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The English Roman Catholics and Emancipation: The Politics of Persuasion1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

R. W. Linker
R. W. Linker
Affiliation:
Associate Professor of Modern English History, Pennsylvania State University
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Extract

Discussions of the ‘Catholic Question’ of the early nineteenth century have concentrated almost exclusively upon developments in Ireland, where demagogues, priests, and peasants cleverly contrived to extort Emancipation from a protestant parliament. The historian's choice of focus scarcely requires explanation, what with the purport of Irish events and the relentless logic with which the O'Connellites had organised their following. And yet, despite the emphases of scholarship, the concessions of 1829 actually represented a triumph on both sides of St. George's Channel. The Catholic Saxon as well as the Catholic Celt, each in his own way, had contributed to the joyous outcome, and quite possibly neither would have succeeded without the other.

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Articles
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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , April 1976 , pp. 151 - 180
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1976

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References

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page 153 note 1 Arundel MSS., Letter Book of B.C.A.: Edward Blount to James E. Devereux, 6 September 1824. (Collection hereafter cited as LB; Edward Blount as E.B.) Ibid., E.B. to Richard Lalor Sheil, 2 December 1828; ibid., E.B. to [?], 29 August 1823.

page 153 note 2 See Machin, G. I. T., The Catholic Question in English Politics, Oxford 1964Google Scholar, where generalisations on the score of ‘No Popery’ and public opinion lack the testimony of the English catholics themselves.

page 153 note 3 Priestley, Joseph, A Free Address to Those Who Have Petitioned for the Repeal of the Late Act of Parliament in Favour of the Roman Catholics, London 1780, 18, 21–22, and passimGoogle Scholar.

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page 154 note 2 The Blechley Diary of the Rev. William Cole, 1765–67, ed. Stokes, Francis Griffin, London 1931. 178Google Scholar.

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page 155 note 2 Quoted by Martin Haile and Edwin Bonney, life and Letters of John Lingard, 1771–1851, London n.d., 114–115.

page 155 note 3 Add. MS. 25, 129, fols. 16–19: letter by Charles Butler [1817]. (Charles Butler hereafter cited as C.B.).

page 156 note 1 Eyston MSS.: Benjamin Barrett to Basil Eyston, 25 February 1805; ibid., Benjamin Barrett to Mrs. Eyston: 4 February 1807.

page 156 note 2 Butler, Charles, Reminiscences, London 1824, 72Google Scholar; Castro, J. Paul de, The Gordon Riots, London 1826, 62–63; Linker, ‘English Catholics’, 307–308Google Scholar.

page 156 note 3 Archbishop of Birmingham MSS., C. 2432: letter by Fr. Joseph Berington, 18 November 1825. (Hereafter cited as A.B. MSS.). Cf. Berington, Joseph, A View of English Catholics, Laity and Clergy; their Number, Wealth, Character, etc. In the Present Year, 1781, Part II, London 1781Google Scholar: a disquisition upon the effects of the Penal Laws, tearfully designed to underscore the Body's loyalty—and incapacity for subversion. For a confirmation of Berington's tendentiousness—‘the motive of all his writings—the removal of Protestant prejudice’—see Duffy, Eamon, ‘Ecclesiastical Democracy Detected: I (1779–1737)’, Recusant History, 10 (1970), 199–200, 203, 204Google Scholar.

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page 157 note 5 The Jerningham Letters, ed. Castle, Egerton, I, London 1896, 179Google Scholar.

page 158 note 1 Lonsdale, Worthies, 73, 76, 83–89.

page 158 note 2 Butler, Memoirs, iv, 460–461; Wiggin, Lewis M., The Faction of Cousins, Yale 1958, 163Google Scholar.

page 158 note 3 Butler, Reminiscences, 56–65, 289, 361–404.

page 158 note 4 Eyston MSS.: Benjamin Barrett to Mrs. Eyston, 11 February 1807.

page 158 note 5 Oliver, G., Collections (1857), 52–53Google Scholar; Williams, J. Anthony, ‘Catholicism in Salisbury’, Month, XXVI (1961), 299–301Google Scholar; Fitzwilliam MSS. (Sheffield), BK2/1134f, where, in a letter of 1782, Charles Butler offered Edmund Burke Sir John Webb's nine India votes.

page 159 note 1 Lonsdale, Worthies, 93–94.

page 159 note 2 Oliver, Collections, 48–50. In 1789, the cannons roared in celebration of a visit to Lulworth by king George and queen Charlotte. See Berkeley, Joan, Lulworth and the Welds, Gillingham 1971, 167–170Google Scholar, which disputes the notion of royal approval for the chapel.

page 159 note 3 Oliver, Collections, 87, quoted in Williams, J. Anthony, ‘Catholicism arid Jacobitism, Some Wiltshire Evidence’, Dub. Rev., No. 485 (1960), 254Google Scholar.

page 160 note 1 The Times, 23 January 1792Google Scholar; Creevey, ed. Gore, John, London 1949, XXVIGoogle Scholar.

page 160 note 2 Parl. Hist., xxi, 712, 716.

page 160 note 3 Linker, ‘English Catholics’, passim.

page 160 note 4 Creevey, 66 and passim.

page 160 note 5 Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 90–92: C.B. to Edward Hay, 5 May 1809; Eyston MSS., Printed Obituary of Sir John Throckmorton, 22 January 1819.

page 160 note 6 E.g., Corby MSS., Box 3, Ser. D: J. B. West to Francis Canning, 23 October 1819: the subject of Peterloo; ibid., T. M. M'Donnell to Francis Canning: 21 November 1825: the matter of a Slave Trade Club; The Times, 28 January 1823Google Scholar: the county meeting in Berks; The Truthteller, II (1826), 1–8Google Scholar, 15–20: the election in Northumberland. (Hereafter cited as T.T.).

page 160 note 7 Williams, J. A., ‘Wiltshire Catholicism in the Early 18th Century, The Diocesan Returns of 1706’, Recusant History, VII (1963), 5Google Scholar; Hughes, Edward, North Country life in the Eighteenth Century, I, Oxford 1952, 260Google Scholar, n.3; Cole, G. D. H., The Life of William Cobbelt, London 1947, 300Google Scholar.

page 160 note 8 Add. MS. 25, 128, fol. 40; C.B. to Robert Plowden, 29 June 1812; The Jerningham Letters, I, 217–218Google Scholar; ibid., ii, 23–24.

page 161 note 1 Hansard, N.S., ix, 578–581.

page 161 note 2 OJ., V (1817), 355–357Google Scholar.

page 161 note 3 Quoted in Sir Hill, Francis, Georgian Lincoln, Cambridge 1966, 28Google Scholar.

page 162 note 1 Add. MS. 25, 129, fol. 151: C.B. to Col. Wood, 17 June 1818.

page 162 note 2 Catholics acted as Magistrates by ‘declining to take the oath and declaration, and sheltering themselves under the provisions of the annual Indemnity Acts’. See Hansard, N.S., ix, 1132–1133.

page 162 note 3 Rev. Rogers, Patrick., ‘Catholic Emanicaption’, in Daniel O'Connell, ed. Tierney, Michael, Dublin 1948, 146Google Scholar, n.1; Add. MS., 25, 129, fol. 136: C.B. to Thomas Stonor, 12 March 1818; Lilley, William S. and SirWallis, John P., A Manual of the Law Specially Affecting Catholics, London 1893, 43–44Google Scholar; Williams, J. A., ‘Wiltshire Catholicism’, 18, where, in 1706, Catholics reportedly owned nine livings in the Salisbury diocese: two in Berks, and seven in WiltsGoogle Scholar.

page 162 note 4 Throckmorton MSS.: John Mitford to Lord Petre, 11 June 1791; ibid., C.B. to Sir John Throckmorton, 4 January 1808. Sir John Throckmorton hereafter cited as J.T.

page 162 note 5 For the standard account of these disputes, see Ward, Bernard, The Dawn of the Catholic Revival in England, I, London 1909.Google Scholar For a masterful analysis of the Cis-alpine and Orthodox mentalities, see Duffy, Eamon's three articles, ‘Ecclesiastical Democracy Detected’, in Recusant History, 1 (1779–1787), 10 (1970), 193–209; 11 (1787–1796), 10 (1970), 309–331; III (1796–1803), 13 (1975), 123–148Google Scholar.

page 162 note 6 Throckmorton, John, A Letter Addressed to the Catholic Clergy of England on the Appointment of Bishops (1790), 12–13Google Scholar; Butler, Charles, The Philological and Biographical Works, IV, London 1817, 230, 322–323; Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 176–178: C.B. to John Lingard [n.d.]. See Duffy, passim, for the persistence of such Cis-Alpinists in minimising the differences between themselves and their fellow-subjectsGoogle Scholar.

page 163 note 1 Throckmorton MSS.: Lord Petre to J.T., 6 November 1791; ibid., 8 October 1794. See Duffy, passim, for further illustrations of Lord Petre's courting of Protestant approval.

page 163 note 2 Parl. Hist., 362. The Monastic Regulations Bill purposed to license the refugee-religious.

page 163 note 3 Throckmorton MSS.: Lord Petre to J.T., 15 September 1794; ibid., 24 September 1794.

page 163 note 4 A.B. MSS., C.1985 827: Fr. Joseph Berington to Fr. John Kirk, 2 November 1813.

page 163 note 5 Throckmorton, MSS.: ‘Copy of a Letter from Mr. [Theobald] McKenna to Mr. Butler’, 18 February 1806Google Scholar.

page 164 note 1 Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 156–159; Letter from C.B., 8 November 1809; ibid., fols. 69–70; C.B. to Dr. Moylan, 17 April 1809.

page 164 note 2 Throckmorton MSS.; Lord Fingall toJ.T., 19 January 1804; ibid., George Silvertop to J.T., 15 February 1808; C.B. to J.T., 9 June 1808.

page 164 note 3 Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 90–92: C.B. to Edward Hay, 5 May 1809; Add. MS. 25, 128, fols. 36–40, C.B. to Denys Scully, 27 June 1812

page 165 note 1 A.B. MSS., C.1817, 373: Fr. Joseph Berington to Hannah More, 8 July 1809 and 10 August 1809; Ibid., Hannah More to Fr. Joseph Berington, 8 August 1809. See Henriques, Ursula, Religious Toleration in England 1787–1833, London 1961, 152–153Google Scholar, where this correspondence serves to illustrate the anguish of the English Catholics, ‘under the contempt in which their religion was held’. Cf. above, 8: Fr. Berington's affirmation of Catholic well being; Rev. Kirk, John, ‘Joseph Berington’, Biographies of English Catholics in the Eighteenth Century, London 1909: the testimony of the Rev. Mr. Rawbone, vicar of Buckland. See also Duffy, ‘Ecclesiastical Democracy: III’, 143: Berington's frustration, which appeared to substantiate the wisdom of concentrating rather upon the faithful than the faithGoogle Scholar.

page 165 note 2 Add. MS. 25, 127, fol. 78: C.B. to Lady Petre, 8 May 1809. By royal command, the Hon. Robert Petre had forfeited the colonelcy of a company raised at his father's expense. Add. MS. 25, 128, fol. 78: C.B. to Richard Ryder, 26 August 1812; ibid., fols. 87–88: C.B. to James Parker, 26 August 1812. To ‘shock the general feelings of our countrymen’, the Home Secretary received due notice of the injuries sustained in Bristol by a Sergeant of the Leitrim Militia. Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 36–37; C.B. to the Rev. Mr. Ainsworth, 1 March 1809. For Charles Walmesley at Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, see Ward, Dawn, i; Duffy, ‘Ecclesiastical Democracy: II and II’. For Walmesley as a distinguished mathematician, see DNB. His inflexibility during the disputes of the 1790s lent a certain irony to Charles Butler's proposal to publish his mathematical works: ‘I always understood he was an able mathematician, but I had not till lately any notion of his great eminence. While science lasts, his memory will be honored … ’: The Times, 22 August 1803Google Scholar.

page 165 note 3 Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 90–92: C.B. to Edward Hay, 5 May 1809.

page 165 note 4 What with the unremitting brabble over the Veto, the absence of an official press testified rather to the Board's caution than to any flinching in the face of its resolve. See Fletcher, John R., ‘Early Catholic Periodicals in England’, Dub. Rev. (1936), 198–199Google Scholar.

page 166 note 1 Add. MS. 25, 129, fol. 127: C.B. to John Lingard, 23 February 1818; Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 176–178; C.B. to John Lingard, n.d.; Haile and Bonney, Life, 87–88, 166–167, 194.

page 166 note 2 Add. MS. 25, 127, fols. 174–175: C.B. to Mr. Perry, 1 December 1809; ibid., fol. 99: C.B. to Sir Samuel Romilly, 26 June 1809; Add. MS. 25, 128, fols. 2–3, 8, 16: C.B. to the duke of Sussex, 1812; ibid., fols. 153–154: C.B. to Mr. Holmes, 21 November 1812; Add. MS. 25, 129, fol. 54: C.B. to Charles Hornyold, 12 July 1817: ‘The Roman Catholics in England or Ireland have not a more valuable Friend than [Lord Castlereagh]’.

page 166 note 3 Sir Throckmorton, John Courtenay, Bart, , Considerations Arising from the Debates in Parliament on the Petition of the Irish Catholics, London 1806, 15–16; Add. MS. 25, 128, fols. 62–65: C.B. to Lord Newburgh, August 12, 1812Google Scholar.

page 166 note 4 Throckmorton MSS.: George Silvertop to J.T., 24 November 1809; Add. MS. 25, 129, fols. 2–3: Letter from C.B., n.d.

page 167 note 1 OJ., IV (1816), 1–14, 28–29, 41–48; Add. MS. 25, 129, fols. 133–135; C.B. to George Silvertop, 9 March 1818Google Scholar.

page 167 note 2 Ibid., fols. 35, 45–47, 176–177. Mr. Butler considered himself habitually resident in London. Only once did he visit his estate at Spalding, Lincs.—‘and then only for a few hours’: ibid., fols. 133–135: C.B. to George Silvertop, 9 March 1818.

page 168 note 1 OJ., IV (1816), 229–231Google Scholar; Add. MS. 25, 129, fol. 27: C.B. to the Rev. John Dunn, 24 February 1818; ibid., fols. 174–176: C.B. to George Silvertop, 19 August 1818.

page 168 note 2 OJ., IV (1816), 73–74Google Scholar; ibid., v (1817), 327–332; ibid., vii (1820), 129–140; Add. MS. 25, 129, fols. 136–137: C.B. to Hugh Clifford, 15 March 1815.

page 168 note 3 Ibid., fols. 36–43: C.B. to the Rev. Nicholas Sewall, 21 June 1817; ibid., fols. 20–21: C.B. to Lord Clifford, 24 April 1817; OJ., IV (1816), 205–213Google Scholar; ibid., v (1817), 273–275.

page 169 note 1 Ibid., vii (1819), 403–404; Corby MSS., Box 3, Ser. D: J. B. West to Francis Canning, 23 October 1819; ibid., A. Wright to Francis Canning, 22 October 1819.

page 169 note 2 OJ., VII (1820), 401–410Google Scholar.

page 169 note 3 Corby MSS., Box 3, Ser. D: Sir George Throckmorton to Francis Canning, 22 October 1819; The Times, 28 January 1823Google Scholar.

page 169 note 4 E.g., ‘Lord Petre and Catholic Emancipation, Extract from the Sunday Review, July 19, 1801’, in Petre, Lord, Reflections on the Policy and Justice of an Immediate and General Emancipation of the Roman Catholics of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1804, i–xxiGoogle Scholar.

page 170 note 1 Eyston MSS.: Sir George Throckmorton to Mrs. Eyston, 6 June 1825.

page 170 note 2 Ibid., Printed Obituary of Edward Jerningham, 1822; ibid., Printed Circular, 21 May 1823.

page 170 note 3 C.M., V (1826), 134–141Google Scholar.

page 170 note 4 Catholicon (Catholic Spectator), i, 3rd Ser. (1823), 215–221; Corby MSS., Box 3, Ka: Henry Howard's MinutesGoogle Scholar.

page 171 note 1 Eyston MSS.: Printed Circular from John Gage to E.B., 22 June 1822; ibid.: Printed Reply of E.B. to John Gage, 26 June 1822; T.T., II (1826), 773–781Google Scholar.

page 171 note 2 LB: E.B. to the Rev. John Kirk, 22 July 1824; Corby MSS., Box 3, Ka: Henry Howard's Minutes.

page 171 note 3 Catholicon (Catholic Spectator), i, 3rd Ser (1823), 407–411Google Scholar.

page 172 note 1 LB: E.B. to john Rosson, 19 January 1825; C.M., iv 1825), 35–36Google Scholar.

page 172 note 2 LB: E.B. to Mr. Witnall, 7 November 1825; Corby MSS.: Printed Circular from E.B., 26 June 1824.

page 172 note 3 T.T., IV (1826), 191–194, 373–379Google Scholar; ibid., v (1826), 325–330, 451–452.

page 172 note 4 LB: E.B. to the Hon. Mr. Clifford, 1 December 1825.

page 173 note 1 Ibid.; CM., V (1826), 216–220Google Scholar; T.T., IV (1826), 357–367, 429–438Google Scholar.

page 173 note 2 Ibid., iii (1826), 58–60; CM., iv (1825), 474–477, 539–540.

page 174 note 1 LB: Circular to Local Associations, 2 January 1826; T.T., V (1826), 348Google Scholar; C.M., VI (1826), 51–63; Corby MSS., Box 3, Ser. D: Circular Letter from E.B., 7 December 1826Google Scholar.

page 174 note 2 C.M., IV (1825), 539–540Google Scholar; ibid., vii (1827), 59–62, 66; LB: James Leary to Lord Shrewsbury, 26 March 1826. The latter's long illness might well explain his remarkable aloofness.

page 174 note 3 Corby MSS., Box 3, Pa: E.B. to Henry Howard, 23 November 1824.

page 174 note 4 LB: E.B. to B. A. Oliver, 7 June 1825; ibid.: E.B. to Jonathan Fenton, 18 February 1826; ibid.: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. Brownlow, 18 October 1827; C.M., VI (1826), 134–141Google Scholar.

page 175 note 1 LB: E.B. to Mr. Wheble, 7 April 1828; ibid.: E.B. to John Rosson, 19 January 1825; Corby MSS., Box 3, Ba: E.B. to Henry Howard, 23 January 1825.

page 175 note 2 See Sheil, Richard Lalor, Sketches, Legal and Political, ed. Savage, M. W., II London 1855, 305. Corby MSS., Box 3, Ba: E.B. to Henry Howard, 23 November 1824Google Scholar.

page 175 note 3 Ibid.: E.B. to Henry Howard, 7 December 1824 and 23 January 1825; ibid., Box 3, Pa: Edward Blount to Francis Canning, 25 March 1825; Eyston MSS.:T. M. M'Donnell to Charles Eyston, 6 April 1826.

page 175 note 4 The Speech of Edward Blount, Esq., Secretary to the British Catholic Association, as delivered at an open meeting of the Committee of that Association, held on Wednesday, the 26th of July, 1826, at their Rooms, Thorney Street, Bloomsbury.

page 176 note 1 Sheil, Sketches, ii, 210–211, 305.

page 176 note 2 Speech of Edward Blount.

page 176 note 3 Corby MSS., Box 3, Xa: Eneas MacDonnell to Henry Howard, 16 November 1826; ibid., Box 3, Ser. No. 5: Joseph de Courcy Laffan to Henry Howard, 24 June 1828.

page 176 note 4 Reading Mercury and Oxford Gazette, 4 May 1829; LB: E.B. to Dr. Forster, 13 January 1829; Speech of Edward BlountGoogle Scholar.

page 177 note 1 LB: E.B. to James Devereux, 16 September 1824; The Times, 9 November 1826, 20 March 1827, 3 June 1828Google Scholar.

page 177 note 2 The Monthly Repository and Review, N.S., II (1828), 585Google Scholar; Corby MSS., Box 3, Pa: E.B. to Francis Canning, 17 March 1828; The Times, 3 June 1828Google Scholar: T.T., IV (1826), 277–279Google Scholar.

page 177 note 3 Corby MSS., Box 3, Pa: T. M. M'Donnell to Francis Canning, 12 December 1825; The Monthly Repository and Review, N.S., II (1828), 586Google Scholar; The Times, 28 April 1828Google Scholar.

page 177 note 4 Cited by Woodbridge, Kenneth, Landscape and Antiquity, Aspects of English Culture at Stourhead, Oxford 1970, 257–260Google Scholar.

page 178 note 1 T.T., II (1826), 673–676Google Scholar: C.M., IX (1828), 127–148Google Scholar; LB: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. O'Farrell, 30 July 1828; ibid.: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. Edgworth, 27 Mary 1828.

page 178 note 2 Ibid.: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. Salmon, 27 September 1828; ibid.: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. Quin, 28 September 1828; ibid.: E.B. to Edward Baines (Mercury Office, Leeds), 20 November 1828; ibid.: E.B. to Richard Lalor Sheil, 2 Decemebr 1828; Sheil, Sketches, ii, 193–218; The Tims, 24 October 1828Google Scholar.

page 179 note 1 LB: E.B. to Edward Baines (Mercury Office, Leeds), 20 November 1828.

page 179 note 2 Corby MSS., Box 3, Ka: Henry Howard's Retrospect; Ward, Eve, iii, 269; LB: E.B. to Daniel O'Connell, 20 May 1829; ibid.: E.B. to the Rev. Mr. Green, 1 May 1829.

page 179 note 3 Ibid.: Corby MSS., Box 3, Ka: Henry Howard's Retrospect. Evidently conceived as an essay in impartiality, for the sake of placating the Irish, the draft ended as an encomium upon the Cousinhood and their politics. The adjective, ‘prominent’, Mr. Howard employed in the sense of ‘conspicuous’, in order to suggest other, underlying factors of greater significance.

page 180 note 1 A.B. MSS., C.2432: Letter by Fr. Joseph Berington, 18 November 1825. For the Cousinhood's self-deception, see Machin, Catholic Question: Duffy, ‘Ecclesiastical Democracy: III’, 139. For the influence of the Enlightenment, see ibid., 138–144.