Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:23:00.705Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

B-mode ultrasonography of mammary glands of cows, goats and sheep during α- and β-adrenergic agonist and oxytocin administration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2009

Rupert M. Bruckmaier
Affiliation:
Institut für Tierzucht, Universität Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Schweiz
Jürg W. Blum
Affiliation:
Institut für Tierzucht, Universität Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Schweiz

Summary

Teat and gland cistern of the mammary glands of five dairy cows, five goats and five sheep were scanned in a water bath during α- and β-adrenergic agonist and oxytocin administration. A 5 MHz linear array scanner was used to create vertical cut pictures with the scan plane longitudinally through the teat channel. The i.v. injection of the α-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (30 μg/kg) induced diminution of the section area through teat and gland cistern by 38±17% on average within 1 min in all three species. In contrast, the i.v. injection of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (1 μg/kg) did not change the cisternal areas. The i.v. injection of oxytocin (2·0 × 10−3 i.u./kg) elicited an enlargement of teat and gland cistern area by 48±12% on average. Ultrasonography proved to be a valuable system for visualizing changes of the cisternal volume. Smooth muscle contractions in response to phenylephrine administration are thought to cause area reduction, whereas an expected smooth muscle relaxation after injection of isoproterenol could not be observed by ultrasonography. Milk ejection as induced by oxytocin administration caused dramatic enlargement of the cistern area in all three species.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bernabé, J. & Peeters, G. 1980 Studies on the motility of smooth muscles of the teats in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Research 47 259275CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blum, J. W., Schams, D. & Bruckmaier, R. 1989 Catecholamines, oxytocin and milk removal in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 56 167177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruckmaier, R., Mayer, H. & Schams, D. 1991 Effects of α- and β- adrenergic agonists on intramammary pressure and milk flow in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 58 411419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartee, R. E., Ibrahim, A. K. & McLeary, D. 1986 B-mode ultrasonography of the bovine udder and teat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 188 12841287Google ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, A.-R., Ayromlooi, J. & Rasmussen, A. B. 1987 Oxytocin response to conditioned and nonconditioned stimuli in lactating ewes. Biology of Reproduction 37 301305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorewit, R. C. & Gassman, K. B. 1985 Effects of duration of udder stimulation on milking dynamics and oxytocin release. Journal of Dairy Science 68 18131818CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamann, J. 1981 [The influence of a β 2-mimetic substance (Planipart) on the milking behaviour of cows.] Tierürztliche Umschau 36 287290Google Scholar
Labussière, J. 1988 Review of physiological and anatomical factors influencing the milking ability of ewes and the organization of milking. Livestock Production Science 18 253274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefcourt, A. M. 1982 a Effect of teat stimulation on sympathetic tone in bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science 65 23172322CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lefcourt, A. M. 1982 b Rhythmic contractions of the teat sphincter in bovines: an expulsion mechanism. American Journal of Physiology 242 R181–R184Google ScholarPubMed
Mayer, H., Bruckmaier, R. & Schams, D. 1991 Lactational changes in oxytocin release, intramammary pressure and milking characteristics in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research 58 159169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosdøl, G., Sjaastad, Ø. V. & Blom, A. K. 1981 Plasma concentrations of oxytocin and intramammary pressure in goats during manual stimulation of the udder and hand-milking. Journal of Endocrinology 90 159166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, G. & De Bruycker, R. 1975 Influence of sympathomimetic drugs on the motility of bovine teat muscles. Journal of Dairy Research 42 1119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peeters, G., De Bruycker, R., Quintelier, W. & De Paepe, M. 1973 Contractions of teat muscles of lactating cows. Acta Endocrinologica Suppl. 177 50Google Scholar
Roets, E. & Peeters, G. 1985 Identification and characterization of 3H-Prazosin binding to α1-adrenoceptors in bovine teat muscles. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 175 189198Google Scholar
Roets, E. & Peeters, G. 1986 A comparison of the binding characteristics of the α2-adrenoceptor antagonists 3H-yohimbine and 3H-rauwolscine in bovine teat muscles. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 279 212222Google Scholar
Roets, E., Vauquelin, G., Peeters, G. & Braeckman, R. 1985 Homogeneity of β-adrenoceptors on bovine teat muscles. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie 276 4449Google ScholarPubMed
SAS 1987 Sas User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, NC: SAS InstituteGoogle Scholar
Schams, D., Mayer, H., Prokopp, A. & Worstorff, H. 1984 Oxytocin secretion during milking in dairy cows with regard to the variation and importance of a threshold level for milk removal. Journal of Endocrinology 102 337343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigmascan, 1988 Corte Madera, CA: Jandel ScientificGoogle Scholar
Worstorff, H., Steib, J. D., Prediger, A. & Schmidt, W. L. 1986 [Evaluation of sectional views by ultrasonics for measuring teat tissue changes during milking of cows.] Milchwissenschaft 41 1215Google Scholar