Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:59:10.434Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Review Essay—Access to Justice in Post-Mao China: Assessing the Politics of Criminal and Administrative Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2016

Abstract

Since the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution decade (1966–1976), post-Mao China has witnessed a sustained period of unprecedented legal reform. Criminal prosecutions and citizen lawsuits against the government, because they pit individual litigants against the authoritarian Chinese state, are two politically significant areas of law. We examine and critically assess the sociolegal scholarship on criminal and administrative legal reform as it has developed over the past few decades, with special attention to shifts in the conventional wisdom regarding legal reform and political liberalism in China and elsewhere. Additionally, we offer both theoretical and empirical suggestions for enhancing the explanatory power of sociolegal research in China.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alford, William P. 1996. “Tasseled Loafers for Barefoot Lawyers: Transformation and Tension in the World of Chinese Legal Workers.” In China's Legal Reforms , ed. Lubman, Stanley, 2238. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alford, William P. 2003. “Of Lawyers Lost and Found: Searching for Legal Professionalism in the People's Republic of China.” In East Asian Law: Universal Norms and Local Cultures , ed. Cheng, Lucie, Rosett, Arthur, and Woo, Margaret, 182204. New York: Routledge-Curzon.Google Scholar
Alford, William P. 2010. “Second Lawyers, First Principles: Lawyers, Rice Roots Legal Workers, and the Battle for the Legal Profession in China.” In Prospects for the Professions in China , ed. Alford, William, Kirby, William, and Winston, Kenneth, 4877. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alford, William P., and Winston, Kenneth. 2010. “Introduction.” In Prospects for the Professions in China , ed. Alford, William, Kirby, William, and Winston, Kenneth, 122. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Bakken, Borge. 2000. The Exemplary Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Balme, Stephanie. 2009. “Ordinary Justice and Popular Constitutionalism in China.” In Building Constitutionalism in China , ed. Balme, Stephanie and Dowdle, Michael, 179198. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Balme, Stephanie. 2010. “Local Courts in Western China : The Quest for Independence and Dignity.” In Judicial Independence in China , ed. Peerenboom, Randall, 154179. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Belkin, Ira. 2000. “China's Criminal Justice System: A Work in Progress.” Washington Journal of Modern China 6, 2.Google Scholar
Belkin, Ira. 2007. “China.” In Criminal Procedure: A Worldwide Study , 2nd ed., ed. Bradley, Craig M.. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Biddulph, Sarah. 2007. Legal Reform and Administrative Detention in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodde, Derk, and Morris, Clarence. 1967. Law in Imperial China: Exemplified by 190 Ch'ing Dynasty Cases. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, Allen, Gallagher, Mary E., and Melanie, Melanie. 2010. “Introduction.” In Contemporary Chinese Politics , ed. Carlson, Allen, Gallagher, Mary E., Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Manion, Melanie, 114. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Jianfu. 2008. Chinese Law: Context and Transformation. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.Google Scholar
Clarke, Donald C. 2003. “Empirical Research in Chinese Law.” In Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law , ed. Jensen, Erik and Heller, Thomas, 164192. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Donald C., and Feinerman, James V.. 2005. “Antagonistic Contradictions: Criminal Law and Human Rights in China.” China Quarterly 141: 135154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Jerome Alan. 1968. The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China 1949–1963: An Introduction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Jerome Alan., ed. 1970a. Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jerome Alan. 1970b. “Interviewing Chinese Refugees: Indispensable Aid to Legal Research on China.” In Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives , ed. Cohen, Jerome, 84117. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O'Brien, Kevin J., eds. 2005. Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Dittmer, Lowell, and Hurst, William. 2002–2003. “Analysis in Limbo: Contemporary Chinese Politics Amid the Maturation of Reform.” Issues and Studies 38, 4; 39, 1: 1148.Google Scholar
Dutton, Michael. 1992. Policing and Punishment in China: From Patriarchy to “the People.” New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dutton, Michael. 2007. Policing Chinese Politics: A History. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Finder, Susan. 1989. “Like Throwing an Egg Against a Stone? Administrative Litigation in the People's Republic of China.” Journal of Chinese Law 3, 1:128.Google Scholar
Fu, Hua Ling. 2005. “Punishing for Profit.” In Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice , ed. Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O'Brien, Kevin J., 213230. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Mary E. 2006. “Mobilizing the Law in China: ‘Informed Disenchantment’ and the Development of Legal Consciousness.” Law and Society Review 40, 4: 783816.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. 2008. “Administrative Law and Judicial Control of Agents in Authoritarian Regimes.” In Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes , ed. Ginsburg, Tom and Moustafa, Tamir, 5872. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Chen, Albert, eds. 2009. Administrative Law and Governance in Asia: Comparative Perspectives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tamir, eds. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Liu, Sida. 2007. “Birth of a Liberal Moment? Looking Through a One-Way Mirror at Lawyers' Defence of Criminal Defendants in China.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism , ed. Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M., 65108. Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Hand, Keith J. 2007. “Using the Law for a Righteous Purpose: The Sun Zhigang Incident and Evolving Forms of Citizen Action in the People's Republic of China,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 45, 1: 114195.Google Scholar
Harvard Law Review. 2007. “Adopting and Adapting: Clinical Legal Education and Access to Justice in China.” Harvard Law Review 120: 21342155.Google Scholar
He, Haibo. 2010. “The Dawn of the Due Process Principle in China.” In Effective Judicial Review: A Cornerstone of Good Governance , ed. Forsyth, Christopher. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
He, Xin. 2007. “Why Do They Not Take the Disputes?” International Journal of Law in Context 3, 3: 203225.Google Scholar
He, Xin. 2009a. “Administrative Law as Political Control Mechanism.” In Building Constitutionalism in China , ed. Balme, Stephanie and Dowdle, Michael, 143162. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
He, Xin. 2009b. “Court Finance and Court Reactions to Judicial Reforms: A Tale of Two Chinese Courts.” Law and Policy 31, 4: 463486.Google Scholar
He, Xin. 2010. “Do the Haves Come Out Ahead in Chinese Courts?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Law and Society Association, Chicago, May 27 (on file with authors).Google Scholar
Hecht, Jonathan. 1996. Opening to Reform? An Analysis of China's Revised Criminal Procedure Law. New York: Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran. 2008. “Comparative Constitutional Law: Thoughts on Substance and Method.” Indian Journal of Constitutional Law 2: 1137.Google Scholar
Hurst, William. 2010. “Cases, Questions, and Comparison in Research on Contemporary Chinese Politics.” In Contemporary Chinese Politics , ed. Carlson, Allen, Gallagher, Mary E., Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Manion, Melanie, 162177. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, William. 2011. “Politics, Society, and the Legal System in Contemporary China.” In Law, Wealth, and Power in China: Commercial Law Reforms in Context , ed. Garrick, John, 7288. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kirby, William. 2010. “Engineers and the State in Modern China.” In Prospects for the Professions in China , ed. Alford, William, Kirby, William, and Winston, Kenneth, 283313. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Komaiko, Richard, and Que, Beibei. 2009. Lawyers in Modern China. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Landry, Pierre. 2008. “The Institutional Diffusion of Courts in China: Evidence from Survey Data.” In Rule By Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes , ed. Ginsburg, Tom and Moustafa, Tamir, 207234. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leng, Shao-chuan, and Chiu, Hungdah. 1985. Criminal Justice in Post-Mao China: Analysis and Documents. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Li, Victor Hao. 1970. “The Use of Survey Interviewing in Research on Communist Chinese Law.” In Contemporary Chinese Law , ed. Cohen, Jerome, 118138. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberthal, Kenneth. 2010. “Reflections on the Evolution of the China Field in Political Science.” In Contemporary Chinese Politics , ed. Carlson, Allen, Gallagher, Mary E., Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Manion, Melanie, 266278. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liebman, Benjamin L. 1999. “Legal Aid and Public Interest Law in China.” Texas International Law Journal 34: 211.Google Scholar
Liebman, Benjamin L. 2007. “Watchdog or Demagogue? The Media and the Chinese Legal System.” Columbia Law Review 105, 1: 1157.Google Scholar
Lin, Ann Chih. 1998. “Bridging Positivist and Interpretive Approaches to Qualitative Methods.” Policy Studies Journal 26, 1: 162180.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida. 2006. “Beyond Global Convergence: Conflicts of Legitimacy in a Chinese Lower Court.” Law and Social Inquiry 31, 1: 75106.Google Scholar
Liu, Sida, and Halliday, Terence C.. 2009. “Recursivity and Legal Change: Lawyers and Reforms of China's Criminal Procedure Law.” Law and Social Inquiry 34, 4: 911950.Google Scholar
Lubman, Stanley B. 1969. “Form and Function in the Chinese Criminal Process.” Columbia Law Review 69: 535575.Google Scholar
Lubman, Stanley B. 1970. “Methodological Problems in Studying Chinese Communist Civil Law.” In Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives , ed. Cohen, Jerome, 230260. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lubman, Stanley B. 1994. “Introduction.” In Domestic Law Reforms in Post-Mao China , ed. Potter, Pitman, 318. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Lubman, Stanley B. 1999. Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China After Mao. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Luo, Wei. 2000. The Amended Criminal Procedure Law and the Criminal Court Rules of the People's Republic of China: With English Translation, Introduction, and Annotation. Buffalo, NY: Hein.Google Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Kricheli, Ruth. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 123143.Google Scholar
Michelson, Ethan. 2003. “Unhooking from the State: Chinese Lawyers in Transition.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Michelson, Ethan. 2007. “The Practice of Law as an Obstacle to Justice: Chinese Lawyers at Work.” In Working in China: Ethnographies of Labor and Workplace Transformation , ed. Lee, Ching Kwan, 169187. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Michelson, Ethan. 2008. “Justice from Above or Below? Popular Strategies for Resolving Grievances in Rural China.” China Quarterly 193: 4364.Google Scholar
Michelson, Ethan, and Liu, Sida. 2010. “What Do Chinese Lawyers Want? Political Values and Legal Practice.” In China's Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation , ed. Li, Cheng, 310333. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Mühlhahn, Klaus. 2009. Criminal Justice in China: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nathan, Andrew. 2003. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14, 1: 67.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Kevin J., and Li, Lianjiang. 2005. “Suing the Local State: Administrative Litigation in Rural China.” In Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice , ed. Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O'Brien, Kevin J., 3153. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, Michael. 2010. “Compromising Courts and Harmonizing Ideologies: Mediation in the Administrative Chambers of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China.” In New Courts in Asia , ed. Harding, Andrew and Nicholson, Penelope, 251276. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall. 2002. China's Long March Toward Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall. 2006. “A Government of Laws: Democracy, Rule of Law and Administrative Law Reform in China.” In Debating Political Reform in China: Rule of Law vs. Democracy , ed. Zhao, Suisheng, 5878. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall. 2008. “More Law, Less Courts: Legalized Governance, Judicialization and Dejudicialization in China.” In Administrative Law and Governance in Asia: Comparative Perspectives , ed. Ginsburg, Tom and Chen, Albert, 175202. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall. 2009. “Middle Income Blues: The East Asian Model and Implications for Constitutional Development in China.” In Building Constitutionalism in China , ed. Balme, Stephanie and Dowdle, Michael, 7798. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall., ed. 2010a. Judicial Independence in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peerenboom, Randall. 2010b. “Introduction.” In Judicial Independence in China , ed. Peerenboom, Randall. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pei, Minxin. 1997. “Citizens vs. Mandarins: Administrative Litigation in China.” China Quarterly 152: 832862.Google Scholar
Pfeffer, Richard. 1970. “Crime and Punishment: China and the United States.” In Contemporary Chinese Law: Research Problems and Perspectives , ed. Cohen, Jerome, 261281. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Phan, Pamela N. 2005. “Clinical Legal Education in China: In Pursuit of a Culture of Law and a Mission of Social Justice in China.” Yale Journal of Human Rights and Development 8: 117152.Google Scholar
Potter, Pitman. 1994. Domestic Law Reforms in Post-Mao China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Qu, Tongzu. 1988. Local Government in China Under the Ch'ing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Benjamin, and Michelson, Ethan. 2008. “Mediating the Mediation Debate: Conflict Resolution and the Local State in China.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52, 5: 737767.Google Scholar
Reny, Marie-Eve. 2011. “Review Essay: What Happened to the Study of China in Comparative Politics?” Journal of East Asian Studies 11: 105135.Google Scholar
Sapio, Flora. 2010. Sovereign Power and the Law in China. Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Scheppelle, Kim Lane. 2004. “Constitutional Ethnography: An Introduction.” Law and Society Review 38. 3: 389406.Google Scholar
Seymour, James D., and Anderson, Richard. 1998. New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 1988. Who Guards the Guardians: Judicial Control of Administration. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 1989. “Political Jurisprudence, Public Law, and Post-consequentialist Ethics: Comment on Professors Barber and Smith.” Studies in American Political Development 3: 88102.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin, and Sweet, Alec Stone. 2002. Law, Politics, and Judicialization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmo, Sven. 2008. “Historical Institutionalism.” In Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective , ed. della Porta, Donatella and Keating, Michael, 118138. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2002. Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Ivan Y., and Yuning, Wu. 2010. “Chinese Policing in a Time of Transition, 1978–2008.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 26: 20.Google Scholar
Tanner, Harold M. 1999. Strike Hard! Anti-crime Campaigns and Chinese Criminal Justice, 1979–1985. Ithaca: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Tanner, Murray Scot. 2004. “China Rethinks Unrest.” Washington Quarterly 27, 3: 137156.Google Scholar
Tanner, Murray Scot. 2005a. “Rethinking Law Enforcement and Society: Changing Police Analyses of Social Unrest.” In Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice , ed. Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O'Brien, Kevin J., 193212. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, Murray Scot. 2005b. “Campaign-Style Policing in China and Its Critics.” In Crime, Punishment, and Policing in China , ed. Bakken, Borge, 171188. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Tanner, Murray Scot, and Green, Eric. 2008. “Principals and Secret Agents: Central vs. Local Control over Policing and Obstacles to ‘Rule of Law’ in China.” In China's Legal System: New Developments, New Challenges , ed. Clarke, Donald, 90116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tate, C. Neal, and Vallinder, Torbjörn, eds. 1995. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 2003. “How Institutions Evolve.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences , ed. Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 208240. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trevaskes, Susan. 2007. Courts and Criminal Justice in Contemporary China. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Trevaskes, Susan. 2010. Policing Serious Crime in China: From ‘Strike Hard’ to ‘Kill Fewer.’ New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tsai, Kellie. 2007. Capitalism Without Democracy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
US Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 2010. “Annual Report.” Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, www.cecc.gov (accessed June 9, 2011.Google Scholar
Wu, Hongda Harry. 1992. Laogai, the Chinese Gulag. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Zhao, Suisheng, ed. 2006. Debating Political Reform in China: Rule of Law vs. Democratization. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Zheng, Henry. 1988. “The Evolving Role of Lawyers and Legal Practice in China.” American Journal of Comparative Law 36, 3: 473524.Google Scholar