Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:55:27.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anglo-Catholicism, the ‘Crisis in the Church’ and the Cavalier Case of 1899

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2009

Martin Wellings
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Much of the history of the late nineteenth-century Church of England is dominated by the phenomenon of Anglo-Catholicism. In the period between 1890 and 1939 Anglo-Catholics formed the most vigorous and successful party in the Church. Membership of the English Church Union, which represented a broad spectrum of Anglo-Catholic opinion, grew steadily in these years; advanced ceremonial was introduced in an increasing number of parish churches and, from 1920 onwards, a series of congresses was held which filled the Royal Albert Hall for a celebration of the strength of the ‘Catholic’ movement in the Established Church. In the Church Times the Anglo-Catholics possessed a weekly newspaper which outsold all its rivals put together and which reinforced the impression that theirs was the party with the Church's future in its hands. Furthermore, Anglo-Catholicism could claim to be supplying the Church of England with many of its saints and with a fair proportion of its scholars. Slum priests like R. R. Dolling and Arthur Stanton gave their lives to the task of urban mission; Edward King, bishop of Lincoln, was hailed as a spiritual leader by churchmen of all parties; Charles Gore, Walter Frere and Darwell Stone were scholars of renown, while Frank Weston, bishop of Zanzibar, combined academic achievements and missionary zeal with personal qualities which brought him an unexpected pre-eminence at the 1920 Lambeth Conference. In the last decade of the nineteenth century and in the first decades of the twentieth century, therefore, Anglo-Catholicism was the party of advance, offering leadership and vision and presenting the Church of England with a concept of Catholicity which many found attractive.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , April 1991 , pp. 239 - 258
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Chadwick, O., The Victorian Church, London 1972 2, 2. 308–19Google Scholar; Lloyd, R., The Church of England 1900–65, London 1966, ch. viGoogle Scholar; Pickering, W. S. F., Anglo-Catholicism: A study in religious ambiguity, London 1989, ch. iiGoogle Scholar.

2 Iremonger, F. A., William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, London 1948, 180Google Scholar.

3 Russell, G. W. E., ‘The angel of the Church of Lincoln’, in The Household of Faith, London 1902, 216–22Google Scholar; Prestige, G. L., The Life of Charles Gore, London 1935Google Scholar; Cross, F. L., Darwell Stone: Churchman and counsellor, Westminster 1943Google Scholar; Smith, H. Maynard, Fran, Bishop of Zanzibar, London 1926, especially 220–39Google Scholar.

4 Machin, G. I. T., ‘The last Victorian anti-ritualist campaign, 1895–1906’, Victorian Studies 25 (1982), 277–302Google Scholar; Wellings, M., ‘Some Aspects of Late Nineteenth Century Anglican Evangelicalism’, DPhil. diss., Oxford 1989, chs 2, 3 and viiGoogle Scholar. See also Wace's address to the United Protestant Congress of 1922, published in Protestantism in Answer to Anglo-Catholicism, Romanism and Modernism, London 1922, 5–10Google Scholar.

5 Charles Gore, for example, engaged in controversy with other Anglo-Catholics over Biblical criticism in the 1890s, perpetual reservation of the sacrament in the 1910s and Prayer Book revision in the 1920s: Prestige, Charles Gore, 97–115, 390–4, 504–6Google Scholar. See also Knox, R. A., ‘Some tendencies of Anglicanism’, Dublin Review 324 (1918) on the varieties of Anglo-CatholicismGoogle Scholar.

6 Pickering, Anglo-Catholicism, 1–11Google Scholar.

7 Ibid. 209–45.

8 Lockhart, J. G., Charles Lindley, Viscount Halifax, London 1936, 2. 38ffGoogle Scholar.

9 Minutes of the Church Association Council 17 06 1897 and 11 12 1898, in the Church Society Papers, Lambeth Palace LibraryGoogle Scholar.

10 Chadwick, , Victorian Church, 2. 355Google Scholar; Creighton, L., Life and Letters of Mandell Creighton, London 1904, 2. 288–92Google Scholar; Record, London, 1898, passimGoogle Scholar.

11 Gardiner, A. G., The Life of Sir William Harcourt, London 1923, 2. 48 offGoogle Scholar.; Machin, G. I. T., Politics and the Churches in Great Britain, 1868–1939, Oxford 1987, 237–8Google Scholar.

12 See, for example, Waller, P. J., Democracy and Sectarianism: A political and social history of Liverpool 1868–1939, Liverpool 1981, ch. 11Google Scholar.

13 Machin, Politics and the Churches, 245Google Scholar.

14 Record, London, 20 01 1899, 78Google Scholar.

15 Ibid. 3 March 1899, 223.

16 I am grateful to the Revd Dr Alan, Wilson for drawing my attention to the Cavalier case papers (CCP) among the Fulham Papers in Lambeth Palace LibraryGoogle Scholar. The fictional ‘Pomeroy affair’ may be found in Mackenzie, C., The Altar Steps, London 1922, 102–20Google Scholar.

17 Crockford's Clerical Directory, London 1900Google Scholar; Bentley, A., ‘The Transformation of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England in the later Nineteenth Century’, PhD. diss., Durham 1971, 455–9Google Scholar.

18 Stock, E., The History of the Church Missionary Society, London 1899, ch. 88Google Scholar.

19 Record, London, 30 03 1899, 330Google Scholar.

20 Times, London, 17 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

21 Ibid.

22 Crockford's Clerical Directory, London 1900Google Scholar.

23 Times, 17 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

24 CCP, Arthur Cavalier to George Chambers, 3 01 1899Google Scholar.

25 Times, London, 5 07 1899, 4Google Scholar.

26 Mackenzie, C., My Life and Times, London 1963, 2. 244Google Scholar.

27 Times, London, 24 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

28 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 5 02; Cavalier, A. R. to Denison, 7 02; Denison to Creighton, 7 02Google Scholar.

29 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 7 02; Denison to Creighton, 7 and 9 02Google Scholar.

30 Times, London, 17 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

31 Ibid. 17 March 1899, 12; 20 March 1899, 13; CCP, Denison to Creighton, 10 March 1899.

32 Ibid.

33 Times, London, 17 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

34 Times, London, 20 03 1899, 13; 21 03 1899, 14; 22 03 1899, 10; 24 03 1899, 12; 27 03 1899, 9; 28 1899, 12Google Scholar.

35 Record, London, 24 03 1899, 296Google Scholar; English Churchman, London, 29 03 1899, 203Google Scholar; Rock, London, 24 03 1899, 9Google Scholar; Guardian, London, 22 03 1899, 390, 427Google Scholar; Parl. Deb. Eng., 96–104Google Scholar.

36 Creighton, Mandell Creighton, 2. 364Google Scholar.

37 Ibid. 364.

38 Times, London, 17 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

39 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 7 02Google Scholar.

40 English Churchman, London, 29 03 1899, 203Google Scholar.

41 Times, London, 20 03 1899, 13 (Kelly), and 21, 14 and 27 03, 9Google Scholar(Cavalier, H. O.); Rock, London, 24 03, 1899, 9Google Scholar.

42 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Denison, 7 02; Times, London, 28 03 1899, 12Google Scholar.

43 Record, London, 15 06 1900, 577Google Scholar.

44 Munson, J. E. B., ‘The Oxford Movement by the end of the nineteenth century: the Anglo-Catholic clergy’, Church History 44 (1975), 390Google Scholar.

45 Russell, Household of Faith, 231ffGoogle Scholar.

46 Mackenzie, Life and Times, 2. 257–9Google Scholar.

47 Speeches of Samuel Smith, Esq., MP, and the Rt Hon. Sir William Harcourt, MP, in the House of Commons, June 16th and 21st i8g8, and an Address by Samuel Smith, Esq., MP, on Ritualism and Elementary Education, London 1898, 32–47Google Scholar.

48 Machin, Politics and the Churches, 260–72Google Scholar; Bebbington, D. W., The Nonconformist Conscience: chapel and politics, 1870-1914, London 1982, 127ffGoogle Scholar.

49 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Denison, 7 02, and to Creighton, 7 02Google Scholar.

50 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 5 02, and to Denison, 7 02Google Scholar.

51 Percival, J. et al. , Church and Faith, Being Essays on the Teaching of the Church of England, London 1899, 243–4Google Scholar.

52 Walsh, W., The Secret History of the Oxford Movement, London 1897, ch. 3Google Scholar.

53 Sir Edward Russell to Sir William Harcourt, 17 10 1898, HP Box 237, fo. 128Google Scholar.

54 CCP, Arthur Cavalier to George Chambers, 3 01Google Scholar.

55 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 5 02Google Scholar.

56 Record, London, 8 11 1901, 1102Google Scholar.

57 Chavasse, F.J., Plain Words on some Present Day Questions, London 1898, 5–16Google Scholar; Ryle, J. C., Knots Untied, London 1877, chs xi and 7Google Scholar.

58 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 7 02; Ryle, Knots Untied, 205Google Scholar.

59 Chavasse, Plain Words, 13–14Google Scholar.

60 Ryle, Knots Untied, 215Google Scholar.

61 Sangar, J. M., The Protestant Crisis, London 1899 18,Google Scholar; Record, London, 25 01 1901, 120Google Scholar.

62 Times, London, 18 03 1899, 13Google Scholar.

63 Rock, London, 24 03 1899, 9Google Scholar.

64 Times, London, 5 07 1899, 4Google Scholar.

65 CCP, Cavalier, A. R. to Creighton, 5 02Google Scholar.

66 Record, London, 24 03 1899, 305Google Scholar.

67 Part. Deb. Eng., 101Google Scholar.

68 Chavasse, Plain Words, 9–12Google Scholar.

69 Record, London, 22 11 1912, 1109Google Scholar.

70 Henson, H. H., Cui Bono? An open letter to Lord Halifax on the present crisis in the Church of England, London 1898, 32Google Scholar.

71 CCP, Denison to Creighton, 9, 11 and 14 02, and Creighton to Denison, 13 02Google Scholar.

72 Parl. Deb. Eng., 106Google Scholar.

73 Times, London, 22 03, 1899, 10Google Scholar; Pad. Deb. Eng., 109–10Google Scholar.

74 Record, London, 20 01 1899, 78Google Scholar.

75 Ibid. 3 March 1899, 223.

76 Rock, London, 24 03 1899, 8Google Scholar.

77 Church Times, London, 7 02 1899, 403–4Google Scholar.

78 Record, London, 24 03 1899, 306Google Scholar; Part. Deb. Eng., 101. Removing an incumbent was much more difficultGoogle Scholar.

79 Creighton, Mandell Creighton, 2. 358–9Google Scholar.

80 Davidson to Harcourt, 7 04 1899, HP Box 241, fos 3–17Google Scholar; Bell, G. K. A., Randall Davidson, London 1935, ch. 17Google Scholar.

81 Creighton, Mandell Creighton, 2. 367Google Scholar.

82 Davidson to Harcourt, 25 08 1899, HP Box 241, fo. 54Google Scholar.

83 Record, London, 28 01 1898, 89; 13 05 1898, 465; 3 06 1898, 540Google Scholar.

84 Jansen, F. to Harcourt, 18 08 1898, HP Box 237, fos. 16–17Google Scholar.

85 Creighton, Mandell Creighton, 2. 293Google Scholar.

86 See Harry, Wilson's correspondence, now in Lambeth Palace LibraryGoogle Scholar. I owe this suggestion to the Revd Dr Alan, WilsonGoogle Scholar.

87 Creighton, Mandell Creighton, 2. 357Google Scholar.

88 Ibid. ii. 381–3; Church Association Council Minutes 16 March 1899.

89 Tatlow, T., The Story of the Student Christian Movement, London 1933, 180Google Scholar; Wilson, A., ‘Ritualism in the 1890s’ (unpublished paper, 1982)Google Scholar.

90 Harcourt to the Church Association, 3 11 1899, HP Box 241, fo. 131Google Scholar.

91 Machin, , Politics and the Churches, 110 and 243ffGoogle Scholar; Record, London, 16 03 1900, 254 and 25 June 1902, 625Google Scholar.

92 Davidson to Harcourt, 27 09 1898, HP Box 237, fo.77Google Scholar; Carpenter, S. C., Winnington-Ingram, London 1949, chs ix and 10Google Scholar.

93 Lloyd, , Church of England, chs 5 and xiiGoogle Scholar; Stephenson, A. M. G., The Rise and Decline of English Modernism, London 1984, passimGoogle Scholar.

94 Weston, F., Ecclesia Anglicana: For what does She stand?, London 1913, 1–29Google Scholar.

95 Bullock, F. W. B., A History of Training for the ministry of the Church of England in England and Wales 1875–1974, London 1976, 142Google Scholar.