Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T01:42:37.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cleaning effectiveness of chlorine-free detergents for use on dairy farms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2010

Martin Sundberg ,
Anders Christiansson ,
Cecilia Lindahl ,
Lotten Wahlund  and
Carol Birgersson
Martin Sundberg*
Affiliation:
JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, PO Box 7033, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Anders Christiansson
Affiliation:
Swedish Dairy Association, Ideon Science Park, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden
Cecilia Lindahl
Affiliation:
JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, PO Box 7033, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Lotten Wahlund
Affiliation:
JTI – Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, PO Box 7033, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Carol Birgersson
Affiliation:
Arla Foods, SE-105 46 Stockholm, Sweden
*
*For correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A method for evaluating cleaning effect based on Bacillus cereus spores was developed and tested in a model system designed to resemble actual farm conditions. A test rig with four removable sampling plates was mounted in a milk line. The plates were attached at the end of T-junctions protruding either 1·5 or 3-times the milk pipe diameter from the main loop to reflect different levels of cleaning difficulty. In each cleaning test, B. cereus spores were applied to the four sampling plates to simulate soil. A series of cleaning tests was conducted at 35, 45, 55 and 65°C with six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents; three liquid and three powder-based products. A commercial alkaline detergent with chlorine, a sodium hydroxide solution, a sodium hydroxider/hypochlorite solution and pure water were also tested. Triplicate tests were performed with each cleaning solution, giving a total of 120 cleaning tests. The cleaning effect was evaluated by comparing the number of spores before and after cleaning. At all temperatures, the two chlorine-based cleaning solutions gave significantly greater reductions in B. cereus spores than the chlorine-free products. All six commercial chlorine-free, alkaline detergents generally gave similar cleaning effects, with no differences in the performance of powder-based and liquid forms. The mechanical spore reduction effect with water alone was greater (1·5–1·8 log-units) than the additional chemical effect of sodium hydroxide or chlorine-free detergents (0·5–1·2 log-units). The chlorine-based solutions had a considerably more powerful chemical effect (2–4 log-units depending on temperature). In general, an increase in cleaning solution temperature up to 55°C gave a greater reduction in spores. A further increase to 65°C did not improve cleaning effectiveness.

Keywords

Chlorine-free detergentsBacillus cereus sporescleaning effects
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 78 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , pp. 105 - 110
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bloomfield, SF & Arthur, M 1994 Mechanisms of inactivation and resistance of spores to chemical biocides. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 76 91S–104SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpentier, B & Cerf, F 1993 Biofilms and their consequences, with particular reference to hygiene in the food industry. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 75 499–511CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chisti, Y 1999 Modern systems of plant cleaning. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology Vol 3 (Ed. Robinson, RK) pp 1806–1815. San Diego CA, USA: Academic PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, ME & O'Toole, G 2000 Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 847–867CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faille, C, Dennin, L, Belon-Fontaine, M-L & Benezech, T 1999 Cleanability of stainless steel surfaces soiled by Bacillus thuringiensis spores under various flow conditions. Biofouling 14 143–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faille, C, Jullien, C, Fontaine, F, Bellon-Fontaine, M-N, Slommiany, C & Benezech, T 2002 Adhesion of Bacillus spores and Escherichia coli cells to inert surfaces: Role of surface hydrophobicity. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48 728–738CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flint, SH, Palmer, J, Bloemen, K, Brooks, JD & Crawford, R 2001 The growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus on stainless steel. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90 151–157CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreske, AC, Ryu, JH & Beuchat, LR 2006 Evaluation of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer for effectiveness in killing Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis spores in suspensions, on the surface of stainless steel, and on apples. Journal of Food Protection 69 1892–1903CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, GC & Anand, SK 1998 Significance of microbial biofilms in food industry: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 42 9–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lelièvre, C, Antonini, G, Faille, C & Bénézech, T 2002 Cleaning in place, Modelling of cleaning kinetics of pipes soiled by Bacillus spores assuming a process combining removal and deposition. Food and Bioproducts Processing 80 305–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, D, Brözel, VS, Mostert, JF & von Holy, A 2002 Diferential efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing sanitizer against single species and binary biofilms of a dairy-associated Bacillus cereus and a Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92 352–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, KC 1992 Biofilms: an overview of bacterial adhesion, activity and control at surfaces. American Society for Microbiology News 58 202–207Google Scholar
Parkar, SG, Flint, SH, Palmer, JS & Brooks, JD 2001 Factors influencing attachment of thermophilic bacilli to stainless steel. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90 901–908CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkar, SG, Flint, SH & Brooks, JD 2004 Evaluation of the effect of cleaning regimes on biofilms of thermophilic bacteria on stainless steel. Journal of Applied Microbiology 96 110–116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng, J-S, Tsai, W-C & Chou, C-C 2002 Inactivation and removal of Bacillus cereus by sanitizer and detergent. International Journal of Food Microbiology 77 11–18CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinemann, DJ, Wolters, P, Billon, P, Lind, O & Rasmussen, MD 2003 Review of practices for cleaning and sanitation of milking machines. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation no 381 3–18Google Scholar
Ryu, JH & Beuchat, LR 2005 Biofilm formation and sporulation by Bacillus cereus on a stainless steel surface and subsequent resistance of vegetative cells and spores to chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer. Journal of Food Protection 68 2614–2622CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirtliff, ME, Mader, JT & Camper, AK 2002 Molecular interactions in biofilms. Chemistry & Biology 9 859–871CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundberg, M, Lindahl, C, Christiansson, A, Birgersson, C & Wahlund, L 2009 [Chlorine-free detergents for use on dairy farms]. JTI-rapport Lantbruk & Industri no 389Google Scholar
Svensson, B, Ekelund, K, Ogura, H & Christiansson, A 2004 Characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from milk silo tanks at eight different silo plants. International Dairy Journal 14 17–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Te Giffel, MC, Beumer, RR, Van Dam, WF, Slaghuis, BA & Rombouts, FM 1995 Sporocidal effects of desinfectants on Bacillus cereus isolated from the milk processing environment. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 36 421–430CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijman, JG, de Leeuw, PP, Moezelaar, R, Zwietering, MH & Abee, T 2007 Air-liquid interface biofilms of Bacillus cereus: formation, sporulation and dispersion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 1481–1488CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wirtanen, G, Husmark, U & Mattila-Sandholm, T 1996 Microbial evaluation of the biotransfer potential form surfaces with Bacillus biofilms after rinsing and cleaning procedures in closed food-processing systems. Journal of Food Protection 59 727–733CrossRefGoogle Scholar