Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T20:20:27.230Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of long term under- and over-feeding of sheep on milk and plasma fatty acid profiles and on insulin and leptin concentrations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2012

Eleni Tsiplakou ,
Stella Chadio  and
George Zervas
Eleni Tsiplakou*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
Stella Chadio
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
George Zervas
Affiliation:
Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, GR-11855 Athens, Greece
*
*For correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since sheep's milk is mainly used for cheese making and milk chemical composition and fatty acids (FA) profile affect cheese yield and quality, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of different feeding levels on milk chemical composition and FA profile, as well as on plasma FA profile, and on insulin and leptin concentrations. Twenty-four sheep were assigned to three homogeneous sub-groups. Throughout the experimental period each group was fed the same diet but in quantities which met 70% (under-feeding), 100% (control) and 130% (over-feeding) of their respective energy and crude protein requirements. The results showed that the underfed sheep had higher milk fat content compared with overfed. In blood plasma the concentrations of C18:0 and C18:1 in the underfed sheep were significantly higher compared with control and overfed sheep. The concentrations of leptin and insulin were significantly higher in overfed compared with underfed sheep. Underfeeding reduced the concentrations of short chain FA (SCFA) and medium chain FA (MCFA) and increased that of C18:0 and mono unsaturated FA (MUFA) in sheep milk fat compared with controls and overfed. The concentrations of C18:0, long chain FA (LCFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) in milk were significantly higher and those of SCFA, MCFA and saturated FA (SFA) significantly lower in the underfed compared with the overfed sheep. In conclusion, long term under- and over-feeding affected the sheep milk chemical composition and FA profile which consequently has an impact on milk products yield (cheese and yogurt) and quality (human health).

Keywords

Under-feedingover-feedingmilk plasma fatty acidsleptininsulinsheep
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 79 , Issue 2 , May 2012 , pp. 192 - 200
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bauman, DE & Griinari, JM 2001 Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livestock Production Science 70 15–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, DE & Griinari, JM 2003 Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Review of Nutrition 23 203–227Google Scholar
Beynen, AC, Hermus, RJ & Hautvast, JG 1980 A mathematical relationship between the fatty acid composition of the diet and that of the adipose tissue in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33 81–85Google Scholar
Bocquier, F & Caja, G 1993 Recent advances on nutrition and feeding of dairy sheep. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Machine Milking of Small Ruminants, Budapest, 14–20 May. Hungarian Journal of Animal Production 1 580–607Google Scholar
Bocquier, F & Caja, G 2001 Production et composition du lait de brebis: effets de l'alimentation, Production and composition of ewe milk: feeding effects. INRA Productions Animales 14 129–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondia-Pons, I, Castellote, M & Lopez-Sabater, M 2004 Comparison of conventional and fast gas chromatography in human plasma fatty acid determination. Journal of Chromatography B 809 339–344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boutinaud, M, Ben Chedly, MH, Delamaire, E & Guinard-Flament, J 2008 Milking and feed restriction regulate transcripts of mammary epithelial cells purified from milk. Journal of Dairy Science 91 988–998Google Scholar
Burke, CR, Williams, YJ, Hofman, L, Kay, JK, Phyn, CVC & Meier, S 2010 Effects of an acute feed restriction at the onset of the seasonal breeding period on reproductive performance and milk production in pasture-grazed dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93 1116–1125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caldeira, RM, Belo, AT, Santos, CC, Vazques, MI & Portugal, AV 2007 The effect of long-term feed restriction and over-nutrition on body condition score, blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Ruminant Research 68 242–255Google Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Bocquier, F & Doreau, M 1998 Digestive and metabolic adaptations of ruminants to undernutrition, and consequences on reproduction. Reproduction Nutrition Development 38 131–152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Bonnet, M, Delavaud, C, Faulconnier, Y, Leroux, C, Djiane, J & Bocquier, F 2001 Leptin in ruminants: gene expression in adipose tissue and mammary gland, and regulation of plasma concentration. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21 271–295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Ferlay, A, Rouel, J & Lamberet, G 2003 A review of nutritional and physiological factors affecting goat milk lipid synthesis and lipolysis. Journal of Dairy Science 86 1751–1770Google Scholar
Contreras, GA, O'Boyle, NJ, Herdt, TH & Sordillo, LM 2010 Lipomobilization in periparturient dairy cows influences the composition of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and leukocyte phospholipid fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science 93 2508–2516CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delavaud, C, Bocquier, F, Chilliard, Y, Keisler, DH, Gertler, A & Kann, G 2000 Plasma leptin determination in ruminants: effect of nutritional status and body fatness on plasma leptin concentration assessed by a specific RIA in sheep. Journal of Endocrinology 165 519–526Google Scholar
Eknæs, M, Kolstad, K, Volden, H & Hove, K 2006 Changes in body reserves and milk quality throughout lactation in dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research 63 1–11Google Scholar
Estevez, I, Andersen, IL & Nævdal, E 2007 Group size, density and social dynamics in farm animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103 185–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, CJ, Blewett, HH, Proctor, S & Vine, D 2009 Human health benefits of vaccenic acid. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism 34 979–991Google Scholar
Garnsworthy, PC, Masson, LL, Lock, AL & Mottram, TT 2006 Variation of milk citrate with stage of lactation and de novo fatty acid synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89 1604–1612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillis, MH, Duckett, SK & Sackmann, JR 2004 Effects of supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid or corn oil on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 82 1419–1427CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grazul-Bilska, AT, Caton, JS, Borowczyk, E, Arndt, W, Bilski, JJ, Weigl, RM, Kirsch, JD, Redmer, DA, Reynolds, LP & Vonnahme, KA 2007 Effects of overnutrition and undernutrition on serum metabolic hormones and estradiol-17β concentration in sheep. Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science 58 299–303Google Scholar
Guinard-Flament, J, Delamaire, E, Lemosquet, S, Boutinaud, M & David, Y 2006 Changes in mammary uptake and metabolic fate of glucose with once-daily milking and feed restriction in dairy cows. Reproduction Fertility and Development 5 589–598Google Scholar
Henry, BA, Goding, JW, Tilbrook, AJ, Dunshea, FR, Blache, D & Clarke, IJ 2004 Leptin-mediated effects of undernutrition or fasting on luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion in ovariectomized ewes depend on the duration of metabolic perturbation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 16 244–255CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, HD & Winkler, VW 1970 Effects of starvation on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and plasma lipids of sheep. Journal of Nutrition 100 201–207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, J, Fonden Bjoerck, R & Emanuelson, M 1996 Occurrence of conjugated cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid in bovine milk: effects of feeds and dietary regimen. Journal of Dairy Science 79 438–445Google Scholar
Kay, JK, Kolver, ES, Thomson, NA, Roche, JR & Baumgard, LH 2005 The effect of vitamin E supplementation on production and fatty acids profiles. Journal of Dairy Research 72 1–11Google Scholar
Kay, JK, Mackle, TR, Auldist, MJ, Thomson, NA & Bauman, DE 2004 Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. Journal of Dairy Science 87 369–378Google Scholar
Kris-Etherton, PM, Griel, AE, Psota, TL, Gebauer, SK, Zhang, J & Etherton, TD 2005 Dietary stearic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: intake, sources, digestion, and absorption. Lipids 40 1193–1200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molkentin, J 2000 Occurrence and biochemical characteristics of natural bioactive substances in bovine milk lipids. British Journal of Nutrition 84 47–53Google Scholar
Nørgaard, JV, Nielsen, MO, Theil, PK, Sørensen, MT, Safayi, S & Sejrsen, K 2008 Development of mammary glands of fat sheep submitted to restricted feeding during late pregnancy. Small Ruminant Research 76 155–165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nourooz-Zadeh, J & Appelqvist, LA 1998 Cholesterol oxides in Swedish foods and ingredients: milk powder products. Journal of Food Science 53 74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozière, P, Grolier, P, Durand, D, Ferlay, A, Pradel, P & Martin, B 2006 Variations in carotenoids, fat-soluble micronutrients, and color in cows plasma and milk following changes in forage and feeding level. Journal of Dairy Science 89 2634–2648CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouellet, DR, Seoane, JR, Bernier, JF & Lapierre, H 2001 Effect of feed restriction on plasma concentration of hormones and metabolites in steers fed grass silage, Can. Journal of Animal Science 81 553–561Google Scholar
Palmquist, DL, Beaulieu, AD & Barbano, DM 1993 Feed and animal factors influences milk fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science 76 1753–1771Google Scholar
Palou, M, Priego, T, Sánchez, J, Villegas, E, Rodríguez, AM, Palou, A & Picó, C 2008 Sequential changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver in response to fasting. Pflügers Archiv – European Journal of Physiology 456 825–836Google Scholar
Pirisi, A, Lauret, A & Dubeuf, JP 2007 Basic and incentive payments for goat and sheep milk in relation to quality. Small Ruminants Research 68 167–178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raclot, T 2003 Selective mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue triacylglycerols. Progress in Lipid Research 42 257–288Google Scholar
Rezapour, A & Taghinejad-Roudbaneh, M 2011 Effects of food restriction on oxidative stress indices in Ghezel ewes. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10 980–986Google Scholar
Roche, JR, Blache, D, Kay, JK, Miller, DR, Sheaham, AJ & Miller, DW 2008 Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 21 207–234Google Scholar
Rukkwamsuk, T, Geelen, MJH, Druip, TAM & Wensing, T 2000 Interrelation of fatty acid composition in adipose tissue, serum, and liver of dairy cows during the development of fatty liver postpartum. Journal of Dairy Science 83 52–59Google Scholar
Ruxton, CHS, Calder, PC, Reed, SC & Simpson, MJA 2005 The impact of long-chain n-3 polyusaturated fatty acids on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews 18 113–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scaramuzzi, RJ, Campbell, BK, Downing, JA, Kendall, NR, Khalid, M, Munoz-Gutierrez, M & Somchit, A 2006 A review of the effects of supplementary nutrition in ewe on the concentrations of reproductive and metabolic hormones and the mechanisms that regulate folliculogenesis and ovulation rate. Reproduction Nutrition Development 46 339–354Google Scholar
Sorensen, A, Adam, CL, Findlay, PA, Marie, M, Thomas, L, Travers, MT & Vernon, RG 2002 Leptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep. American Journal of Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology 282 R1227–R1235Google Scholar
Stanton, C, Lawless, F, Kjellmer, G, Harrington, D, Devery, R, Connolly, JF & Murphy, J 1997 Dietary influence on bovine milk cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid content. Journal of Food Science 62 1083–1086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoop, WM, Bovenhuis, H, Heck, JML & van Arendonk, JAM 2009 Effect of lactation stage and energy status on milk fat composition of Holstein-Friesian cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92 1469–1478Google Scholar
Stoop, WM, van Arendonk, JAM, Heck, JML & Bovenhuis, H 2008 Genetic parameters for major milk fatty acids and milk production traits of Dutch Holstein Friesians. Journal of Dairy Science 91 385–394Google Scholar
Tokuda, T, Delavaud, C & Chilliard, Y 2002 Effects of dietary energy levels on plasma leptin in sheep. Animal Science Journal 73 471–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsiplakou, E, Chadio, S, Papadomichelakis, G & Zervas, G 2011 The effect of long term under-and over- feeding on milk and plasma fatty acids profile and on insulin and leptin concentrations of sheep. International Dairy Journal doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.05.010Google Scholar
Ulbricht, TLV & Southgate, DAT 1991 Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet 338 985–992CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Knegsel, ATM, van den Brand, H, Dijkstra, J, Tamminga, S & Kemp, B 2005 Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45 665–688Google Scholar
Van Knegsel, ATM, van den Brand, H, Dijkstra, J, van Straalen, WM, Heetkamp, MJW, Tamminga, S & Kemp, B 2007 Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: energy partitioning and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science 90 1467–1476Google Scholar
Vinoles, C, Forsberg, M, Martin, GB, Cajarville, C, Repetto, J & Meikle, A 2005 Short- term nutritional supplementation of ewes in low body condition affects follicle development due to an increase in glucose and metabolic hormones. Reproduction 129 299–309Google Scholar
Woods, SC, Lutz, TA, Geary, N & Langhans, W 2006 Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society B 361 1219–1235Google Scholar
Yeom, KH, Schonewille, JT & Beynen, AC 2005 Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and erythrocytes in adult goats in positive energy balance fed diets containing either olive or corn oil. Small Ruminant Research 58 25–35Google Scholar
Zervas, G & Tsiplakou, E 2011 The effect of feeding systems on the characteristics of products from small ruminants. Small Ruminants Research 101 140–149Google Scholar
Zhang, S, Blache, D, Blackberry, MA & Martin, GB 2005 Body reserves affect the reproductive endocrine responses to an acute change in nutrition in mature male sheep. Animal Reproduction Science 88 257–269Google Scholar