Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T05:09:44.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Digestion, milk production and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2011

Cristiano Côrtes
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
Ricardo Kazama
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
Daniele da Silva-Kazama
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
Chaouki Benchaar
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
Lucia M Zeoula
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
Geraldo TD Santos
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
Hélène V Petit*
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
*
*For correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Flax hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on digestion of flax hull based diets and nutritive value of flax hull for dairy production. Flax oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA) and rumen bypass of flax oil contributes to increase n-3 FA proportions in milk. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amounts of flax oil on apparent digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk FA profile with emphasis on the proportion of LNA when cows were supplemented or not with another source of LNA such as flax hull. Six multiparous Holstein cows averaging 650±36 kg body weight and 95±20 d in milk were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design (21-d experimental periods) with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flax hull nor flax oil (CON), 2) diet containing (DM basis) 15·9% flaxseed hull (FHU); 3) CON with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 4) CON with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil; 5) FHU with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 6) FHU with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil. Infusion of flax oil in the abomasum resulted in a more pronounce decrease in DM intake for cows fed the CON diets than for those fed the FHU diets. Abomasal infusion of flax oil had little effect on digestibility and FHU supplementation increased digestibility of DM and crude protein. Milk yield was not changed by abomasal infusion of flax oil where it was decreased with FHU supplementation. Cows fed FHU had higher proportions of 18:0, cis9-18:1, trans dienes, trans monoenes and total trans in milk fat than those fed CON. Proportion of LNA was similar in milk fat of cows infused with 250 and 500 g/d flax oil in the abomasum. Independently of the basal diet, abomasal infusion of flax oil resulted in the lowest n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat, suggesting that the most important factor for modification of milk FA profile was the amount of n-3 FA bypassing the rumen and not the amount of flax hull fed to dairy cows. Moreover, these data suggest that there is no advantage to supply more than 250 g/d of flax oil in the abomasum to increase the proportion of LNA in milk fat.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990 Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed. Washington, DC, USAGoogle Scholar
Benchaar, C, Eugène, M, Côrtes, C, Chaves, AV, Petit, HV, McAllister, TA, Iwaasa, AD & Chouinard, PY 2008 Digestion, milk production, and milk composition of dairy cows fed increasing amounts of linseed oil. Journal of Animal Science Science 86, E-Suppl. 2/Journal of Dairy Science 91, E-Suppl. 1 72Google Scholar
Benson, JA & Reynolds, CK 2001 Effects of abomasal infusion of long-chain fatty acids on splanchnic metabolism of pancreatic and gut hormones in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 14881500CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, JA, Reynolds, CK, Humphries, DJ, Rutter, SM & Beever, DE 2001 Effects of abomasal infusion of long-chain fatty acids on intake, feeding behavior and milk production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 84 11821191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bu, DP, Wang, JQ, Dhiman, TR & Liu, SJ 2007 Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90 9981007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, FM & Schelling, GT 1993 Lipids in ruminant nutrition. In: The Ruminant Animal: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition, pp. 298312, Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove, IL, USAGoogle Scholar
CCAC (Canadian Council on Animal Care) 1993 Guide to Care and Use of Experimental Animals Vol. 1 (Eds Offert, ED, Cross, BM & McWilliam, AA). CCAC, Ottawa, ON, CanadaGoogle Scholar
Chilliard, Y 1993 Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs and rodents: a review. Journal of Dairy Science 76 38973931Google ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Ferlay, A, Mansbridge, M & Doreau, M 2000 Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Annales de Zootechnie 49 181205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, BR & Palmquist, DL 1996 Effects of dietary fat on ruminal propionate and plasma insulin concentrations in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 79 169Google Scholar
Chouinard, PY, Girard, V & Brisson, GJ 1997 Performance and profiles of milk fatty acids of cows fed full fat, heat-treated soybeans using various processing methods. Journal of Dairy Science 80 334342CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Côrtes, C, da Silva-Kazama, DC, Kazama, R, Gagnon, N, Benchaar, C, Santos, GTD, Zeoula, LM & Petit, HV 2010 Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science 93 31463157CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhiman, TR, Satter, LD, Pariza, MW, Galli, MP, Albright, K & Tolosa, MX 2000 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. Journal of Dairy Science 83 10161027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doreau, M, Aurousseau, E & Martin, C 2009 Effects of linseed lipids fed as rolled seeds, extruded seeds or oil on organic matter and crude protein digestion in cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 150 187196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drackley, JK, Overton, TR, Ortiz-Gonzalez, G, Beaulieu, AD, Barbano, DM, Lynch, JM & Perkinst, EG 2007 Responses to increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90 51655175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmonson, AJ, Lean, IJ, Weaver, LD, Farver, T & Webster, G 1989 A body condition scoring chart for Holstein for dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72 6878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Food and Nutrition Board 2002 Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). A report of the Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
Gagliostro, G & Chilliard, Y 1991 Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 2. Voluntary intake, milk production, and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 74 499509CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagnon, N, Côrtes, C, Da Silva, D, Kazama, R, Benchaar, C, Dos Santos, GT, Zeoula, LM & Petit, HV 2009 Ruminal metabolism of flaxseed linum usitatissimum lignans to the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition 102 10151023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasser, F, Ferlay, A & Chilliard, Y 2008 Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 91 46874703CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gressley, TF, Reynal, SM, Colmenero, JJO, Broderick, GA & Armentano, LE 2006 Development of a tool to insert abomasal infusion lines into dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89 39653967CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazama, R, Côrtes, C, da Silva, D, Gagnon, N, Benchaar, C, Zeoula, LM, Santos, GTD & Petit, HV 2010 Abomasal or ruminal administration of flax oil and hulls on milk production, digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93 47814790CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khas-Erdene, Q, Wang, JQ, Bu, DP, Wang, L, Drackley, JK, Liu, QS, Yang, G, Wei, HY & Zhou, LY 2010 Short communication: Responses to increasing amounts of free α-linolenic acid infused into the duodenum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93 16771684CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litherland, NB, Thire, S, Beaulieu, AD, Reynolds, CK, Benson, JA & Drackley, JK 2005 Dry matter intake is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. Journal of Dairy Science 88 632643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loor, JJ, Ferlay, A, Ollier, A, Doreau, M & Chilliard, Y 2005 Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science 88 726740CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, C, Rouel, J, Jouany, JP, Doreau, M & Chilliard, Y 2008 Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. Journal of Animal Science 86 26422650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NRC 2001 National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
Park, PW & Goins, RE 1994 In situ preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for analysis of fatty acid composition in foods. Journal of Food Science 59 12621266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petit, HV 2003 Digestion, milk production, milk composition and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde treated flaxseed or sunflower seed. Journal of Dairy Science 86 26372646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petit, HV 2010 Milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed flaxseed: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 90 115127Google Scholar
Petit, HV, Côrtes, C, Da Silva, D, Kazama, R, Gagnon, N, Benchaar, C, Dos Santos, GT & Zeoula, LM 2009 The interaction of monensin and flaxseed hulls on ruminal and milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in late-lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 76 475482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petit, HV, Dewhurst, RJ, Scollan, ND, Proulx, JG, Khalid, M, Haresign, W, Twagiramungu, H & Mann, GE 2002 Milk production and composition ovarian function and prostaglandin secretion of dairy cows fed omega-3 fats. Journal of Dairy Science 85 889899CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Relling, AE & Reynolds, CK 2007 Feeding rumen-inert fats differing in their degree of saturation decreases intake and increases plasma concentrations of gut peptides in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90 15061515CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, A, Ferlay, A, Shingfield, KJ & Chilliard, Y 2006 Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Animal Science 82 479492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS 2000 Statistical Analysis System, SAS/STAT® user's guide. Release 8.02 Cary NC, USAGoogle Scholar
Silva-Kazama, DC, Côrtes, C, Kazama, R, Gagnon, N, Benchaar, C, Santos, GTD, Zeoula, LM & Petit, HV 2011 Ruminal fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profile of ruminal fluid and milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed hulls supplemented with monensin. Journal of Dairy Research 78 5662CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sim, JS 1998 Designer eggs and their nutritional and functional significance. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 23 89101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ueda, K, Ferlay, A, Chabrot, J, Loor, JJ, Chilliard, Y & Doreau, M 2003 Effects of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage∶concentrate ratios. Journal of Dairy Science 86 39994007Google Scholar
Van Soest, PJ, Robertson, JB & Lewis, BA 1991 Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74 35833597CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed