Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T21:25:47.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Red China” and the “Yellow Peril”: How Ideology Divides Americans over China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2016

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Based on a 2011 national survey, I argue that while US conservatives feel somewhat cooler toward the East Asian democracies than US liberals do, they feel much cooler toward China. Greater average conservative than liberal prejudice lingers, cooling attitudes toward the “Yellow Peril” of all Asian countries, but communism is a larger source of ideological differences over China. For cultural, social, economic, and political reasons, conservatives feel substantially cooler than liberals toward both communist countries in general and “Red China” in particular. I conclude by suggesting that with gerrymandering and ongoing ideological sorting, these ideological differences over China on Main Street may come to play a greater role in the making of US China policy.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 

References

Abramowitz, Alan I. 2006. “Comment: Disconnected or Joined at the Hip?” In Red and Blue Nation?, ed. Nivola, Pietro S. and Brady, David W.. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H., Feaver, Peter, Gelpi, Christopher, Reier, Jason, and Sharp, Kristin. 2006. “Foreign Policy and the Electoral Connection.” Annual Review of Political Science 9:477502.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, Robert. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Rivers, Douglas. 2013. “Cooperative Survey Research.” Annual Review of Political Science 16:307329.Google Scholar
Bafumi, Joseph, and Shapiro, Robert. 2009. “A New Partisan Voter.” Journal of Politics 71:124.Google Scholar
Bellah, Robert N. 1992 [1975]. The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, Bill, with Cushing, Robert G.. 2008. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. 2001. “Address at The Citadel,” Charleston, South Carolina, December 11.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. 2002. “West Point Commencement.” United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, June 1.Google Scholar
Bush, George W. 2003. “Remarks on the Future of Iraq.” Washington, DC, February 26.Google Scholar
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., and Stokes, D. E.. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
CCGA (Chicago Council on Global Affairs). 2012. “Foreign Policy in the New Millennium.” Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Duckitt, John, Bizumic, Boris, Krauss, Stephen W., and Heled, Edna. 2010. “A Tripartite Approach to Right-Wing Authoritarianism: The Authoritarianism-Conservatism-Traditionalism Model.” Political Psychology 31, 5: 685715.Google Scholar
Duckitt, John, and Sibley, Chris G.. 2007. “Right Wing Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation and the Dimensions of Generalized Prejudice.” European Journal of Personality 21:113130.Google Scholar
Federico, Christopher M. 2012. “Ideology and Public Opinion.” In New Directions in Public Opinion, ed. Berinsky, Adam, 79100. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Feldman, Stanley, and Johnston, Christopher. 2014. “Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology: Implications of Structural Complexity.” Political Psychology 35, 3: 337358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P., Abrams, Samuel J., and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2011. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. 3rd ed. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 2002 [1962]. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
GOP. 2012. 2012 Republican Platform: We Believe in America.Google Scholar
Green, Donald P., Ha, Shang E., and Bullock, John G.. 2010. “Enough Already About ‘Black Box’ Experiments: Studying Mediation Is More Difficult Than Most Scholars Suppose.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628:200208.Google Scholar
Gries, Peter Hays. 2011. “Review of Living with the Dragon: How the American Public Views the Rise of China.” Public Opinion Quarterly 75, 2: 399404.Google Scholar
Gries, Peter Hays. 2014. The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gries, Peter Hays, Crowson, H. Michael, and Cai, Huajian. 2011. “When Knowledge Is a Double-Edged Sword: Contact, Media Exposure, and American Attitudes Towards China.” Journal of Social Issues 67, 4: 787805.Google Scholar
Hayes, Andrew F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hetherington, Marc. 2012. “Partisanship and Polarization.” In New Directions in Public Opinion, ed. Berinsky, Adam J.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hunt, Michael H. 2009 [1987]. Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy. New Haven, CT: Yale.Google Scholar
Inhofe, Jim. 2008. “Inhofe Urges Support of Taiwan.” Press release, June 30. Inhofe.senate.gov.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 2012. “The Electoral Origins of Polarized Politics: Evidence from the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study.” American Behavioral Scientist 56, 12: 16121630.Google Scholar
Jacoby, William G. 2011. “Attitude Organization in the Mass Public.” In The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, ed. Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Shapiro, Robert Y.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jost, John T. 2006. “The End of the End of Ideology.” American Psychologist 61:651670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Khan, Huma. 2011. “Rush Limbaugh Mocks Chinese President Hu Jintao,” ABC News, January 20.Google Scholar
Kline, Rex B. 2005. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kohut, Andrew, and Stokes, Bruce. 2006. America Against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2010. “Keynes in Asia.” The Conscience of a Liberal blog, July 24.Google Scholar
Leighley, Jan, ed. 2010. The Oxford Handbook of American Elections and Political Behavior. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leuchtenburg, William E. 1991. “The Conversion of Harry Truman.” American Heritage 42, 7 (November): 5568.Google Scholar
Lowther, William. 2009. “Taiwan Democracy in Peril: U.S. Senator.” Taipei Times, September 16.Google Scholar
McGregor, James. 2010. “The China Fix.” Time, February 1.Google Scholar
Mehrabian, A. 1996. “Relations Among Political Attitudes, Personality, and Psychopathology Assessed with New Measures of Libertarianism and Conservatism.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 18:469491.Google Scholar
Osterlind, Steven J. 2006. Modern Measurement: Theory, Principles and Applications of Mental Appraisal. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., with Bouton, Marshall. 2006. The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders but Don't Get. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Rabinovich, Julia, and Tully, David G.. 2008. “How Americans Feel About Asian Countries and Why.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8, 1: 2959.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., and Xie, Tao. 2010. Living with the Dragon: How the American Public Views the Rise of China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Pelosi, Nancy. 2008. “The Violent Response by Chinese Police Forces to Peaceful Protesters in Tibet Is Disgraceful.” Press release, March 12. Pelosi.house.gov.Google Scholar
Perez, Thomas. 2012. “Remembering Vincent Chin.” Blog post, June 22. whitehouse.gov.Google Scholar
Phillips-Fein, Kim. 2011. “Conservatism: A State of the Field.” Journal of American History 98, 3: 723743.Google Scholar
Preston, Andrew. 2012. Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Rivers, Douglas. 2005. “Matched Sampling.” American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) annual meeting.Google Scholar
Rohrabacher, Dana. 2009. “Rohrabacher Statement on the Threat of Chinese Satellite Technology and Export Controls.” Floor speech, April 2. Rohrabacher.house.gov.Google Scholar
Rucker, Derek D., Preacher, Kristopher J., Tormala, Zakary L., and Petty, Richard E.. 2011. “Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5/6:359371.Google Scholar
Sidanius, Jim, and Pratto, Felicia. 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silver, Nate. 2012. “As Swing Districts Dwindle, Can a Divided House Stand?” FiveThirtyEight blog, December 27.Google Scholar
Smith, Christopher. 2006. “Google … China … and U.S.: Moral Challenges We Face.” National Review, April 20.Google Scholar
Thorndike, Robert M., and Thorndike-Christ, Tracy M.. 2009. Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Treier, Shawn, and Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2009. “The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73, 4: 679703.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A., and Sears, David O.. 2005. “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South.” American Journal of Political Science 49, 3: 672688.Google Scholar
Weinger, Mackenzie. 2012. “9 China-Slamming Campaign Ads.” Politico, February 14.Google Scholar
Williams, Daniel K. 2010. God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Frank H. 2010. “Embracing Mistaken Identity: How the Vincent Chin Case Unified Asian Americans.” Asian-American Policy Review 19:1722.Google Scholar