Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T02:22:49.405Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal childhood trauma and prenatal stressors are associated with child behavioral health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2021

Shaikh I. Ahmad Open the ORCID record for Shaikh I. Ahmad [Opens in a new window] ,
Kristen L. Rudd ,
Kaja Z. LeWinn ,
W. Alex Mason ,
Laura Murphy ,
Paul D. Juarez ,
Catherine J. Karr ,
Sheela Sathyanarayana ,
Frances A. Tylavsky  and
Nicole R. Bush
Shaikh I. Ahmad
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Kristen L. Rudd
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Kaja Z. LeWinn
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
W. Alex Mason
Affiliation:
Department of Preventative Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Laura Murphy
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Paul D. Juarez
Affiliation:
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
Catherine J. Karr
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Sheela Sathyanarayana
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
Frances A. Tylavsky
Affiliation:
Department of Preventative Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Nicole R. Bush*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Nicole Bush, Division of Developmental Medicine, University of California, 3333 California St Suite 465, San Francisco, CA94118, USA. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Maternal adversity and prenatal stress confer risk for child behavioral health problems. Few studies have examined this intergenerational process across multiple dimensions of stress; fewer have explored potential protective factors. Using a large, diverse sample of mother–child dyads, we examined associations between maternal childhood trauma, prenatal stressors, and offspring socioemotional-behavioral development, while also examining potential resilience-promoting factors. The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning and Early Childhood (CANDLE) study prospectively followed 1503 mother–child dyads (65% Black, 32% White) from pregnancy. Exposures included maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, intimate partner violence, and geocode-linked neighborhood violent crime during pregnancy. Child socioemotional-behavioral functioning was measured via the Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (mean age = 1.1 years). Maternal social support and parenting knowledge during pregnancy were tested as potential moderators. Multiple linear regressions (N = 1127) revealed that maternal childhood trauma, socioeconomic risk, and intimate partner violence were independently, positively associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems at age one in fully adjusted models. Maternal parenting knowledge moderated associations between both maternal childhood trauma and prenatal socioeconomic risk on child problems: greater knowledge was protective against the effects of socioeconomic risk and was promotive in the context of low maternal history of childhood trauma. Findings indicate that multiple dimensions of maternal stress and adversity are independently associated with child socioemotional-behavioral problems. Further, modifiable environmental factors, including knowledge regarding child development, can mitigate these risks. Both findings support the importance of parental screening and early intervention to promote child socioemotional-behavioral health.

Keywords

Stressintergenerationalchild mental healthprenatal programmingresilience
Type
Original Article
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , August 2022 , pp. 483 - 493
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Glover, V. Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2011; 52(4), 356–367. DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertzman, C, Boyce, T. How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2010; 31(1), 329–347. DOI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, JC, Nugent, BM, Bale, TL. Parental advisory: maternal and paternal stress can impact offspring neurodevelopment. Biol Psychiatry. 2018; 83(10), 886–894. DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bale, TL, Baram, TZ, Brown, AS, et al. Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 68(4), 314–319. DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monk, C, Lugo-Candelas, C, Trumpff, C. Prenatal developmental origins of future psychopathology: mechanisms and pathways. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019; 15(1), 317–344. DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U, Morris, PA. The bioecological model of human development. In: Handbook of Child Psychology, 2007. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114,Google Scholar
Messer, LC, Kaufman, JS, Dole, N, Savitz, DA, Laraia, BA. Neighborhood crime, deprivation, and preterm birth. Ann Epidemiol. 2006; 16(6), 455–462. DOI 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.08.006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pluess, M, Belsky, J. Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity? Dev Psychopathol. 2011; 23(1), 29–38. DOI 10.1017/S0954579410000623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrero-Castillero, A, Morton, SU, Nelson, CA, Smith, VC. Psychosocial stress and adversity: effects from the perinatal period to adulthood. Neoreviews. 2019; 20(12), e686–e696. DOI 10.1542/neo.20-12-e686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, KA, Sheridan, MA. Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016; 25(4), 239–245. DOI 10.1177/0963721416655883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, GW, Li, D, Whipple, SS. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychol Bull. 2013; 139(6), 1342–1396. DOI 10.1037/a0031808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racine, N, Plamondon, A, Madigan, S, McDonald, S, Tough, S. Maternal adverse childhood experiences and infant development. Pediatrics. 2018; 141(4), e20172495. DOI 10.1542/peds.2017-2495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Momplaisir, FM, Nassau, T, Moore, K, et al. Association of adverse neighborhood exposures with HIV viral load in pregnant women at delivery. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(11), e2024577. DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arcaya, MC, Tucker-Seeley, RD, Kim, R, Schnake-Mahl, A, So, M, Subramanian, SV. Research on neighborhood effects on health in the United States: a systematic review of study characteristics. Soc Sci Med. 2016; 168, 16–29. DOI 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2016.08.047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leventhal, T, Brooks-Gunn, J. Moving to opportunity: an experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health. Am J Public Health. 2011; 93(9), 1576–1582. DOI 10.2105/ajph.93.9.1576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curry, A, Latkin, C, Davey-Rothwell, M. Pathways to depression: the impact of neighborhood violent crime on inner-city residents in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67(1), 23–30. DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, MM, Clougherty, JE, McCarthy, C, et al. Neighborhood violent crime and perceived stress in pregnancy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(15), 5585. DOI 10.3390/ijerph17155585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson-Genderson, M, Pruchno, R. Effects of neighborhood violence and perceptions of neighborhood safety on depressive symptoms of older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2013; 85(2), 43–49. DOI 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2013.02.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baranyi, G, Di Marco, MH, Russ, TC, Dibben, C, Pearce, J. The impact of neighbourhood crime on mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2021; 282, 114106. DOI 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2021.114106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V, Hill, J. Sex differences in the programming effects of prenatal stress on psychopathology and stress responses: an evolutionary perspective. Physiol Behav. 2012; 106(5), 736–740. DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Bergh, BRH, van den Heuvel, MI, Lahti, M, et al. Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; 117(Suppl. 4), 26–64. DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graignic-Philippe, R, Dayan, J, Chokron, S, Jacquet, AY, Tordjman, S. Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: a critical literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 43(5), 137–162. DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, C, Cicchetti, D. Future directions in prenatal stress research: challenges and opportunities related to advancing our understanding of prenatal developmental origins of risk for psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2018; 30(3), 721–724. DOI 10.1017/S095457941800069X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, K, Sarkar, P, Glover, V, O’Connor, TG. Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: moderation by infant-Mother attachment. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67(11), 1026–1032. DOI 10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2010.01.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolten, MI, Fink, NS, Stadler, C. Maternal self-efficacy reduces the impact of prenatal stress on infant’s crying behavior. J Pediatr. 2012; 161(1), 104–109. DOI 10.1016/J.JPEDS.2011.12.044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takács, L, Štipl, J, Gartstein, M, Putnam, SP, Monk, C. Social support buffers the effects of maternal prenatal stress on infants’ unpredictability. Early Hum Dev. 2021; 157, 105352. DOI 10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2021.105352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, L-C, Halpern, CT, Hertz-Picciotto, I, Martin, SL, Suchindran, CM. Child care and social support modify the association between maternal depressive symptoms and early childhood behaviour problems: a US national study. J Epidemiol Community Heal. 2006; 60(4), 305–310. DOI 10.1136/JECH.2005.040956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treat, AE, Sheffield-Morris, A, Williamson, AC, Hays-Grudo, J. Adverse childhood experiences and young children’s social and emotional development: the role of maternal depression, self-efficacy, and social support. Early Child Dev Care. 2019; 190(15), 2422–2436. DOI 10.1080/03004430.2019.1578220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racine, N, Madigan, S, Plamondon, A, Hetherington, E, McDonald, S, Tough, S. Maternal psychosocial risk profiles in pregnancy: associations with postpartum maternal health and child outcomes. Clin Psychol Sci. 2018; 6(6), 783–796. DOI 10.1177/2167702618788863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, CR, Teti, DM, Hussey-Gardner, B. Self-efficacy and parenting of high-risk infants: the moderating role of parent knowledge of infant development. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2004; 25(4), 423–437. DOI 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.06.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruchala, PL, James, DC. Social support knowledge of infant development, and maternal confidence among adolescent and adult mothers. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1997; 26(6), 685–689. DOI 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1997.tb02743.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartman, S, Belsky, J. Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity revisited - and extended. Dev Psychopathol. 2018; 30(3), 825–842. DOI 10.1017/S0954579418000548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sontag-Padilla, L, Burns, R, Shih, R, et al. The Urban Child Institute CANDLE Study: Methodological Overview and Baseline Sample Description, 2015. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 10.7249/RR1336,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tylavsky, FA, Ferrara, A, Catellier, DJ, et al. Understanding childhood obesity in the US: the NIH environmental influences on child health outcomes (ECHO) program. Int J Obes. 2019; 44(3), 617–627. DOI 10.1038/s41366-019-0470-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slopen, N, Roberts, AL, LeWinn, KZ, et al. Maternal experiences of trauma and hair cortisol in early childhood in a prospective cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018; 98(9), 168–176. DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubany, ES, Haynes, SN, Leisen, MB, et al. Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the traumatic life events questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2000; 12(2), 210–224. DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adgent, MA, Elsayed-Ali, O, Gebretsadik, T, et al. Maternal childhood and lifetime traumatic life events and infant bronchiolitis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2019; 33(4), 262–270. DOI 10.1111/ppe.12559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, MA, Douglas, EM. A short form of the revised conflict tactics scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality. Violence Vict. 2004; 19(5), 507–520. DOI 10.1891/vivi.19.5.507.63686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inc. L. SecurityGauge Commercial Property Crime Risk Index: White Paper. 2013.Google Scholar
Goldman-Mellor, S, Margerison-Zilko, C, Allen, K, Cerda, M. Perceived and objectively-measured neighborhood violence and adolescent psychological distress. J Urban Heal. 2016; 93(5), 758–769. DOI 10.1007/s11524-016-0079-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suplee, PD, Bloch, JR, Hillier, A, Herbert, T. Using geographic information systems to visualize relationships between perinatal outcomes and neighborhood characteristics when planning community interventions. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2018; 47(2), 158–172. DOI 10.1016/J.JOGN.2018.01.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gove, WR, Hughes, M, Geerken, M. Are uniform crime reports a valid indicator of the index crimes? An affirmative answer with minor qualifications. Criminology. 1985; 23(3), 451–502. DOI 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00350.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacPhee, D. Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory, 1981. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.Google Scholar
Macphee, D. The pediatrician as a source of information about child development. J Pediatr Psychol. 1984; 9(1), 87–100. DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/9.1.87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarason, IG, Sarason, BR, Shearin, EN, Pierce, GR. A brief measure of social support: practical and theoretical implications. J Soc Pers Relat. 1987; 4(4), 497–510. DOI 10.1177/0265407587044007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, MJ, Carter, AS, Irwin, JR, Wachtel, K, Cicchetti, DV. The brief infant-toddler social and emotional assessment: screening for social-emotional problems and delays in competence. J Pediatr Psychol. 2004; 29(2), 143–155. DOI 10.1093/jpepsy/jsh017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, MJ, Carter, AS. Social-emotional screening status in early childhood predicts elementary school outcomes. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(5), 957–962. DOI 10.1542/peds.2007-1948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karabekiroglu, K, Briggs-Gowan, MJ, Carter, AS, Rodopman-Arman, A, Akbas, S. The clinical validity and reliability of the brief infant-toddler social and emotional assessment (BITSEA). Infant Behav Dev. 2010; 33(4), 503–509. DOI 10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.07.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letourneau, N, Dewey, D, Kaplan, BJ, et al. Intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences via maternal depression and anxiety and moderation by child sex. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2020; 10(1), 88–99. DOI 10.1017/S2040174418000648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, EP, Head, K, Buss, C, Sandman, CA. Prenatal maternal cortisol concentrations predict neurodevelopment in middle childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017; 75, 56–63. DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kingsbury, M, Weeks, M, MacKinnon, N, et al. Stressful life events during pregnancy and offspring depression: evidence from a prospective cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016; 55(8), 709–716.e2. DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tearne, JE, Allen, KL, Herbison, CE, et al. The association between prenatal environment and children’s mental health trajectories from 2 to 14 years. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 24(9), 1015–1024. DOI 10.1007/s00787-014-0651-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKinnon, N, Kingsbury, M, Mahedy, L, Evans, J, Colman, I. The association between prenatal stress and externalizing symptoms in childhood: evidence from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Biol Psychiatry. 2018; 83(2), 100–108. DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.07.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, JL, Holden, JM, Sagovsky, R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987; 150, 782–786. DOI 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, BL. Vital signs: postpartum depressive symptoms and provider discussions about perinatal depression — United States, 2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69(19), 575–581. DOI 10.15585/MMWR.MM6919A2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, MW, McCabe, JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013; 9(1), 379–407. DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26, 2019. IBM Corp, Armonk, NY.Google Scholar
Graham, JW. Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009; 60, 549–576. DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, AF. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2013. Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Aiken, LS, West, SG. Testing and Interpreting Interactions in Multiple Regression, 1991. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
Shonkoff, JP, Boyce, WT, McEwen, BS. Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA. 2009; 301(21), 2252–2259. DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M, Friel, S, Bell, R, Houweling, TA, Taylor, S. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008; 372(9650), 1661–1669. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, HMC, Chen, E. Socioeconomic status and the health of youth: a multilevel, multidomain approach to conceptualizing pathways. Psychol Bull. 2013; 139(3), 606–654. DOI 10.1037/a0029416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braveman, P, Egerter, S, Williams, DR. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu Rev Public Health. 2011; 32(1), 381–398. DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V, O’Connor, TG, O’Donnell, K. Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010; 35(1), 17–22. DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letourneau, N, Dewey, D, Kaplan, BJ, et al. Intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences via maternal depression and anxiety and moderation by child sex. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2019; 10(1), 88–99. DOI 10.1017/S2040174418000648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, S, Oatley, H, Racine, N, et al. A meta-analysis of maternal prenatal depression and anxiety on child socioemotional development. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018; 57(9), 645–657.e8. DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glover, V, O’Donnell, KJ, O’Connor, TG, Fisher, J. Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology - a global perspective. Dev Psychopathol. 2018; 30(3), 843–854. DOI 10.1017/S095457941800038X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appleton, AA, Kiley, K, Holdsworth, EA, Schell, LM. Social support during pregnancy modifies the association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and infant birth size. Matern Child Health J. 2019; 23(3), 408–415. DOI 10.1007/s10995-018-02706-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, NT, Perez, M, Prinstein, MJ, Thurston, I. Upending Racism in Psychological Science: Strategies to Change How Our Science is Conducted, Reported, Reviewed & Disseminated. PsyArXiv. 2021. DOI 10.31234/osf.io/6nk4x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zenou, Y, Boccard, N. Racial discrimination and redlining in cities. J Urban Econ. 2000; 48(2), 260–285. DOI 10.1006/juec.1999.2166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, AE. Redlining and the home owners’ loan corporation. J Urban Hist. 2003; 29(4), 394–420. DOI 10.1177/0096144203029004002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squires, GD. Racial profiling, insurance style: insurance redlining and the uneven development of metropolitan areas. J Urban Aff. 2003; 25(4), 391–410. DOI 10.1111/1467-9906.t01-1-00168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, T, Epel, E, Gruenewald, T, Karlamangla, A, Mcewen, BS. Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: cumulative allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1186(1), 223–239. DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, AJ, Mentz, G, Lachance, L, Johnson, J, Gaines, C, Israel, BA. Associations between socioeconomic status and allostatic load: effects of neighborhood poverty and tests of mediating pathways. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102(9), 1706–1714. DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, CE, Mirowsky, J. Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and health. J Health Soc Behav. 2001; 42, 258–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohen, DE, Leventhal, T, Dahinten, VS, McIntosh, CN. Neighborhood disadvantage: pathways of effects for young children. Child Dev. 2008; 79(1), 156–169. DOI 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01117.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, FB, Anand, KJS, Graff, JC, et al. Early adversity, socioemotional development, and stress in urban 1-year-old children. J Pediatr. 2013; 163(6), 1733–1739.e1. DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theall, KP, Shirtcliff, EA, Dismukes, AR, Wallace, M, Drury, SS. Association between neighborhood violence and biological stress in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2017; 171(1), 53–60. DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AF, Huang, B, Ryan, PH, Sandel, MT, Chen, C, Kahn, RS. Areas with high rates of police-reported violent crime have higher rates of childhood asthma morbidity. J Pediatr. 2016; 173, 175–182.e1. DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, ZD, Krieger, N, Agénor, M, Graves, J, Linos, N, Bassett, MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017; 389(10077), 1453–1463. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, R, Neman, T, Seltzer, N, Evans, L, Venkataramani, A. Structural racism, economic opportunity and racial health disparities: evidence from U.S. counties. SSM - Popul Health. 2020; 11(4), 100564. DOI 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, ZD, Feldman, JM, Bassett, MT. How structural racism works — racist policies as a root cause of U.S racial health inequities. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(8), 768–773. DOI 10.1056/nejmms2025396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, S, Wade, M, Plamondon, A, Maguire, JL, Jenkins, JM. Maternal adverse childhood experience and infant health: biomedical and psychosocial risks as intermediary mechanisms. J Pediatr. 2017; 187, 282–289.e1. DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, CYY, Suskind, DL. What parents know matters: parental knowledge at birth predicts caregiving behaviors at 9 months. J Pediatr. 2020; 221, 72–80. DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs-Orme, T, Holden Nixon, B, Herrod, HG. Anticipatory guidance and early child development: pediatrician advice, parent behaviors, and unmet needs as reported by parents from different backgrounds. Clin Pediatr. 2011; 50(8), 729–737. DOI 10.1177/0009922811403302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, CS, Wissow, LS, Cheng, TL. Effectiveness of anticipatory guidance: recent developments. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003; 15(6), 630–635. DOI 10.1097/00008480-200312000-00015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moshofsky, DA, Stoeber, AW. Targeting adverse childhood experiences by promoting resilience through anticipatory guidance: a quality improvement project. Pediatrics. 2018; 142(1), 381. DOI 10.1542/peds.142.1_MeetingAbstract.381.Google Scholar
Carr, A, Duff, H, Craddock, F. A systematic review of reviews of the outcome of noninstitutional child maltreatment. Trauma, Violence, Abus. 2020; 21(4), 828–843. DOI 10.1177/1524838018801334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, WE, Shanahan, L, Hinesley, J, et al. Association of childhood trauma exposure with adult psychiatric disorders and functional outcomes. JAMA Netw open. 2018; 1(7), e184493. DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collishaw, S, Dunn, J, O’Connor, TG, Golding, J. Maternal childhood abuse and offspring adjustment over time. Dev Psychopathol. 2007; 19(2), 367–383. DOI 10.1017/S0954579407070186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felitti, VJ, Anda, RF, Nordenberg, D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998; 14(4), 245–258. DOI 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anda, RF, Felitti, VJ, Bremner, JD, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006; 256(3), 174–186. DOI 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, K, Bellis, MA, Hardcastle, KA, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Heal. 2017; 2(8), e356–e366. DOI 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acevedo-Garcia, D, Rosenfeld, LE, Hardy, E, McArdle, N, Osypuk, TL. Future directions in research on institutional and interpersonal discrimination and children’s health. Am J Public Health. 2013; 103(10), 1754–1763. DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heard-Garris, NJ, Cale, M, Camaj, L, Hamati, MC, Dominguez, TP. Transmitting trauma: a systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Soc Sci Med. 2018; 199(6), 230–240. DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradies, Y, Ben, J, Denson, N, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9), e0138511. DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelan, JC, Link, BG. Is racism a fundamental cause of inequalities in health? Annu Rev Sociol. 2015; 41(1), 311–330. DOI 10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dole, N, Savitz, DA, Hertz-Picciotto, I, Siega-Riz, AM, McMahon, MJ, Buekens, P. Maternal stress and preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 157(1), 14–24. DOI 10.1093/aje/kwf176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condon, EM, Holland, ML, Slade, A, Redeker, NS, Mayes, LC, Sadler, LS. Associations between maternal experiences of discrimination and biomarkers of toxic stress in School-Aged children. Matern Child Health J. 2019; 23(9), 1147–1151. DOI 10.1007/s10995-019-02779-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Traub, F, Boynton-Jarrett, R. Modifiable resilience factors to childhood adversity for clinical pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2017; 139(5), e20162569. DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-2569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earls, MF, Yogman, MW, Mattson, G, Rafferty, J. Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019; 143(1), 20183259. DOI 10.1542/peds.2018-3259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jutte, DP, Miller, JL, Erickson, DJ. Neighborhood adversity, child health, and the role for community development. Pediatrics. 2015; 135(Supplement 2), S48–S57. DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-3549F.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, SP, Wachs, TD, Grantham-Mcgregor, S, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet. 2011; 378(9799), 1325–1338. DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed