 1836.
page 374 note 4 Colonial Missionary Society (hereafter Col. M.S.), Minutes, 12 October 1836; 16 January, 29 May 1837; Annual Report, 1837, 3: loc. cit., University of London.
page 374 note 5 Baptist Magazine, 1841, xxxiii, 287; 1842, xxxiv, 293–7.
page 374 note 6 B.M.S. Minute Book, 19 January 1843; Annual Report, 1843, ix.xi.
page 375 note 1 On Binney and the interest of English dissent in the colony see Pike, op. cit.
page 375 note 2 Baptist Magazine, xxvi (1834), 413–17; xviii (1836), 246.
page 375 note 3 G. Stacey to Friends in Van Themen's Land and Sydney, 10 July 1843, Meeting of Sufferings; Society of Friends' Library, Friends House, Euston Road, London; Friend, 8th month 1854, xii, no. 140. On the visit of J. Backhouse and G. W. Walker to Australia see Meetings of Ministers and Elders, vi, 1802–1840, 17, 28 5th month 1831; 18 5th month 1841; and Backhouse, James, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, London 1843.Google Scholar
page 375 note 4 Baptist Magazine, XXXIV (1842), 353Google Scholar; Epistles from the Yearly Meeting of Friends, London 1858, Epistle 1784, 58; Friend, 10th month 1857, XV, no. 178.Google Scholar
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page 375 note 6 Annual Report, 1864, 20.
page 376 note 1 Col. M.S., Address, 1836, 1.
page 376 note 2 Annual Report, 1842, 9; Address, 3.
page 376 note 3 Annual Report, 1845, 11. This affinity for colonies was evident also at the time of the American Revolution; see Harlow, op. cit., i, 150–1, ii, 792; Knorr, op. cit., 195–200.
page 376 note 4 Thomas Luke to A.Wells, 2 5 January 1841: Home [correspondence), 1837–42.
page 377 note 1 Congregational Magazine, November 1839, 677–86; 749–66; Minutes, 19 April 1858; Annual Report, 1858, 6; Congregational Union of England and Wales, Year Book, 1858, 59–61.
page 377 note 2 Christian Witness, xii (1855), 332–4, 379–82. Report on British Missions, Year Book, 1850, 81; 1851, 82.
page 377 note 3 Minutes, 4, 29 May 1837.
page 377 note 4 Ibid., 21 January 1839.
page 377 note 5 Ibid., 17 August, 19 September, 11 October 1853.
page 378 note 1 Annual Report, 1857, 13–14; 1859, 14–15.
page 378 note 2 Col. M.S., Colonial Chronicle, 24, January 1865.
page 378 note 3 Corbin, John, Ever Working, Never Resting: a Memoir of the Rev. John Legg Poore, London 1864, 354.Google Scholar
page 378 note 4 Col. M.S. … Address; Christian Witness, i, August 1844, 343–7; Congregational Magazine, April 1840, iv, 228–31; Eclectic Review, July-December 1840, viii new ser., 448f.
page 378 note 5 Christian Witness, April 1846, 159–64; June 1846, 300–303.
page 378 note 6 Annual Report, 1846, 8; L.M.S. and Col. M.S. income in 1840 was £94,954 and £3,601 respectively: Congregational Calendar …, 1841.
page 378 note 7 Minute Book, 18 November 1856; 14 January 1857.
page 378 note 8 Ibid., 26 September 1865; 1 May 1866.
page 378 note 9 Colonial Chronicle, 24 January 1865.
page 379 note 1 Annual Report, 1826, sermon, 22; Proceedings, 1837–8, sermon, 1–11.
page 379 note 2 Proceedings, 1841–2, 1–11: sermon by Wilberforce, Samuel, ‘The Law of Christian Colonization’. Wilberforce was at this time working on his History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, London 1844Google Scholar, which advocated colonial mission and the idea of a missionary bishop. See Newsome, David, The Parting of Friends, London 1966, 215–18.Google Scholar
page 379 note 3 Proceedings, 1833–34, 15.
page 379 note 4 First Report of the Australian Church Missionary Society [1835]; Record, 12 October 1835; Colonial Church Society, Report, 1838, 16–17. The Church societies had been more responsive: S.P.G., Minutes, 3 March 1829, 3 October 1837; S.P.C.K., Minutes, 18 February 1829, 6 March 1837.
page 379 note 5 Noel adumbrated colonial need, to which evangelicals had ‘hitherto contributed almost nothing’, in his Christian Missions to Heathen Nations, London 1842, xiii; see also Kenneth Richard Short, ‘Baptist Wriothesley Noel: Anglican-Evangelical-Baptist’, Baptist Quarterly, xx, 1963–4, 51–61; Missionary Register, 1836, 302; 1837, 529–31; Record, 12 October 1835.Google Scholar
page 379 note 6 Watchman, 22 May 1839; Colonial Church Society, Annual Report, 1840, 34–5; 1842, 14–17; 1847, 39.
page 380 note 1 Colonial Church Society, Annual Report, 1847, 39–40; 1848, 25; Colonial Church and School Society, Annual Report, 1852, 56, 104; 1853, 86.
page 380 note 2 Colonial Church and School Society, Minute Book, 7 February 1854. Records of this and related societies are held by Commonwealth and Continental Church Society, 175 Tower Bridge Road, London.
page 380 note 3 Colonial and Continental Church Society, Minute Book, 21 May 1863, loc. cit.
page 380 note 4 Colonial and Continental Church Society, Annual Report, 1861; Minute Book, 19 April 1866; 21 January, 19 August 1869.
page 380 note 5 Colonial Church Record, i. 6, January 1839, 82; Colonial Church Society, Occasional Paper, viii, extracts from annual meeting, 1 May 1844; Minute Book, 19 January 1841.
page 380 note 6 B. W. Noel, Occasional Paper, v, extracts from annual meeting, 3 May 1843, 5.
page 381 note 1 Cnattingius, op. cit., 195.
page 381 note 2 Colonial Church Chronicle, iv, January 1851, 252; Anderson, James S. M., The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire, i-iii, London 1856.Google Scholar
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page 382 note 3 Recent Expansion of the Church of England …, London 1864, 21.Google Scholar The colonial episcopate as an aspect of Church-State relations and of Church reform is generally neglected by writers on these subjects. See Welch, P. J., ‘Blomfield and Peel: a Study in Co-operation between Church and State, 1841–1846’, in this Journal, XII (1961), 71–84Google Scholar; Thompson, Kenneth A., Bureaucracy and Church Reform: the organizational response of the Church of England to Social Change, Oxford 1970.Google Scholar
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page 383 note 1 See S.P.G., Australian Papers, Box 19; Emigrants Spiritual Aid Committee, Minute Book; S.P.C.K. Board Minutes, 6 March 1849, 8 January 1850; Wynter, James Cecil, Hints on Church Colonization, London 1850, 24.Google Scholar
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page 383 note 4 A. F. Madden, op. cit., 358f.
page 384 note 1 The Church of England Society for Educating the Poor of Newfoundland and the Colonies, Proceedings, 1847, annual sermon, 10; Christian Spectator, 16 January 1839.
page 384 note 2 The Church of Scotland set up a permanent Colonial Missions Committee in 1836; the Glasgow Colonial Society had supplied Canadian need since 1824. See Chambers, D., ‘The Kirk and the colonies in the early 19th Century’, Historical Stuthes, XVI (1975), 381–401. J. D. Lang, the pioneer Presbyterian minister, still found cause to berate the Church of Scotland and looked to American Presbyterianism; Lang to Russell, 29 July 1840 [copy]: Despatches to the Governor of New South Wales, July-December 1840, Mitchell Library MS. A1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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