Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T15:11:35.502Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy and childhood health outcomes: a narrative review

Part of: DOHaD 2017 World Congress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2018

F. O. L. Vehmeijer ,
M. Guxens ,
L. Duijts  and
H. El Marroun
F. O. L. Vehmeijer
Affiliation:
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
M. Guxens
Affiliation:
ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC – University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
L. Duijts
Affiliation:
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC – University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC – University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
H. El Marroun*
Affiliation:
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC – University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC – University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
*
Address for correspondence: Dr H. El Marroun, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Maternal psychological distress is common in pregnancy and may influence the risk of adverse outcomes in children. Psychological distress may cause a suboptimal intrauterine environment leading to growth and developmental adaptations of the fetus and child. In this narrative review, we examined the influence of maternal psychological distress during pregnancy on fetal outcomes and child cardiometabolic, respiratory, atopic and neurodevelopment-related health outcomes. We discussed these findings from an epidemiological and life course perspective and provided recommendations for future studies. The literature in the field of maternal psychological distress and child health outcomes is extensive and shows that exposure to stress during pregnancy is associated with multiple adverse child health outcomes. Because maternal psychological distress is an important and potential modifiable factor during pregnancy, it should be a target for prevention strategies in order to optimize fetal and child health. Future studies should use innovative designs and strategies in order to address the issue of causality.

Keywords

child healthmaternal psychological distressnarrative reviewpregnancy
Type
Original Article
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 10 , Issue 3 , June 2019 , pp. 274 - 285
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Gavin, NI, Gaynes, BN, Lohr, KN, et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106(5 Pt 1), 1071–1083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Marcus, SM. Depression during pregnancy: rates, risks and consequences – Motherisk Update 2008. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 16, e15–e22.Google ScholarPubMed
3. Ross, LE, McLean, LM. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67, 1285–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Melville, JL, Gavin, A, Guo, Y, Fan, M-Y, Katon, WJ. Depressive disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample. Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 116, 1064–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Woods, SM, Melville, JL, Guo, Y, Fan, M-Y, Gavin, A. Psychosocial stress during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 202, 61.e1–61.e7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Skodol, AE, Shrout, PE. Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: rating the severity of psychosocial stressors. Psychiatry Res. 1989; 30, 201–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Goodkin, K, Baldewicz, TT, Blaney, NT, et al. Physiological effects of bereavement and bereavement support group interventions. In Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care (eds. Stroebe MS, Hansson RO, Stroebe W, Schut H), 2001; pp. 671–703. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
8. Ruiz, RJ, Fullerton, JT. The measurement of stress in pregnancy. Nurs Health Sci. 1999; 1, 19–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Lancaster, CA, Gold, KJ, Flynn, HA, et al. Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 202, 5–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Entringer, S, Buss, C, Swanson, JM, et al. Fetal programming of body composition, obesity, and metabolic function: the role of intrauterine stress and stress biology. J Nutr Metab. 2012; 2012, 632548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Gluckman, PD. Living with the past: evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science. 2004; 305, 1733–1736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Gluckman, PD, Hanson, MA, Cooper, C, Thornburg, KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359, 61–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Barker, DJP. In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Sci. 1998; 95, 115–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Barker, DJP, Godfrey, KM. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. In Nutritional Health. Nutrition ◊ and ◊ Health (eds. Wilson T, Temple NJ), 2001; pp. 253–268. Humana Press: Totowa, NJ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Gentile, S. Untreated depression during pregnancy: short- and long-term effects in offspring. A systematic review. Neuroscience. 2017; 342, 154–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Alder, J, Fink, N, Bitzer, J, Hösli, I, Holzgreve, W. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy: a risk factor for obstetric, fetal and neonatal outcome? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007; 20, 189–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Barker, DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ. 1990; 301, 1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Entringer, S, Buss, C, Wadhwa, PD. Prenatal stress and developmental programming of human health and disease risk: concepts and integration of empirical findings. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010; 17, 507–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Glover, V. Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: possible underlying biological mechanisms. In Perinatal Programming of Neurodevelopment. Advances in Neurobiology. (ed. Antonelli M), 2015. Springer: New York, NY.Google Scholar
20. Edwards, CR, Benediktsson, R, Lindsay, RS, Seckl, JR. Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fetal environment and adult hypertension? Lancet. 1993; 341, 355–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Popova, S, Lange, S, Probst, C, Gmel, G, Rehm, J. Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017; 5, e290–e299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Håberg, SE, Stigum, H, Nystad, W, Nafstad, P. Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to parental smoking on early childhood respiratory health. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166, 679–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Rich-Edwards, JW. Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006; 60, 221–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Lindsay, KL, Buss, C, Wadhwa, PD, Entringer, S. The interplay between maternal nutrition and stress during pregnancy: issues and considerations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017; 70, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Monk, C, Georgieff, MK, Osterholm, EA. Research review: maternal prenatal distress and poor nutrition – mutually influencing risk factors affecting infant neurocognitive development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012; 54, 115–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Tai, A, Tran, H, Roberts, M, et al. The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2014; 69, 805–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. Stein, CE, Fall, CH, Kumaran, K, et al. Fetal growth and coronary heart disease in south India. Lancet. 1996; 348, 1269–1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Barker, DJ, Winter, PD, Osmond, C, Margetts, B, Simmonds, SJ. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989; 2, 577–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Parkinson, JRC, Hyde, MJ, Gale, C, Santhakumaran, S, Modi, N. Preterm birth and the metabolic syndrome in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2013; 131, e1240–e1263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Balbus, JM, Barouki, R, Birnbaum, LS, et al. Early-life prevention of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2013; 381, 3–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Danese, A, Moffitt, TE, Harrington, H, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009; 163, 1135–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Lewis, AJ, Austin, E, Galbally, M. Prenatal maternal mental health and fetal growth restriction: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2016; 7, 416–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. Hompes, T, Vrieze, E, Fieuws, S, et al. The influence of maternal cortisol and emotional state during pregnancy on fetal intrauterine growth. Pediatr Res. 2012; 72, 305–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Uguz, F, Gezginc, K, Yazici, F. Are major depression and generalized anxiety disorder associated with intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women? A case-control study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011; 33, 640.e7–640.e 9.Google ScholarPubMed
35. Maina, G, Saracco, P, Giolito, MR, et al. Impact of maternal psychological distress on fetal weight, prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation. J Affect Disord. 2008; 111(2–3), 214–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Diego, MA, Field, T, Hernandez-Reif, M, et al. Prenatal depression restricts fetal growth. Early Hum Dev. 2009; 85, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Henrichs, J, Schenk, JJ, Roza, SJ, et al. Maternal psychological distress and fetal growth trajectories: the Generation R Study. Psychol Med. 2010; 40, 633–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. El Marroun, H, Jaddoe, VWV, Hudziak, JJ, et al. Maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fetal growth, and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012; 69, 706–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Wisner, KL, Sit, DKY, Hanusa, BH, et al. Major depression and antidepressant treatment: impact on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2009; 166, 557–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40. Grote, NK, Bridge, JA, Gavin, AR, et al. A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67, 1012–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41. Ding, X-X, Wu, Y-L, Xu, S-J, et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord. 2014; 159, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42. Milgrom, J, Skouteris, H, Worotniuk, T, Henwood, A, Bruce, L. The association between ante- and postnatal depressive symptoms and obesity in both mother and child: a systematic review of the literature. Womens Health Issues. 2012; 22, e319–e28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43. Qiao, Y, Ma, J, Wang, Y, et al. Birth weight and childhood obesity: a 12-country study. Int J Obes Suppl. 2015; 5(Suppl. 2), S74–S79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44. Li, J, Olsen, J, Vestergaard, M, et al. Prenatal stress exposure related to maternal bereavement and risk of childhood overweight. PLoS One. 2010; 5, e11896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45. Ertel, KA, Koenen, KC, Rich-Edwards, JW, Gillman, MW. Antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms are differentially associated with early childhood weight and adiposity. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010; 24, 179–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46. Dancause, KN, Laplante, DP, Fraser, S, et al. Prenatal exposure to a natural disaster increases risk for obesity in 5½-year-old children. Pediatr Res. 2012; 71, 126–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47. Dancause, KN, Laplante, DP, Hart, KJ, et al. Prenatal stress due to a natural disaster predicts adiposity in childhood: the Iowa Flood Study. J Obes. 2015; 2015, 570541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48. Hohwü, L, Li, J, Olsen, J, Sørensen, TIA, Obel, C. Severe maternal stress exposure due to bereavement before, during and after pregnancy and risk of overweight and obesity in young adult men: a Danish National Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2014; 9, e97490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49. Hohwü, L, Zhu, JL, Graversen, L, et al. Prenatal parental separation and body weight, including development of overweight and obesity later in childhood. PLoS One. 2015; 10, e0119138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50. Guxens, M, Tiemeier, H, Jansen, PW, et al. Parental psychological distress during pregnancy and early growth in preschool children: the generation R study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 177, 538–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Ingstrup, KG, Andersen, CS, Ajslev, TA, et al. Maternal distress during pregnancy and offspring childhood overweight. J Obes. 2012; 2012, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Park, H, Sundaram, R, Gilman, SE, et al. Timing of maternal depression and sex-specific child growth, the upstate KIDS Study. Obesity. 2018; 26, 160–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. Wu, S, Gennings, C, Wright, RJ, et al. Prenatal stress, methylation in inflammation-related genes, and adiposity measures in early childhood: the programming research in obesity, growth environment and social stress cohort study. Psychosom Med. 2018; 80, 34–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Van Dijk, AE, Van Eijsden, M, Stronks, K, Gemke, RJBJ, Vrijkotte, TGM. The relation of maternal job strain and cortisol levels during early pregnancy with body composition later in the 5-year-old child: the ABCD study. Early Hum Dev. 2012; 88, 351–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55. Allister, L, Lester, BM, Carr, S, Liu, J. The effects of maternal depression on fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Dev Neuropsychol. 2001; 20, 639–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56. Monk, C, Fifer, WP, Myers, MM, et al. Maternal stress responses and anxiety during pregnancy: effects on fetal heart rate. Dev Psychobiol. 2000; 36, 67–77.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. van Dijk, AE, van Eijsden, M, Stronks, K, Gemke, RJBJ, Vrijkotte, TGM. Prenatal stress and balance of the child’s cardiac autonomic nervous system at age 5-6 years. PLoS One. 2012; 7, e30413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58. Taal, HR, de Jonge, LL, Tiemeier, H, et al. Parental psychological distress during pregnancy and childhood cardiovascular development. The Generation R Study. Early Hum Dev. 2013; 89, 547–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59. McMillen, IC, Caroline Mcmillen, I, Robinson, JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev. 2005; 85, 571–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60. van Dijk, AE, van Eijsden, M, Stronks, K. Gemke RJBJ, Vrijkotte TGM. The association between prenatal psychosocial stress and blood pressure in the child at age 5-7 years. PLoS One. 2012; 7, e43548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Sjöholm, A, Nyström, T. Inflammation and the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006; 22, 4–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62. Coussons-Read, ME, Okun, ML, Nettles, CD. Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun. 2007; 21, 343–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Osborne, LM, Monk, C. Perinatal depression – the fourth inflammatory morbidity of pregnancy? Theory and literature review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013; 38, 1929–1952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64. Howren, MB, Lamkin, DM, Suls, J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71, 171–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65. Plant, DT, Pawlby, S, Sharp, D, Zunszain, PA, Pariante, CM. Prenatal maternal depression is associated with offspring inflammation at 25 years: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Transl Psychiatry. 2016; 6, e936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66. O’Connor, TG, Winter, MA, Hunn, J, et al. Prenatal maternal anxiety predicts reduced adaptive immunity in infants. Brain Behav Immun. 2013; 32, 21–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67. Entringer, S, Wüst, S, Kumsta, R, et al. Prenatal psychosocial stress exposure is associated with insulin resistance in young adults. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 199, 498.e1–498.e7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68. Dancause, KN, Veru, F, Andersen, RE, Laplante, DP, King, S. Prenatal stress due to a natural disaster predicts insulin secretion in adolescence. Early Hum Dev. 2013; 89, 773–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69. van Dijk, AE, van Eijsden, M, Stronks, K, Gemke, RJBJ, Vrijkotte, TGM. No associations of prenatal maternal psychosocial stress with fasting glucose metabolism in offspring at 5–6 years of age. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2014; 5, 361–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70. van de Loo, KFE, van Gelder, MMHJ, Roukema, J, et al. Prenatal maternal psychological stress and childhood asthma and wheezing: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2016; 47, 133–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71. Rusconi, F, Gagliardi, L. Pregnancy complications and wheezing and asthma in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 197, 580–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72. Lefevre, F, Moreau, D, Sémon, E, et al. Maternal depression related to infant’s wheezing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011; 22, 608–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73. Wood, RA, Bloomberg, GR, Kattan, M, et al. Relationships among environmental exposures, cord blood cytokine responses, allergy, and wheeze at 1 year of age in an inner-city birth cohort (Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma study). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127, 913–9.e1-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Cookson, H, Granell, R, Joinson, C, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Henderson, AJ. Mothers’ anxiety during pregnancy is associated with asthma in their children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 123, 847–53.e11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75. Guxens, M, Sonnenschein-van der Voort, AMM, Tiemeier, H, et al. Parental psychological distress during pregnancy and wheezing in preschool children: the Generation R Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133, 59–67.e1-12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76. Turcotte-Tremblay, A-M, Lim, R, Laplante, DP, et al. Prenatal maternal stress predicts childhood asthma in girls: project ice storm. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014, 201717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77. Cheng, TS, Chen, H, Lee, T, et al. An independent association of prenatal depression with wheezing and anxiety with rhinitis in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015; 26, 765–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78. Bandoli, G, von Ehrenstein, O, Ghosh, JKC, et al. Prenatal maternal stress and the risk of lifetime wheeze in young offspring: an examination by stressor and maternal ethnicity. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016; 18, 987–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79. Zijlmans, MAC, Beijers, R, Riksen-Walraven, MJ, de Weerth, C. Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children’s health: a longitudinal study. Stress. 2017; 20, 495–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80. Ramratnam, SK, Visness, CM, Jaffee, KF, et al. Relationships among maternal stress and depression, type 2 responses, and recurrent wheezing at age 3 years in low-income urban families. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195, 674–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81. Zhou, C, Ibanez, G, Miramont, V, et al. Prenatal maternal depression related to allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the first 5 years of life in children of the EDEN mother-child cohort study. Allergy Rhinol. 2017; 8, 132–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82. Beijers, R, Jansen, J, Riksen-Walraven, M, de Weerth, C. Maternal prenatal anxiety and stress predict infant illnesses and health complaints. Pediatrics. 2010; 126, e401–e409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83. Reyes, M, Perzanowski, MS, Whyatt, RM, et al. Relationship between maternal demoralization, wheeze, and immunoglobulin E among inner-city children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011; 107, 42–49.e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84. Alton, ME, Tough, SC, Mandhane, PJ, Kozyrskyj, AL. Street drug use during pregnancy: potential programming effects on preschool wheeze. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2013; 4, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85. Brew, BK, Gong, T, Williams, DM, Larsson, H, Almqvist, C. Using fathers as a negative control exposure to test the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis: a case study on maternal distress and offspring asthma using Swedish register data. Scand J Public Health. 2017; 45(17_Suppl.), 36–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86. Brew, BK, Lundholm, C, Viktorin, A, et al. Longitudinal depression or anxiety in mothers and offspring asthma: a Swedish population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 2018; 47, 166–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87. Magnus, MC, Wright, RJ, Røysamb, E, et al. Maternal psychosocial stress associates with increased risk of asthma development in offspring. Am J Epidemiol. 2017; 187, 1199–1209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88. Fang, F, Höglund, CO, Arck, P, et al. Maternal bereavement and childhood asthma-analyses in two large samples of Swedish children. PLoS One. 2011; 6, e27202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89. Chiu, Y-HM, Coull, BA, Cohen, S, Wooley, A, Wright, RJ. Prenatal and postnatal maternal stress and wheeze in urban children: effect of maternal sensitization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 186, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90. de Marco, R, Pesce, G, Girardi, P, et al. Foetal exposure to maternal stressful events increases the risk of having asthma and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012; 23, 724–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91. Khashan, AS, Wicks, S, Dalman, C, et al. Prenatal stress and risk of asthma hospitalization in the offspring: a Swedish population-based study. Psychosom Med. 2012; 74, 635–641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92. Chiu, Y-HM, Coull, BA, Sternthal, MJ, et al. Effects of prenatal community violence and ambient air pollution on childhood wheeze in an urban population. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133, 713–22.e4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93. Hartwig, IRV, Sly, PD, Schmidt, LA, et al. Prenatal adverse life events increase the risk for atopic diseases in children, which is enhanced in the absence of a maternal atopic predisposition. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134, 160–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94. Larsen, AD, Schlünssen, V, Christensen, BH, et al. Exposure to psychosocial job strain during pregnancy and odds of asthma and atopic dermatitis among 7-year old children – a prospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014; 40, 639–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95. Grizenko, N, Osmanlliu, E, Fortier, M-È, Joober, R. Increased risk of asthma in children with ADHD: role of prematurity and maternal stress during pregnancy. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 24, 109–115.Google ScholarPubMed
96. Liu, X, Olsen, J, Agerbo, E, et al. Prenatal stress and childhood asthma in the offspring: role of age at onset. Eur J Public Health. 2015; 25, 1042–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97. Phelan, AL, DiBenedetto, MR, Paul, IM, Zhu, J, Kjerulff, KH. Psychosocial stress during first pregnancy predicts infant health outcomes in the first postnatal year. Matern Child Health J. 2015; 19, 2587–2597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98. Lee, A, Mathilda Chiu, Y-H, Rosa, MJ, et al. Prenatal and postnatal stress and asthma in children: temporal- and sex-specific associations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138, 740–747.e3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99. Rosa, MJ, Just, AC, Tamayo, Y, et al. Prenatal and postnatal stress and wheeze in Mexican children: sex-specific differences. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016; 116, 306–12.e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100. Trump, S, Bieg, M, Gu, Z, et al. Prenatal maternal stress and wheeze in children: novel insights into epigenetic regulation. Sci Rep. 2016; 6, 28616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101. Lee, AG, Chiu, Y-HM, Rosa, MJ, et al. Association of prenatal and early childhood stress with reduced lung function in 7-year-olds. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017; 119, 153–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102. O’Connor, GT, Lynch, SV, Bloomberg, GR, et al. Early-life home environment and risk of asthma among inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 141, 1468–1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103. Smejda, K, Polanska, K, Merecz-Kot, D, et al. Maternal stress during pregnancy and allergic diseases in children during the first year of life. Respir Care. 2018; 63, 70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104. Elbert, NJ, Duijts, L, den Dekker, HT, et al. Maternal psychiatric symptoms during pregnancy and risk of childhood atopic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017; 47, 509–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105. Chang, HY, Suh, DI, Yang, S-I, et al. Prenatal maternal distress affects atopic dermatitis in offspring mediated by oxidative stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138, 468–475.e5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106. Lin, YC, Wen, HJ, Lee, YL, Guo, YL. Are maternal psychosocial factors associated with cord immunoglobulin E in addition to family atopic history and mother immunoglobulin E? Clin Exp Allergy. 2004; 34, 548–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107. Peters, JL, Cohen, S, Staudenmayer, J, et al. Prenatal negative life events increases cord blood IgE: interactions with dust mite allergen and maternal atopy. Allergy. 2012; 67, 545–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108. Sternthal, MJ, Enlow, MB, Cohen, S, et al. Maternal interpersonal trauma and cord blood IgE levels in an inner-city cohort: a life-course perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124, 954–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109. McGowan, EC, Bloomberg, GR, Gergen, PJ, et al. Influence of early-life exposures on food sensitization and food allergy in an inner-city birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135, 171–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110. Sausenthaler, S, Rzehak, P, Chen, CM, et al. Stress-related maternal factors during pregnancy in relation to childhood eczema: results from the LISA Study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009; 19, 481–487.Google ScholarPubMed
111. Wang, IJ, Wen, HJ, Chiang, TL, et al. Maternal employment and atopic dermatitis in children: a prospective cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2013; 168, 794–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112. Wen, H-J, Wang, Y-J, Lin, Y-C, et al. Prediction of atopic dermatitis in 2-yr-old children by cord blood IgE, genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes, and maternal mentality during pregnancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011; 22, 695–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113. Field, T, Diego, M, Hernandez-Reif, M. Depressed mothers’ infants are less responsive to faces and voices. Infant Behav Dev. 2009; 32, 239–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114. Field, T, Hernandez-Reif, M, Diego, M. Depressed mothers’ newborns are less responsive to animate and inanimate stimuli. Infant Child Dev. 2010; 20, 94–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
115. Henrichs, J, Schenk, JJ, Schmidt, HG, et al. Maternal pre- and postnatal anxiety and infant temperament. The generation R study. Infant Child Dev . 2009; 18, 556–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116. Davis, EP, Snidman, N, Wadhwa, PD, et al. Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predict negative behavioral reactivity in infancy. Infancy. 2004; 6, 319–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117. van der Wal, MF, van Eijsden, M, Bonsel, GJ. Stress and emotional problems during pregnancy and excessive infant crying. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007; 28, 431–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118. Atkinson, L, Paglia, A, Coolbear, J, et al. Attachment security: a meta-analysis of maternal mental health correlates. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000; 20, 1019–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119. Laplante, DP, Brunet, A, Schmitz, N, Ciampi, A, King, S. Project Ice Storm: prenatal maternal stress affects cognitive and linguistic functioning in 5 1/2-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47, 1063–1072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120. Laplante, DP, Barr, RG, Brunet, A, et al. Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers. Pediatr Res. 2004; 56, 400–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121. Niederhofer, H, Reiter, A. Prenatal maternal stress, prenatal fetal movements and perinatal temperament factors influence behavior and school marks at the age of 6 years. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2004; 19, 160–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122. Yong Ping, E, Laplante, DP, Elgbeili, G, et al. Prenatal maternal stress predicts stress reactivity at 2½ years of age: the Iowa Flood Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 56, 62–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
123. O’Connor, TG, Caprariello, P, Blackmore, ER, et al. Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood. Early Hum Dev. 2007; 83, 451–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124. O’Connor, TG, Heron, J, Glover, V. Alspac Study T. Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002; 41, 1470–1477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125. Deave, T, Heron, J, Evans, J, Emond, A. The impact of maternal depression in pregnancy on early child development. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008; 63, 626–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
126. Luoma, I, Kaukonen, P, Mäntymaa, M, et al. A longitudinal study of maternal depressive symptoms, negative expectations and perceptions of child problems. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2004; 35, 37–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
127. Van den Bergh, BRH, Marcoen, A. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Dev. 2004; 75, 1085–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
128. O’Connor, TG, Heron, J, Golding, J, Beveridge, M, Glover, V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and children’s behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Br J Psychiatry. 2002; 180, 502–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
129. Wen, DJ, Poh, JS, Ni, SN, et al. Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children. Transl Psychiatry. 2017; 7, e1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
130. El Marroun, H, Zou, R, Muetzel, RL, et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and white matter microstructure in children. Depress Anxiety. 2018; 35, 321–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
131. Qiu, A, Anh, TT, Li, Y, et al. Prenatal maternal depression alters amygdala functional connectivity in 6-month-old infants. Transl Psychiatry. 2015; 5, e508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
132. Rifkin-Graboi, A, Bai, J, Chen, H, et al. Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth. Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 74, 837–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
133. Sandman, CA, Buss, C, Head, K, Davis, EP. Fetal exposure to maternal depressive symptoms is associated with cortical thickness in late childhood. Biol Psychiatry. 2015; 77, 324–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
134. El Marroun, H, Tiemeier, H, Muetzel, RL, et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and brain morphology: a population-based prospective neuroimaging study in young children. Depress Anxiety. 2016; 33, 658–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
135. Lebel, C, Walton, M, Letourneau, N, Giesbrecht, GF, Kaplan, BJ. Dewey D. Prepartum and postpartum maternal depressive symptoms are related to children’s brain structure in preschool. Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 80, 859–868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
136. DiPietro, JA, Novak, MFSX, Costigan, KA, Atella, LD, Reusing, SP. Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two. Child Dev. 2006; 77, 573–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
137. Whitehouse, AJO, Robinson, M, Zubrick, SR, et al. Maternal life events during pregnancy and offspring language ability in middle childhood: the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study. Early Hum Dev. 2010; 86, 487–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
138. Li, J, Robinson, M, Malacova, E, et al. Maternal life stress events in pregnancy link to children’s school achievement at age 10 years. J Pediatr. 2013; 162, 483–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
139. Field, T. Prenatal depression effects on early development: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2011; 34, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
140. Talge, NM, Neal, C, Glover, V, et al. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007; 48(3–4), 245–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
141. Goodman, SH, Rouse, MH, Connell, AM, et al. Maternal depression and child psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011; 14, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
142. Reynolds, RM. Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis – 2012 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013; 38, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
143. Rakers, F, Rupprecht, S, Dreiling, M, et al. Transfer of maternal psychosocial stress to the fetus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; Epub 22 Feb 2017; doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
144. Van den Bergh, BRH, van den Heuvel, MI, Lahti, M, et al. Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; Epub 28 Jul 2017; doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
145. Cottrell, EC. Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of adult disease. Front Behav Neurosci. 2009; 3, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
146. Hohwü, L, Henriksen, TB, Grønborg, TK, et al. Maternal salivary cortisol levels during pregnancy are positively associated with overweight children. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 52, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
147. Entringer, S, Buss, C, Rasmussen, JM, et al. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy and infant adiposity: a prospective investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102, 1366–1374.Google ScholarPubMed
148. Stout, SA, Espel, EV, Sandman, CA, Glynn, LM, Davis, EP. Fetal programming of children’s obesity risk. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 53, 29–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
149. Rash, JA, Campbell, TS, Letourneau, N, Giesbrecht, GF. Maternal cortisol during pregnancy is related to infant cardiac vagal control. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 54, 78–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
150. Zijlmans, MAC, Riksen-Walraven, JM, de Weerth, C. Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations and child outcomes: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015; 53, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
151. Van den Bergh, BRH, Mulder, EJH, Mennes, M, Glover, V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005; 29, 237–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
152. Mulder, EJH, de Medina, PGR, Huizink, AC, et al. Prenatal maternal stress: effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. Early Hum Dev. 2002; 70, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
153. Huizink, AC, Mulder, EJH, Buitelaar, JK. Prenatal stress and risk for psychopathology: specific effects or induction of general susceptibility? Psychol Bull. 2004; 130, 115–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
154. Abbott, PW, Gumusoglu, SB, Bittle, J, Beversdorf, DQ, Stevens, HE. Prenatal stress and genetic risk: how prenatal stress interacts with genetics to alter risk for psychiatric illness. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018; 90, 9–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
155. Teixeira, JM, Fisk, NM, Glover, V. Association between maternal anxiety in pregnancy and increased uterine artery resistance index: cohort based study. BMJ. 1999; 318, 153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
156. Bassett, JM, Hanson, C. Catecholamines inhibit growth in fetal sheep in the absence of hypoxemia. Am J Physiol. 1998; 274(6 Pt 2), R1536–R1545.Google ScholarPubMed
157. Macko, AR, Yates, DT, Chen, X, et al. Adrenal demedullation and oxygen supplementation independently increase glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations in fetal sheep with intrauterine growth restriction. Endocrinology. 2016; 157, 2104–2115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
158. Dong, Y, Liu, G, Wang, Z, et al. Effects of catecholaminergic nerve lesion on endometrial development during early pregnancy in Mice. Histol Histopathol. 2016; 31, 415–424.Google ScholarPubMed
159. Holzman, C, Senagore, P, Tian, Y, et al. Maternal catecholamine levels in midpregnancy and risk of preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol. 2009; 170, 1014–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
160. Bleker, LS, Roseboom, TJ, Vrijkotte, TG, Reynolds, RM, de Rooij, SR. Determinants of cortisol during pregnancy – the ABCD cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017; 83, 172–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
161. Shelton, MM, Schminkey, DL, Groer, MW. Relationships among prenatal depression, plasma cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines. Biol Res Nurs. 2015; 17, 295–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
162. Petraglia, F, Hatch, MC, Lapinski, R, et al. Lack of effect of psychosocial stress on maternal corticotropin-releasing factor and catecholamine levels at 28 weeks’ gestation. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2001; 8, 83–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
163. Goedhart, G, Vrijkotte, TGM, Roseboom, TJ, et al. Maternal cortisol and offspring birthweight: results from a large prospective cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010; 35, 644–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
164. Benediktsson, R, Calder, AA, Edwards, CR, Seckl, JR. Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulator of fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Clin Endocrinol. 1997; 46, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
165. Murphy, VE, Smith, R, Giles, WB, Clifton, VL. Endocrine regulation of human fetal growth: the role of the mother, placenta, and fetus. Endocr Rev. 2006; 27, 141–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
166. O’Donnell, KJ, Jensen, AB, Freeman, L, et al. Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012; 37, 818–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
167. Mairesse, J, Lesage, J, Breton, C, et al. Maternal stress alters endocrine function of the feto-placental unit in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 292, E1526–E1533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
168. Sgoifo, A, Koolhaas, J, De Boer, S, et al. Social stress, autonomic neural activation, and cardiac activity in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1999; 23, 915–923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
169. Cacioppo, JT. Social neuroscience: autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress. Psychophysiology. 1994; 31, 113–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
170. Allister, L, Masakowski, Y, Carr, S, Andreozzi, L, Lester, B. The effects of maternal depression on fetal heart rate and fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Infant Behav Dev. 1998; 21, 262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
171. Dieter, JNI, Emory, EK, Johnson, KC, Raynor, BD. Maternal depression and anxiety effects on the human fetus: preliminary findings and clinical implications. Infant Ment Health J. 2008; 29, 420–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
172. DiPietro, JA, Hodgson, DM, Costigan, KA, Hilton, SC, Johnson, TR. Fetal neurobehavioral development. Child Dev. 1996; 67, 2553–2567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
173. DiPietro, JA, Kivlighan, KT, Costigan, KA, et al. Prenatal antecedents of newborn neurological maturation. Child Dev. 2010; 81, 115–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
174. Garfield, L, Mathews, HL, Witek Janusek, L. Inflammatory and epigenetic pathways for perinatal depression. Biol Res Nurs. 2016; 18, 331–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
175. Cao-Lei, L, de Rooij, SR, King, S, et al. Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; Epub 18 May 2017; doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
176. Cao-Lei, L, Dancause, KN, Elgbeili, G, et al. DNA methylation mediates the impact of exposure to prenatal maternal stress on BMI and central adiposity in children at age 13½ years: Project Ice Storm. Epigenetics. 2015; 10, 749–761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
177. Cao-Lei, L, Massart, R, Suderman, MJ, et al. DNA methylation signatures triggered by prenatal maternal stress exposure to a natural disaster: Project Ice Storm. PLoS One. 2014; 9, e107653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
178. Heijmans, BT, Tobi, EW, Stein, AD, et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105, 17046–17049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
179. Nemoda, Z, Massart, R, Suderman, M, et al. Maternal depression is associated with DNA methylation changes in cord blood T lymphocytes and adult hippocampi. Transl Psychiatry. 2015; 5, e545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
180. Devlin, AM, Brain, U, Austin, J, Oberlander, TF. Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. PLoS One. 2010; 5, e12201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
181. Conradt, E, Lester, BM, Appleton, AA, Armstrong, DA, Marsit, CJ. The roles of DNA methylation of NR3C1 and 11β-HSD2 and exposure to maternal mood disorder in utero on newborn neurobehavior. Epigenetics. 2013; 8, 1321–1329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
182. Räikkönen, K, Pesonen, AK, O’Reilly, JR, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, placental expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid and serotonin function and infant regulatory behaviors. Psychol Med. 2015; 45, 3217–3226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
183. Monk, C, Feng, T, Lee, S, et al. Distress during pregnancy: epigenetic regulation of placenta glucocorticoid-related genes and fetal neurobehavior. Am J Psychiatry. 2016; 173, 705–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
184. Oberlander, TF, Weinberg, J, Papsdorf, M, et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics. 2008; 3, 97–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
185. Christian, LM. Effects of stress and depression on inflammatory immune parameters in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 211, 275–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
186. Veru, F, Laplante, DP, Luheshi, G, King, S. Prenatal maternal stress exposure and immune function in the offspring. Stress. 2014; 17, 133–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
187. Christian, LM, Franco, A, Glaser, R, Iams, JD. Depressive symptoms are associated with elevated serum proinflammatory cytokines among pregnant women. Brain Behav Immun. 2009; 23, 750–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
188. Raghupathy, R, Kalinka, J. Cytokine imbalance in pregnancy complications and its modulation. Front Biosci. 2008; 13, 985–994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
189. O’Mahony, SM, Clarke, G, Dinan, TG, Cryan, JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience. 2017; 342, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
190. Jašarević, E, Rodgers, AB, Bale, TL. A novel role for maternal stress and microbial transmission in early life programming and neurodevelopment. Neurobiol Stress. 2015; 1, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
191. Ipci, K, Altıntoprak, N, Muluk, NB, Senturk, M, Cingi, C. The possible mechanisms of the human microbiome in allergic diseases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017; 274, 617–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
192. O’Mahony, SM, Clarke, G, Borre, YE, Dinan, TG, Cryan, JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res. 2015; 277, 32–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
193. Sherman, MP, Zaghouani, H, Niklas, V. Gut microbiota, the immune system, and diet influence the neonatal gut–brain axis. Pediatr Res. 2014; 77, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
194. Cilieborg, MS, Boye, M, Sangild, PT. Bacterial colonization and gut development in preterm neonates. Early Hum Dev. 2012; 88(Suppl. 1), S41–S49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
195. Zijlmans, MAC, Korpela, K, Riksen-Walraven, JM, de Vos, WM, de Weerth, C. Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015; 53, 233–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
196. Gupta, S, Agarwal, A, Banerjee, J, Alvarez, JG. The role of oxidative stress in spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007; 62, 335–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
197. Turpin, CA, Sakyi, SA, Owiredu, WKBA, Ephraim, RKD, Anto, EO. Association between adverse pregnancy outcome and imbalance in angiogenic regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15, 189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
198. Ferguson, KK, McElrath, TF, Chen, Y-H, et al. Repeated measures of urinary oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 212, 208.e1–208.e8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
199. Suh, DI, Chang, HY, Lee, E, Yang, SI, Hong, SJ. Prenatal maternal distress and allergic diseases in offspring: review of evidence and possible pathways. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017; 9, 200–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
200. Källén, B. Neonate characteristics after maternal use of antidepressants in late pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004; 158, 312–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
201. Lattimore, KA, Donn, SM, Kaciroti, N, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2005; 25, 595–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
202. Brunton, PJ. Effects of maternal exposure to social stress during pregnancy: consequences for mother and offspring. Reproduction. 2013; 146, R175–R189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
203. Cohen, S, Kamarck, T, Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983; 24, 385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
204. Brunton, RJ, Dryer, R, Saliba, A, Kohlhoff, J. Pregnancy anxiety: a systematic review of current scales. J Affect Disord. 2015; 176, 24–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
205. Matthey, S, Ross-Hamid, C. The validity of DSM symptoms for depression and anxiety disorders during pregnancy. J Affect Disord. 2011; 133, 546–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
206. Allen, AP, Kennedy, PJ, Cryan, JF, Dinan, TG, Clarke, G. Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 38, 94–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
207. Deasy, C, Coughlan, B, Pironom, J, Jourdan, D, McNamara, PM. Psychological distress and lifestyle of students: implications for health promotion. Health Promot Int. 2015; 30, 77–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
208. Sun, J, Buys, N, Stewart, D, Shum, D. Mediating effects of coping, personal belief, and social support on the relationship among stress, depression, and smoking behaviour in university students. Health Educ. 2011; 111, 133–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
209. Tavolacci, MP, Ladner, J, Grigioni, S, et al. Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use and behavioral addictions: a cross-sectional study among university students in France, 2009-2011. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13, 724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
210. de Wit, L, Luppino, F, van Straten, A, et al. Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 178, 230–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
211. Ertel, KA, Rich-Edwards, JW, Koenen, KC. Maternal depression in the United States: nationally representative rates and risks. J Womens Health. 2011; 20, 1609–1617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
212. Hauge, LJ, Torgersen, L, Vollrath, M. Associations between maternal stress and smoking: findings from a population-based prospective cohort study. Addiction. 2012; 107, 1168–1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
213. Michels, N, Sioen, I, Boone, L, et al. Longitudinal association between child stress and lifestyle. Health Psychol. 2015; 34, 40–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
214. Sleddens, EFC, Gerards, SMPL, Thijs, C, de Vries, NK, Kremers, SPJ. General parenting, childhood overweight and obesity-inducing behaviors: a review. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011; 6, e12–e27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
215. Braungart-Rieker, JM, Lefever, JB, Planalp, EM, Moore, ES. Body mass index at 3 years of age: cascading effects of prenatal maternal depression and mother-infant dynamics. J Pediatr. 2016; 177, 128–32.e1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
216. Gemmill, AW, Worotniuk, T, Holt, CJ, Skouteris, H, Milgrom, J. Maternal psychological factors and controlled child feeding practices in relation to child body mass index. Child Obes. 2013; 9, 326–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
217. Rondó, PHC, Rezende, G, Lemos, JO, Pereira, JA. Maternal stress and distress and child nutritional status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013; 67, 348–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
218. Smith, GD. Assessing intrauterine influences on offspring health outcomes: can epidemiological studies yield robust findings? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008; 102, 245–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
219. Merikangas, KR. Assortative mating for psychiatric disorders and psychological traits. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982; 39, 1173–1180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
220. Mathews, CA, Reus, VI. Assortative mating in the affective disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2001; 42, 257–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
221. Davey Smith, G, Hemani, G. Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2014; 23(R1), R89–R98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
222. Swerdlow, DI, Kuchenbaecker, KB, Shah, S, et al. Selecting instruments for Mendelian randomization in the wake of genome-wide association studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2016; 45, 1600–1616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
223. Paaby, AB, Rockman, MV. The many faces of pleiotropy. Trends Genet. 2013; 29, 66–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
224. O’Hara, MW, Swain, AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression – a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996; 8, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
225. Perales, M, Refoyo, I, Coteron, J, Bacchi, M, Barakat, R. Exercise during pregnancy attenuates prenatal depression: a randomized controlled trial. Eval Health Prof. 2015; 38, 59–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
226. King, S, Laplante, DP. Using natural disasters to study prenatal maternal stress in humans. Adv Neurobiol. 2015; 10, 285–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
227. Thapar, A, Harold, G, Rice, F, et al. Do intrauterine or genetic influences explain the foetal origins of chronic disease? A novel experimental method for disentangling effects. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007; 7, 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
228. Rice, F, Harold, GT, Boivin, J, et al. The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences. Psychol Med. 2010; 40, 335–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Vehmeijer et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S5

Download Vehmeijer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 82.1 KB