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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 March 2011
This article discusses a privately owned manuscript of St Francis's collection of addresses known as the Admonitions in the context of the nature of the work, the textual transmission of Francis's writings, his method of composition and other manuscripts of the Admonitions, especially those dating from the thirteenth century. It is argued that the manuscript antedates Francis's canonisation in 1228, is the earliest known manuscript containing the Admonitions and indeed the earliest manuscript of any of Francis's more substantial works. The article publishes the text and provides facsimiles of the manuscript.
1 K. Esser and R. Oliger, La Tradition manuscrite des Opuscules de Saint François d'Assise: préliminaires de l'édition critique (Subsidia Scientificia Franciscalia iii), Rome 1972; Die Opuscula des hl. Franziskus von Assisi: neue textkritische Edition, ed. K. Esser (SB xiii), Grottaferrata 1976; Opuscula Sancti Patris Francisci Assisiensis, ed. K. Esser (Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi xii), Grottaferrata 1978; Die Opuscula des hl. Franziskus von Assisi: neue textkritische Edition, ed. K. Esser and E. Grau (SB xiii), 2nd edn, Grottaferrata 1989.
2 A. Ciceri, ‘I codici degli Opuscula Sancti Francisci emersi dopo l'edizione de Kajetan Esser’, in A. Cacciotti (ed.), Verba domini mei: gli Opuscula di Francesco d'Assisi a 25 anni dalla edizione di Kajetan Esser, ofm, Rome 2003, 383–426, which incorporates the findings of Kurten, E., ‘Weitere Textzeugen für die Opuscula des hl. Franziskus von Assisi’, CF xlv (1972), 251–67Google Scholar. Four of the manuscripts in Ciceri's list include the Admonitions. Fr Ciceri has kindly informed us that no manuscript of the Admonitions has come to his attention since the publication of his article.
3 Paolazzi, C., ‘Le Admonitiones di Frate Francesco: testo critico’, AFH cii (2009), 3–88Google Scholar.
4 For example, in the Epistola toti ordini missa, cap. 39, Francis said of himself ‘ignorans sum et idiota’: Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 262. Paolazzi, Cf. C., ‘Per gli autografi di frate Francesco: dubbi, verifiche e riconferme’, AFH xciii (2000), 3–28Google Scholar at pp. 2–3. Liber chronicarum sive tribulationum Ordinis Minorum di Frate Angelo Clareno, ed. G. Boccali (PDBFCNA viii), Assisi 1998, 154–5, prologue no. 338, attributes to Jesus Christ the view that Francis, ‘idiota’, ‘infirmus’ and ‘simplex’, was selected so that divine wisdom and virtue might be displayed in him. For Francis's attitude to study see P. Maranesi, Nescientes litteras: l'ammonizione della Regola francescana e la questione degli studi nell'ordine, Rome 2000, ch. i, and Paolazzi, C., ‘I frati Minori e i libri: per l'esegesi di “ad implendum eorum officium” (Rnbu 111, 7) e “nescientes litteras” (Rnbu III, 9; Rebu X, 7)’, AFH xcvii (2004), 3–59Google Scholar.
5 See Langeli, A. Bartoli, ‘Gli scritti da Francesco: l'autografia di un illiteratus’, in Frate Franceso d'Assisi: atti del XXI convegno internazionale, Spoleto 1994, 101–59Google Scholar, and Gli autografi di Frate Francesco e di Frate Leone (Corpus Christianorum: Autographa Medii Aevi v), Turnhout 2000, pt i; and Paolazzi, ‘Per gli autographi’. See also Merlo, G. G., ‘L'incidenza degli scritti di Frate Francesco sul rinnovamento della storiografia francescana contemporanea’, in Cacciotti, Verba domini mei, 439–57Google Scholar at p. 456.
6 Miccoli, G., ‘Gli scritti di Francesco’, in Francesco d'Assisi e il primo secolo di storia francescana, Turin 1997, 35–69Google Scholar at pp. 36, 38. See also Baroli Langeli, Gli autografi, 13–15, 57–71.
7 See, for example, C. Paolazzi, ‘Nascita degli Scritti e costituzione del canone’, in Cacciotti, Verba domini mei, 55–87 at pp. 55–8.
8 See, for example, Cambell, J., ‘Ecrits et paroles de S. François d'après les Opuscules de Wadding’, Franziskanische Studien xlvii (1965), 73–104Google Scholar at pp. 78–9.
9 For example, ‘Et omnes illi et illae, qui ea benigne recipient, intelligent et mittent aliis in exemplum’: Epistola ad fideles (recensio posterior), in Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 213; ‘ut hoc scriptum apud se habeant operentur et studiose reponant. Et exoro ipsos, ut, quae scripta sunt in eo, sollicite custodire ac facere diligentius observari secundum beneplacitum omnipotentis Dei’: Epistola toti ordini missa, ibid. 263; ‘Hoc scriptum, ut melius debeat observari, sciant se benedictos a Domino Deo, qui ipsum fecerint exemplari’: Epistola ad clericos, ibid. 165; ‘Hoc scriptum qui apud se retinuerint et observaverint illud, a Domino Deo se noverint benedictos’: Epistola ad populorum rectores, ibid. 275. See Bartoli Langeli, Gli autografi, 59–62. See also Miccoli, ‘Gli scritti di Francesco’, 43; R. Rusconi, ‘Moneo atque exhortor … Firmiter praecipio: carisma individuale e potere normativo in Francesco d'Assisi’, in G. Andenna, M. Breitenstein and G. Melville (eds), Charisma und religiöse Gemeinschaften im Mittelalter (Vita regularis xxvi), Münster 2005, 261–79 at pp. 276–7; and Paolazzi, ‘Nascita’, 69, and ‘Le Epistole maggiori di Frate Francesco, edizione critica e emendamenti ai testi minori’, AFH ci (2008), 3–154Google Scholar at pp. 6–8.
10 For example, ‘Et generalis minister et omnes alii ministri et custodes per obedientiam teneantur, in istis verbis non addere vel minuere. Et semper hoc scriptum habeant secum iuxta regulam’: Testamentum, cap. 4, in Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 443; ‘ego frater Franciscus firmiter precipio et iniungo, ut ex his qui in ista vita scripta sunt nullus minuat, vel in ipsa scriptum aliquod desuper addat’: Regula non bullata, cap. 24, in Paolazzi, C., ‘La Regula non bullata dei frati minori (1221), dallo “stemma codicum” al testo critico’, AFH c (2007), 5–148Google Scholar at p. 148. Cf. Rusconi, ‘Moneo atque exhortor … Firmiter praecipio’, esp. pp. 268, 271–3, 276–7.
11 ‘Nos enim qui cum ipso fuimus quando scripsit regulam, et fere omnia sua scripta, testimonium perhibemus, quod plura scripsit in regula et in aliis dictis suis, de quibus fratres quidam fuerunt sibi contrarii in vita sua, quae nunc post mortem eius essent valde utilia toti religioni’: Liber chronicarum sive tribulationum Ordinis Minorum di Frate Angelo Clareno, 234–5, no. 341
12 ‘sed per revelationem Iesu Christi sibi apparentis et in eo seraphice habitantis et cruciformiter loquentis, omnia quae in regula et testamento et suis epistolis ad admonitionem scripsit’: ibid. 102–3, no. 59.
13 See, for example, Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 41–55.
14 R. B. Brooke, The image of St Francis: responses to sainthood in the thirteenth century, Cambridge 2006, 42; cf. G. Miccoli, Francesco d'Assisi: realtà e memoria di un'esperienza cristiana, Turin 1991, 257 n. 80.
15 Fr. Thomae de Celano Vita prima S. Francisci Assisiensis, in Legendae S. Francisci Assisiensis saeculis XIII et XIV conscriptae, i (Analecta Franciscana x), Florence 1926–41, 1–117 at p. 16, no. 17; 35–6, no. 45.
16 Ibid. 25, no. 32; 28, no. 35; 31, no. 39; 32, no. 40; 36, no. 46; 75, no. 98.
17 Ibid. 23, no. 28; 24, no. 29; 25–6, no. 32; 31, no. 39; 32, no. 40; 40, no. 51; 50, no. 67; 57, no. 76; 61, nos 82–3; 63, no. 84; 81, no. 104.
18 Ibid. 39, no. 50; 61, no. 82; 75, no. 98.
19 Ibid. 60, no. 81.
20 Chiappini, A., ‘Communitatis responsio Religiosi viri ad rotulum Fr. Ubertini de Casali’, AFH vii (1914), 654–75Google Scholar; viii (1915), 56–80 at p. 669.
21 Constitutiones generales Ordinis Fratrum Minorum, I: Saeculum XIII, ed. C. Cenci and R. G. Mailleux (Analecta Franciscana xiii, Nova Series: Documenta et Studia i), Grottaferrata 2007, 331, no. 22a.
22 Cenci, For example C., ‘Ordinazioni dei capitoli provinciali umbri dal 1300 al 1305’, CF lv (1985), 5–31Google Scholar at p. 29, no. 1.
23 See Compilatio Assisiensis dagli scritti di fra Leone e Compagni su S. Francesco d'Assisi, ed. M. Bigaroni (PDBFCNA ii), Assisi 1992, 350–3, cap. 108, nos 13–16.
24 Vita prima S. Francisci Assisiensis, 28, no. 35; 32, no. 41; 35, no. 45; 41, no. 53; 73, no. 96; 74, no. 97; 81, no. 104.
25 Oliger, L., ‘Liber exemplorum Fratrum Minorum saeculi xiii (Excerpta e Cod. Ottob. Lat. 522)’, Antonianum ii (1927), 203–76Google Scholar at p. 216, no.10.
26 ‘Magna verecundia est nobis servis Dei, quod sancti steterunt opera et nos recitando ea volumus habere gloriam, et honorem’ (Admonition 6): Les Sermons universitaires parisiens de 1230–1231, ed. M. M. Davy (Études de philosophie médiévale xv), Paris 1931, 346.
27 Brooke, Image of St Francis, 161–4.
28 K. Krüger, Der frühe Bildkult des Franziskus in Italien, Berlin 1992, 56–63, argues that the depiction of Francis is adapted from a portrait of someone else and is later in date. He rejects the view that Francis visited Subiaco. For a similar view to that of Krüger see W. R. Cook, Images of St Francis of Assisi in painting, stone and glass from the earliest images to ca. 1320 in Italy: a catalogue, Florence–Perth 1999, 221–2, no. 193. However, Krüger's reinterpretation has not generally found favour: see especially C. Frugoni, Francesco e l'invenzione delle stimmate, Turin 1993, 269–75, with a different conclusion concerning the date to that in the text above. M. Feuillet, Les Visages de François d'Assise: l'iconographie franciscaine des origines, 1226–1282, Paris 1997, ch. ii, follows Frugoni. Neither Krüger nor Cook refer to the early copy of the Epistola ad clericos in the manuscript from Subiaco cited at n. 84 below.
29 Matthaei Parisiensis, monachi sancti Albani, Chronica majora, ed. H. R. Luard (Rolls Series lvii), London 1876, iii. 131–43; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, ms 16, fo. 67ra–vb.
30 Esser and Oliger, La Tradition manuscrite, 22, 24, 72, 87, 89.
31 Peterborough Abbey, ed. K. Friis-Jenson and J. M. W. Willoughby (Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues viii), London 2001, 150–1, nos 261i, 263a. The second manuscript also contained a life of the saint.
32 L‘Anonyme de Pérouse: un temoin de la fraternité franciscaine primitive, ed. P.-B. Beguin, Paris 1979, 52–3, no. 19a. This passage from the Testament had already been quoted by Thomas of Celano.
33 Compilatio Assisiensis, 340–1, no. 23; 352–3, no. 17.
34 Salimbene de Adam, Cronica, ed. G. Scalia (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis cxxv, cxxva), Turnhout 1998–9, i. 243, attests that Elias of Cortona ‘habebat palafredos pingues et quadratos; et semper ibat eques, etiam si transibat ab una ecclesia ad aliam per dimidium miliare, faciens contra regulam, que dicit quod fratres minores … ’.
35 For example, Clasen, S., ‘Tractatus Gerardi de Abbatisvilla “contra adversarium perfectionis Christianae”’, AFH xxxi (1938), 276–329Google Scholar; AFH xxxii (1939), 89–200 at p. 91.
36 Expositio quatuor magistrorum super regulam fratrum minorum (1241–1242), ed. L. Oliger (Storia e Letteratura xxx), Rome 1950, 125 cap. i, 149 cap. vi.
37 Accrocca, F., ‘Insistenze e oblii: gli Opuscula negli scritti degli Spirituali’, in Cacciotti, Verba domini mei, 220–40Google Scholar. See also Bihl, M., ‘Fraticelli cuiusdam Decalogus evangelicae paupertatis an. 1340–1342 conscriptus’, AFH xxxii (1939), 279–411Google Scholar at p. 342, cf. pp. 332, 380–1, 384.
38 L‘Anonyme de Pérouse, 66–7, no. 27a; 84–5, no. 37e. See also E. Pásztor, ‘Il manoscritto Isidoriano 1/73 et gli scritti leonini su san Francesco’, in her Francesco d'Assisi e la ‘questione francescana’, Assisi 2000, 207–42 at p. 215.
39 Fr. Thomae de Celano Vita secunda S. Francisci Assisiensis, in Legendae S. Francisci Assisiensis, 127–268 at nos 8, 99, 122, 125, 134, 145, 160, 164, 185, 186, 189, 195, 201.
40 Compilatio Assisiensis, 326–7, no. 25; cf. C. Delcorno, ‘Origini della predicazione francescana’, in Francesco d'Assisi e francescanesimo, 125–60 at pp. 142–3.
41 Private ms, fo. 5rb; Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 84; cf. Ciceri, ‘I codici’, 409.
42 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 84–5 (this being the reading in the Dominican sermon cited at n. 26 above); Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 40.
43 S. Bonaventurae Legenda maior S. Francisci, in Legendae S. Francisci Assisiensis, 555–652 at p. 582, cap. 6, no. 1: ‘Quantum homo est in oculis Dei, tantum est et non plus’.
44 ‘Ille enim homo, dicit beatus Franciscus, relinquit omnia que possidet et perdit corpus suum, qui semetipsum totum prebet ad obedientiam sui prelati, et quicquid dicit aut facit, quod ipse sciat quod non sit contra voluntatem eius, dum bonum sit quod facit, vera obedientia est’: Expositio super regulam fratrum minorum di Frate Angelo Clareno, ed. G. Boccali (PDBFCNA vii), Assisi 1994, i. 208–9, no. 249.
45 ‘Ille servus Dei, qui non irascitur, neque conturbat se pro aliquo, recte vivit sine proprio et beatus est, quia non remanet sibi aliquid, reddens que sunt Cesaris Cesari et que sunt Dei Deo’ (cf. Matt. xxii.21): ibid. i. 210–3, no. 260.
46 ‘Qui vere pauper spiritu est, seipsum odit, et eum diligit qui ipsum percutit et affligit’: ibid. i. 212–13, no. 261.
47 ‘Sanctus autem Franciscus admonitiones, reprehensiones et praecepta fratribus faciebat, sicut ei, prius consulto Domino, videbatur … Admonebat eos ut sollicite observarent sanctum Evangelium et Regulam quam promiserant’: L‘Anonyme de Pérouse, 84–5, nos 37b, 37e.
48 ‘In Pentecoste conveniebant omnes fratres apud Sanctam Mariam et tractabant qualiter melius possent regulam observare … Sanctus autem Franciscus faciebat admonitiones reprehensiones et praecepta, sicut ei iuxta consilium Domini videbatur’: Desbonnets, T., ‘Legenda trium sociorum: édition critique’, AFH lxvii (1974), 38–144Google Scholar at p. 131.
49 For a survey of the different views on this question see Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 118–21. It is perhaps worth noting that Francis called the Testament an admonitio: ‘Et non dicant fratres “Haec est alia regula”; quia haec est recordatio, admonitio, exhortatio et meum testamentum’: ibid. 443.
50 Biblioteca del Sacro Convento di S. Francesco, Assisi, ms 338, fo. 18r. On this manuscript see nn. 65–6 below.
51 Lettres de Jacques de Vitry (1160/1170–1240), évêque de Saint-Jean-d'Acre, ed. R. B. H. Huygens, Leiden 1960, 76. For early chapters of the order see Gratien de Paris, Histoire de la fondation et de l'évolution de l'Ordre des Frères Mineurs au XIIIe siècle (Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccina xxix), repr. Rome 1982, 11 n. 17.
52 Regula non bullata, cap. 18: ‘Omnes autem ministri qui sunt in ultramarinis et ultramontanis partibus, semel in tribus annis, et alii ministri semel in anno veniant ad capitulum in Pentecoste apud ecclesiam sancte Marie de Portiuncula, nisi a ministro et servo totius fraternitatis aliter fuerit ordinatum’: Paolazzi, ‘La Regula non bullata’, 139–40; cf. Gratien de Paris, Histoire, 43–4. For general chapters of the order see R. B. Brooke, Early Franciscan government, Cambridge 1959, passim.
53 K. Esser, ‘Über die Chronologie der Schriften des Hl. Franziskus von Assisi’, in his Studien zu den Opuscula des Hl. Franziskus von Assisi, ed. E. Kurten and I. de Villapadierna (Subsidia Scientifica Franciscalia iv), Rome 1973, 299–340 at p. 303.
54 Miccoli, ‘Gli scritti di Francesco’, 45. Pellegrini, L., ‘Francesco e i suoi scritti’, Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia xxxvi (1982), 311–31Google Scholar at p. 318, speaks of ‘testi riportati e riassunti come le Admonitiones’.
55 See nn. 106–11 below.
56 Pozzi, G., ‘Lo stile di San Francesco’, Italia Medioevale e Umanistica xli (2000), 7–72Google Scholar at p. 71.
57 Ciceri, See A., ‘La fonte evangelica degli Opuscula Sancti Francisci Assisiensis’, AFH lxxxviii (1995), 161–268Google Scholar.
58 A. Vauchez, ‘Les Écrits de saint François: une réponse à la contestation hérétique?’, in his Francesco d'Assisi e gli ordini mendicanti, Assisi 2005, 15–26 at pp. 15–16.
59 This is pointed out by R. J. Armstrong, St Francis of Assisi: writings for a gospel life, New York 1994, 137.
60 R. J. Karris, The Admonitions of St Francis: sources and meanings, New York 1999, 3. For the views of other writers see Esser, ‘Die Chronologie’, 302–4.
61 Miccoli, Francesco, 56.
62 Regula bullata, in Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 370, cap. 9.
63 Cf. G. G. Merlo, ‘Ammonizioni’, in Francesco d'Assisi: scritti, Padua 2002, 441–65 at p. 441.
64 T. Desbonnets, ‘Le Saint François de la Communauté des origines au Concile de Vienne’, in Francesco d'Assisi nella storia: secoli XIII–XV, ed. S. Gieben, Rome 1983, 21–61 at p. 23.
65 Burkitt, F. C., ‘The oldest ms of S. Francis’ writings', Revue Bénédictine xxxiv (1922), 199–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar, dating the manuscript before 1255.
66 K. Esser, ‘Die älteste Handschrift der Opuscula des hl. Franziskus (cod. 338 von Assisi)’, in his Studien, 1–22; L. Pellegrini, ‘La raccolta di testi francescani del codice assisiano 338: un manoscritto composito e miscellaneo’, in Revirescunt Chartae Codices Documenta Textus: miscellanea in honorem Fr. Caesaris Cenci OFM, Rome 2002, i. 289–340, which was reprinted in his Frate Francesco e i suoi agiografi, Assisi 2004, 373–424.
67 Private ms, fo. 4r.
68 See P. Messa, Le fonte patristiche negli scritti di Francesco di Assisi, repr. Assisi 2006, 273–6 (with further references).
69 The original manuscript was examined by Patrick Zutshi at Sotheby's in 2004. Subsequently we have relied on excellent photographs supplied by Professor J. H. Marrow.
70 Defensoris Locogiacensis monachi Liber scintillarum, ed. H. M. Rochais (Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina cxvii), Turnhout 1957, 76 (cap. 16, no. 44).
71 Ibid. 80–1 (cap. 18, nos 4, 7, 13, 14).
72 E. Menestò, I manoscritti medievali della biblioteca del convento francescano di San Fortunato di Todi, Spoleto 2009, 44, 121, 133–4, 162.
73 Biblioteca comunale, Assisi, ms 390, and Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ms Vat. lat. 9658.
74 Padua, Biblioteca Antoniana, ms 79, fos 1r–17vb.
75 Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, cod. V Plut. XXXV sin., fos 1–23.
76 Registrum Anglie de libris doctorum et auctorum veterum, ed. R. H. Rouse and M. A. Rouse (Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues ii), London 1991, 310–11. They note (p. 111) that the Liber scintillarum was unattributed and often transmitted with Isidoriana. The copy at Santa Croce was under the name of Alcuin. Cf. C. Cenci, Manoscritti francescani della Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli (SB vii), Florence 1971, i. 50, no. 8, which describes a fifteenth-century manuscript of Franciscan provenance where the Liber scintillarum appears under the name of Bede.
77 La biblioteca manoscritta del convento di San Francesco Grande di Padova, ed. M. Pantarotto (Centro studi antoniani xxxix), Padua 2003, 208–9, no. 157; 213 no. 162. The first copy was assigned to the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries and the second to 1438.
78 This point is emphasised in the sale catalogue: Sotheby's, Western manuscripts and miniatures, London, 22 June 2004, 58.
79 For a discussion of the script of this manuscript see N. Giovè Marchioli, ‘Il codice francescano: l'invenzione di un'identità’, in Libri, biblioteche e letture dei frati mendicanti, Spoleto 2005, 375–418 at p. 390.
80 A. G. Watson, Catalogue of dated and datable manuscripts, c. 435–1600, in Oxford libraries, Oxford 1984, i. 89, no. 547; ii, fig. 98 (fo. 262v).
81 Catalogue des manuscrits en écriture latine portant des indications de date, de lieu ou de copiste, ii. 15; Planches, plate xxxviiia (fo. 107r).
82 Ibid. ii. 379; Planches, plate xxvi (fos 68r, 112v).
83 Ibid. v. 517, and Planches, plate xxii (fo. 160r), line 11, where Francisci appears twice; private ms, fo. 4rb, line 15.
84 Oliger, L., ‘Textus antiquissimus epistolae S. Francisci De reverentia corporis domini in missali sublacensi (Cod. B.24 Vallicellanus)’, AFH vi (1913), 3–12Google Scholar. On this manuscript see also Esser and Oliger, La Tradition manuscrite, 81; Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 155–63.
85 Oliger, ‘Textus antiquissimus’, 4–5. If Oliger's argument is correct, it would reinforce the tradition that Francis visited Subiaco. See n. 28 above.
86 Oliger, ‘Textus antiquissimus’, 10.
87 Private ms, fo. 4va, lines 6–7; Oliger, ‘Textus antiquissimus’, plate, lines 11–12.
88 Private ms, fo. 5vb. ‘Sermo’ at fo. 4vb is also above the top line, but this looks like an addition.
89 N. R. Ker, ‘From “above top line” to “below top line”: a change in scribal practice’, in his Books, collectors and libraries: studies in the medieval heritage, ed. A. G. Watson, London–Ronceverte 1985, 71–4.
90 Opuscula (ed. Esser), 103.
91 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 105.
92 On these, and other autograph manuscripts of Francis which are no longer extant, see A. Bartoli Langeli, ‘Gli scritti da Francesco: l'autografia di un illiteratus’, in Frate Franceso d'Assisi: atti del XXI convegno internazionale, Spoleto 1994, 101–59, and Gli autografi, pt i.
93 Cf. P. Tombeur, ‘De polygraphia’, in A. Maierù (ed.), Grafia e interpunzione del latino nel medioevo (Lessico Intellettuale Europeo xli), Rome 1987, 69–101 esp. p. 98. It is worth mentioning that the texts of Francis's writings are given in Esser's edition in a ‘normalised’ spelling, for instance with the classical ae in place of the contemporary e. There has been considerable criciticism of Esser's editorial method in this regard: see, for example, N. Scivoletto, ‘Problemi di lingua e di stile degli scritti latini di San Francesco’, in Francesco d'Assisi e francescanesimo, 101–24 at p. 107 n. 6.
94 Private ms, fo. 4rb, lines 20–2, 25; fo. 5ra, lines 16, 28; fo. 5va, line 28.
95 A. G. Little published a detailed account of the manuscript: ‘Description of a Franciscan manuscript formerly in the Phillipps Library now in the possession of A. G. Little’, in A. G. Little, M. R. James and H. M. Bannister (eds), Collectanea Franciscana, i, Aberdeen 1914, 9–113.
96 See Esser and Oliger, La Tradition manuscrite, 68.
97 Ibid. 91–2.
98 Private ms, fo. 6ra, line 6; fo. 6vb, line 6.
99 P. Saenger, A catalogue of the pre-1500 western manuscript books in the Newberry Library, Chicago 1989, 46–7 (ms 24.1).
100 Private ms, fo. 4vb. Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 107, does not record this heading in any other manuscript. See p. 224 above.
101 Private ms, fo. 6va; Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 103.
102 See Paolazzi, ‘Le Epistole maggiori’, 59–62.
103 Assisi ms 338, fos 18v, 21r; private ms, fo. 5va.
104 ‘Et videns beatus Franciscus fratrem Cesarium sacris litteris eruditum ipsi commisit, ut regulam, quam ipse simplicibus verbis conceperat, verbis ewangelii adornaret. Quod et fecit’: Chronica Fratris Jordani, ed. H. Boehmer (Collection d'Etudes et de Documents sur l'Histoire Religieuse et Littéraire du Moyen Age vi), Paris 1908, 15, no. 15.
105 Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 36.
106 Paolazzi, C., ‘Gli “scritti” tra Francesco e i suoi scrivani: un nodo da sciogliere’, Antonianum lxxv (2000), 481–97Google Scholar.
107 Ibid. 487. The quotation is from Luke xviii.19. Cf. Regula non bullata, cap. 17, referring to God, ‘qui solus est bonus’: Paolazzi, ‘La Regula non bullata’, 139.
108 Paolazzi, ‘Gli “scritti”’, 489–92. Cf. Gallant's edition of the Officium passionis, where the rubrics are treated separately, since they do not derive from Francis himself: Paolazzi, ‘Francesco e i suoi scritti’, 319.
109 See Paolazzi, ‘Gli “scritti”’, 497; cf. C. Paolazzi, ‘Francesco, la teologia e la “lettera a frate Antonio”’, in his Studi su gli scritti di Frate Francesco, Grottaferrata 2006, 43–80 at pp. 45–6. For a similar view to that of Esser see R. Manselli, Francesco e i suoi compagni (Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccina xlvi), Rome 1995, 149, 173. Scivoletto, ‘Probleme di lingue’, 111, is closer to Paolazzi.
110 See, for example, Cambell, J., ‘Les Écrits de Saint François d'Assise devant la critique’, Franziskanische Studien xxxvi (1954), 83–109Google Scholar, 205–64 at pp. 209–10.
111 Assisi ms 338, fo. 19v; Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, cod.X Plut. XIX dextr., fo. 434vb; Biblioteca Guarnacci, Volterra, ms 225 (5230), fo. 143r.
112 Paolazzi, ‘Gli “scritti” tra Francesco e i suoi scrivani’; Hoeberichts, J., ‘The authenticity of Admonition 27 of St Francis of Assisi: a discussion with Carlo Paolazzi and beyond’, CF lxxv (2005), 499–523Google Scholar; Paolazzi, C., ‘Per l'autenticità del Admonitio xxvii e il lessico di frate Francesco: una risposta a Jan Hoeberichts’, CF lxxvi (2006), 475–504Google Scholar.
113 Opuscula (ed. Esser), 81; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 87.
114 Francis of Assisi, the saint: early documents, trans. R. J. Armstrong, J. A.W. Hellmann and W. J. Short, New York 1999, 136–7.
115 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 117.
116 Ibid. 73–104.
117 Fontes Franciscani, ed. E. Menestò, S. Brufani and others, Assisi 1995, 11–12.
118 E. Menestò, ‘L'edizione degli Opuscula di p. Kajetan Esser’, in Cacciotti, Verba domini mei, 253–77 at pp. 268–72.
119 Cited in Pellegrini, ‘Francesco e i suoi scritti’, 319.
120 Paolazzi, ‘La Regula non bullata’; ‘Le Epistole maggiori’; and ‘Le Admonitiones’.
121 Idem, ‘La Regula non bullata’, 101–24. See also ‘Le Admonitiones’, 8.
122 Idem, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 9–16.
123 Ibid. 9.
124 Ibid. 18.
125 Ibid. 19–24.
126 Ibid. 24–8.
127 Ibid. 28–34.
128 Ibid. 34–7.
129 Ibid. 37–50.
130 Ibid. 50–2.
131 Ibid. 62–6.
132 Ibid. 66–71.
133 Ibid. 71–3.
134 In what follows we have where necessary used the method of citation of the editions by Esser and Grau and by Paolazzi, consisting of the number of the Admonition and the number of the sentence.
135 Private ms, fo. 4rb.
136 Assisi ms 338, fo. 18r.
137 Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, cod.X Plut. XIX dextr, fo. 433va.
138 Volterra ms 225 (5230), fo. 141r.
139 Gray's Inn Library, ms 2, fo. 170vb, This manuscript was transcribed by Ralph de Wyche, a friar of Chester, whose name occurs in the colophon (fo. 171rb). The name of this friar appears in a number of extant manuscripts from the friary at Chester.
140 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 83; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 52–3. The new manuscript sometimes uses the present tense, as at the beginning of the third Admonition.
141 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 83–4; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 38.
142 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 106.
143 Ibid. 78.
144 Cf. Psalm iv.3.
145 See Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 54.
146 Ibid. 10–12.
147 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 93.
148 Ibid. 94.
149 See Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 16–18. See p. 236 above.
150 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 96; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 55–6.
151 Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 63–4.
152 Ibid. 64.
153 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 98; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 57.
154 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 86; Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 64–5.
155 Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 27.
156 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 86; cf. Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 58. Assisi ms 338, fo. 22r, also has ‘inanibus’.
157 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 100–1.
158 See Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 59.
159 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 101.
160 See Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 9, 14–16.
161 Ibid. 60.
162 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 86.
163 Paolazzi, ‘Le Admonitiones’, 60–1.
164 Opuscula (ed. Esser and Grau), 102–3.
165 See Bartoli Langeli, Gli autografi, pt ii.
166 See Dijk, S. A. Van, ‘The breviary of Saint Francis’, Franciscan Studies ix (1949), 13–25Google Scholar; Bartoli Langeli, Gli autografi, 82–9.
167 See Feuillet, Les Visages, 22.
168 See nn. 93–9 above.
169 cognoscetis P.
170 dicit P.
171 cognovistis me? Philippe, qui videt P.
172 est Deus P.
173 nonnisi P.
174 quidquam P.
175 vivi om. P.
176 quia om. P.
177 manum P.
178 et P.
179 attestante P.
180 meus P.
181 [qui pro multis effundetur] P.
182 quid P.
183 non cognoscitis veritatem et creditis in Filium Dei P.
184 se P.
185 apparuit om. P.
186 Deum P.
187 debet is a redundant superscript addition, om. P.
188 ne P.
189 omnibus P.
190 [animam suam et] P.
191 eius P.
192 quando P.
193 sibi prelatus P.
194 voluntarie P.
195 opere studeat adimplere P.
196 Nam hec P.
197 satisfacit P.
198 sustinuerit P.
199 quanto P.
200 esse om. P.
201 componunt P.
202 in quanta excellentia P.
203 Dominus Deus P.
204 quia P.
205 creavit et formavit te P.
206 interpretari P.
207 perscrutari P.
208 scivit P.
209 scit P.
210 et inserted P.
211 et om. P.
212 in infirmitate P.
213 receperunt P.
214 sempiternam P.
215 ut sapientiores inter alios teneantur et acquirere possint P.
216 per om. P.
217 Domino Deo P.
218 It is also possible that [ E]t was intended here; om. P.
219 [benefacite hiis qui oderunt vos, et orate pro persequentibus et calumniantibus vos] P.
220 enim inserted P.
221 quia P.
222 si inserted P.
223 aliqua persona P.
224 deberent P.
225 faciunt P.
226 hinc om. P.
227 pauperes inserted P.
228 vere P.
229 pauper est P.
230 maxillam P.
231 aliquid P.
232 in se P.
233 Domini Dei P.
234 magnificatur P.
235 exaltatur P.
236 voluntatem inserted P.
237 desiderat P.
238 quando inserted P.
239 que om. P.
240 et inserted P.
241 sustineret P.
242 satisfacit P.
243 et reprehensionem inserted P.
244 qui inserted P.
245 penitere P.
246 clericis P.
247 ipsos P.
248 reservat P.
249 Nam P.
250 Ubi caritas est P.
251 Originally requies was written but re has been subpuncted.
252 Or D(e)i.