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The Cologne Reformation and the Church of Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

James K. Cameron
James K. Cameron
Affiliation:
Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of St. Andrews
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Extract

The apparent suddenness of the reformation in Scotland has sometimes been considered difficult to understand, but more difficul has been the abandonment, seemingly at the eleventh hour, of the old Church by some of those who held key positions in it. The desertion to die reform movement of John Wynram, sub-prior of the St. Andrews Augustinians and dean of die Faculty of Divinity, has recendy called forth this caustic comment from Dr McRoberts, ‘One would very much like to know what religious convictions he really held, if any’. In a footnote McRoberts adds ‘He is reminiscent of his contemporary, Hermann von Wied, archbishop of Cologne, who was described by the Emperor Charles V as “neither a Protestant nor a Catholic but a proper headien’”. The linking of Wynram's name widi rfiat of the archbishop elector, as we shall see, is not widiout foundation, although not necessarily on account of the judgments of the emperor or the monseigneur. No doubt similar comments could be passed on John Douglas, principal of St. Mary's College and rector of die University, who shared widi Wynram, Knox, and odiers in drawing up in 1560 die Scots Confession and the First Book of Discipline.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , January 1979 , pp. 39 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

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References

1 McRoberts, David, ‘The Glorious House of St. Andrew’ in The Medieval Church of St. Andrews, ed. McRoberts, David, Glasgow 1976, 117.Google Scholar

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8 , Emden, Biographical Dictionary, 381Google Scholar. Details of Marshall's activities in Scodand will be found in St. Mary's College.

9 See further my forthcoming St. Mary's College.

10 Mitchell, Catechism, xi.

11 Von Gottes genaden unser Hermans Ertzbishoffs zu Cöln und Churfürsten … Einfaltigs bedencken warauff ein Christliche, in dem wort Gottes gegrünte Reformation, an Lehr, branch der Heyligen Sacramenten und Ceremonien, Seelsorge und anderem Kirchendienst, bis uff eines freyen, Christlichen, Gemeinen, oder Nationals Concilii oder des Reichs Teutscher Nation Stende, im Heyligen Geyst versamlet, verbesserung bey denen so unserer Seelsorge befolhen, anzurichten seye, Bonn 1543Google Scholar. An edition of this text with introduction by Gerhards, H. and Borth, W.: Wied, Hermann von: Einfaltiges Bedencken. Reformations entwurffiir das Erzstift Kb'ln von 1543, was published at Dusseldorf, 1972Google Scholar. See also Franzen, A., Bischof und Reformation; Erzbischof Hermann von Wied in Kb'ln vor der Entscheidung zwichen Reform und Reformation, Munster 1972, 82 ff.Google Scholar; Kohn, M., Martin Bucers Entwurfeiner Reformation des Erzstiftes Kb'ln. Untersuchung der Enlstehunge-geschichte und der Theologie des Einfaltigen Bedenckens von 1543, Witten 1966, 67ffGoogle Scholar.

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13 A simple and religious consultation of us Herman … Archebishop of Cologne … by what means a Christian reformation… may be begon among men committed to our pastoral charge, London 1547.Google Scholar

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19 Consultation (1548) (Hereafter cited as Consult.), fol. 5. I have for easier reading modernised the spelling of all extracts which have been taken from the 1548 English edition.

20 First Book of Discipline (hereafter cited as F. B. D.), 86. All references are to m y edition. The spelling the passages quoted has been modernised. The text can also be found in Dickinson, W. C., op. cit., ii. 280ffGoogle Scholar.

21 Consult., fol. vir.

22 F. B. D., 87.

23 Consult., fols. viiiv-ixr.

24 F. B. D., 871.

25 Preliminary studies suggest a close relationship between the Confession ofFaith and the doctrinal sections of the Consultation. A detailed comparison is in preparation.

26 Consult., fols. xviii, xx, lxiv.

27 F. B. D., 88.

28 See further Cuming, op. cit, 86f.; cf. Consult., fols. clxxi-clxxx.

29 Consult., fols. clxxxi-dxxxiii, clixxxx, clxxxxiiii.

30 The Consultation (fol. clxxxxr)states: ‘The pastors shall warn moreover that it is no small abuse of this sacrament that it is wont to be set forth and carried about to be gazed upon and to be worshipped with gold and silver, and other such carnal ornaments, and that with this opinion, as though this carrying about and showing forth and outward worshiping of the Sacrament were able to turn away all incommodities and bring all felicity, though men do not once think of true repentance of sins and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. Wherefor we will in any wise diat the pastors hereafter set not forth nor carry about the sacrament’. Cf. Book of Discipline, 204: ‘What was the opinion of die most par t of men of the Sacrament of Christ's body and blood during die darkness of superstition, is not unknown. How it was gazed upon kneeled unto, borne in procession and finally worshiped and honoured as ChristJesus himself.

31 F. B. D., 90.

32 Ibid., 96ff., cf. 17ff.

33 Cuming, op. cit., 93.

34 Consult., fol. ccxxiiiiv.

35 Ibid., fol. ccxxiiiir.

36 Ibid., fols. ccxxv, ccxxvi; see also cclxxi.

37 F. B. D., 96, cf. 21.

38 Ibid., 105, cf. 21.

39 Ibid., 104.

40 Consult., fol. cdxxii.

41 F. B. D., 105:1. 35, cf. 2 if.

42 Consult., fol. xvv.

43 Eells, H., Martin Bucer, New Haven 1931 1931, 245.Google Scholar

44 F. B. D., 26f., 49ff.

45 Donaldson, G., ‘“The Example of Denmark.” in the Scottish Reformation’, Scottish Historical Review, xxi (1948), 57–64.Google Scholar

46 Donaldson, G., The Scottish Reformation, Cambridge 1960, 105ff.Google Scholar; Henderson, G. D., Presbyterianism, Aberdeen 1954, 34ffGoogle Scholar.

47 Consult., fols. ccxx-ccxxiii.

48 Ibid., fol. ccxxi.

49 Ibid., fol. ccxxiv.

50 F. B. D., 165ff.; Register of the Minister, Elders and Deacons of the Christian Congregation of St. Andrews 1559-1600, ed. Fleming, D. H., 1889, i. 112f., 188, 233f., 313ff.Google Scholar; Calderwood, A. B., The Buik of the Kirk of the Canagait 1564-1567, Edinburgh 1961, 16, 24, 32, 36Google Scholar.

51 Consult., fol. cxlviiiv.

52 Ibid., clxxiii, clxxiiii.

53 Ibid., cclviiv; cclix.

54 F. B. D., 164.

55 Martini Buceri Opera Latina, ed. Wendel, F., Gütersloh 1955, xv. 145.Google Scholar

56 Consult., fol. cclxxi.

57 Ibid., fol. cclxxivv.

58 F. B. D., 115, cf.

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60 Hall, B., ‘Diakonia in Martin Bucer’ in Service in Christ, ed. McCord, J. I. and Parker, T. H. L., London 1966, 96f.Google Scholar

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62 F. B. D., 165fF. Cf. Consult., fols. ccxx-ccxxiii.

63 F. B. D., 171 and note 32; Consult., fol. ccxxi.

64 Consult., fol. cocxv.

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66 Consult., fol. cclviiv.

67 F. B. D., 174ff.

68 Cf. St. Andrews Kirk Session Register, i. xxiiff., 340f.: and Buik of the Canagoit, ii. cf. 51f., 72f.

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71 F. B. D.,180f.

72 Consult., fol. clii, cf. ccli/ccliiii.

73 Cf. above, n. 71. Consult., fol. codiiii reads: ‘We will that our men upon Sundays apply themselves wholly to the Lord and cease from all corporal works and business and also from all journeys not necessary and practising of merchandise’.

74 Consult., fols. ccxliiii-ccxlix.

75 F. B. D., 88, 183f.

76 Consult., fols, ccli-cclii.

77 F. B. D., 180ff.

78 Ibid., 182f.

79 Consult., fol. cliiv.

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81 F. B. D., 184.

82 F. B. D., 184ff.

83 Donaldson, G., The Making of the Scottish Prayer Book of 1637, Edinburgh 1954Google Scholar, , Donaldson, Scottish Reformation, 833ffGoogle Scholar.

84 Consult., fols. cclxxi-cclxxiiii; F. B. D., 187ff.

85 F. B. D., 182, 195f.

86 Consult., fol. ccxxvii.

87 F. B. D., 192f.

88 Consult., fol. ccxxxiii.

89 Ibid., fol. ccxxxiiii; F. B. D., 197 n. 64.

90 F. B. D., i 96fF.

91 Ibid., 199ff.

92 Consult., fols. ccxxv-cclxxiiii; F. B. D., 187ff.

93 F. B. D., 54ff., 128ff., 13 7ff.

94 Consult., fols. cclixv-cclxxi.

95 Kohls, E. W., Die Schule bei Martin Bucer in ihrem Verhältnis zu Kirche und Obrigkeit, Heidelberg 1963, 105.Google Scholar

96 F. B. D., 129f.

97 Consult., fol. cclx.

98 F. B. D., 130.

99 Consult., fol. cclxv

100 , Kohls, Die Schule, 105.Google Scholar

101 Consult., fols. cclxvi-cclxx.

102 F. B. D., 58ff., 137ff. See further my forthcoming St. Mary's College.

103 Consult., fol. cclxviv.

104 Ibid., cclvii.

105 Ibid., cclxxxxii1. Cf. F. B. D., 208f.

106 F. B. D., 72, 116ff.

107 Ibid., 69f., 98ff., 164.

108 Consult., fol. cclxxiiiiv.

109 , Donaldson, Scottish Reformation, 124Google Scholar; F. B. D., 69, 103 n. 28, 177.

110 See further Shaw, D., The General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, 1560-160, Edinburgh 1964Google Scholar.

111 , Donaldson, Scottish Reformation, 35.Google Scholar