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Ten Demi-Culverins for Aldeburgh: Whitehall, the Dunkirkers, and a Suffolk Fishing Community, 1625–1630

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 May 2019

Thomas Cogswell
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Abstract

Historians have not paid close attention to the activities of freebooters operating out of Dunkirk in the late 1620s. This essay corrects that omission by first studying the threat from Dunkirk to England's east coast and then addressing how the central government, counties, and coastal towns responded. A surprisingly rich vein of manuscript material from Great Yarmouth and particularly from the Suffolk fishing community of Aldeburgh informs this case study of the impact of this conflict around the North Sea.

Type
Original Manuscript
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , April 2019 , pp. 315 - 337
Copyright
Copyright © The North American Conference on British Studies 2019 

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References

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13 Boston Assembly Book, Lincolnshire Archives, BB/2/A/2; Ipswich Minute Book, SRO C/4/3/1/5.

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21 TNA SP 16/527/3, Bailiffs of Aldeburgh to Council, [1626?].

22 The Statutes of the Realm, 11 vols. (London, 1819–1828), 4:1247.

23 Parliamentary Archives, 12 October and 11 December 1624, 5 March and 6 April 1625, HL/PO/JO/10/1/27–28. See also Cogswell, Thomas, “1625,” in The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture, ed. Raymond, Joad, vol. 1, Cheap Print in Britain and Ireland to 1660 (Oxford, 2011), 589–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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25 TNA SP 77 [Flanders] 18/245, Trumbull to Conway, 17 October 1625.

26 TNA SP 16/8/25, Hippesley to Coke, 2 October 1625.

27 TNA SP 77 [Flanders] 18/245, Trumbull to Conway, 17 October 1625.

28 2 and 22 October 1625, Acts of the Privy Council of England, n.s. vol. 40, 1625–1626, ed. J. V. Lyle (London, 1934) (hereafter APC 1625–1626), 182, 214.

29 TNA SP 16/8/25, Hippesley to Coke, 2 October 1625. On the reactions in Yorkshire to the sortie, see Mead to Stuteville, 5 November 1624, BL Harley MS 389, fol. 504; Scrope to Hull, [October 1625], Hull History Centre, Hull Letters, L238; Boynton to Thompson, 25 October 1625, and Hoby to Scarborough, 26 October 1626, North Yorkshire Record Office, MIC 1320/488 and 1320/490.

30 Buckingham to Suffolk, 26 August 1626, Suffolk Lieutenancy Book, John Bell Ford Library, University of Minnesota, Rare Book Quarto 942.06 Su2, fol. 29. (I am grateful to Margeurite Ragnow and Christopher Thompson for help in tracking down this source.)

31 TNA SP 84/130/34, Buckingham et al. to Conway, 14 November 1625.

32 Bailiffs of Aldeburgh to Wentworth, 12 September 1626, BLA, fols. 17–18.

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36 TNA SP 16/522/93, Brooke to Conway, [December] 1625. See also Hammer, Paul E. J., Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604 (London 2003), 220–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wernham, R. B., The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603 (Oxford, 1994), 269–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 393–401; Gray, Randal, “Spinola's Galleys in the Narrow Seas, 1599–1603,” Mariner's Mirror 64, no. 1 (1978): 71–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 TNA SP 14/185/210I, Examination of Thomas Hamon, 25 March 1625. On torture, see also TNA SP 16/2/82, Marten to Buckingham, 24 May 1625.

38 TNA SP 105/97/7, Oxford to the Council of War, 18 August 1624 [Earl of Oxford's Letterbook]. See also Stradling, Armada of Flanders, 1–57; Andrew Thrush, “In Pursuit of the Frigate, 1603–1640,” Historical Research 64, no. 153 (February 1991): 29–45; for a contemporary English assessment of Dunkirk, see TNA SP 16/522/121, Philip Carteret's report.

39 TNA SP 16/8/36, Examination of Edward Tarbuck, 24 October 1625. See also Quintrell, B. W., “Towards a ‘Perfect Militia,’ Buckingham, Warwick and the Essex Alarum of 1625,” Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society, no. 15 (1983): 96–105Google Scholar.

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41 24 September 1627, APC 1627–1628, 81.

42 2 October 1625, APC 1625–1626, 182; 3 November 1625 and 22 November 1626, Bench Book, vol. 5, Kingston upon Hull City Record Office, BRB 3, 140, 153; Churchwardens Account, St. Thomas at Cliffe, East Sussex Record Office, PAR 415/9/1a, fol. 7.

43 Proceedings in Parliament, 1626, 3:57, 4:316–18 and 4:18n53; Thrush and Ferris, House of Commons, 1604–1629, 4:391–92.

44 6 December 1627, Hull Bench Book, Hull History Centre, BRB3, 179–80; Dawson and Catmor to Warwick; Albdeburgh to Warwick, 28 December 1626, BLA, fols. 26v–27.

45 3 December 1626, APC 1625–1626, 392; Warwick to Aldeburgh, 31 December 1626, BLA, fol. 27v.

46 TNA SP 77 [Flanders], Hugh Rosse, “The Informatione” [late 1626], 317. See also TNA SP 77/18/301, Hugh Ross's Petition.

47 Rosse, “The Informatione.”

48 On Catmore, see TNA SP 77/19/57v, “The Names of the Prisoners,” 26 September 1627; on Dawson, see TNA SP 77/ 18/312,“The Names [ … ] of oure prisoners” and TNA SP 77/18/315, The Petition, [Summer 1626]. For the later prisoners, see TNA SP 77/19/51–56, “The List of the prisoners,” 12 November 1627.

49 7 and 11 March 1626, Norfolk Record Office (hereafter NRO), Y/C19/6, fols. 1, 17v–18v.

50 7 and 11 March 1626, NRO.

51 Proceedings in Parliament 1626, 2:55.

52 26 March 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fol. 20; Proceedings in Parliament 1626, 2:120–23, 262.

53 Proceedings in Parliament 1628, 3:247 and 250; 4:73. See also Edward Alford, Proceedings in Parliament 1628, 3:45 and 47; 4:65.

54 Sir Robert Mansell, Proceedings in Parliament., 3:308. 3:311; 4:201, 203.

55 Ibid., 3:308, 4: 201, 203, 208, 339.

56 Ibid., 4:201, 208.

57 Ibid., 3:308 and 310. See also Thrush and Ferris, House of Commons, 1604–1629, 3:130–31, 399–402, 551–55; 4:823–25; 5:131–37, 283–85, 6:55–57.

58 Proceedings in Parliament 1628, 3:57, 4:316–18, 418n53.

59 Proceedings in Parliament 1626, 1:242.

60 Proceedings in Parliament 1628, 4:208. The indispensable work on the English naval response is Thrush, “In Pursuit of the Frigate.”

61 TNA, SP 16/524/121, Nicholas's notes [August 1626].

62 7 and 19 April 1626, APC 1625–1626, 421–22, 442.

63 3 May 1626, APC 1625–1626, 462–63; Southwold to Aldeburgh, 29 September 1626, BLA, fol. 20v.

64 14 August 1626, APC 1625–1626, 187, 462–63; Acts of the Privy Council of England, n.s. vol. 41, 1626, ed. J. V. Lyle (London, 1938), 187; see also Andrew Thrush, “Naval Finance and the Origins and Development of Ship Money,” in Mark Charles Fissel, ed., War and Government in Britain, 1598–1650 (Manchester, 1991), 133–62.

65 22 July 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fols. 30–31v.

66 4, 5, and 22 September and 4 October 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fols. 34–37, 40. See also Francis Blomefield, An Essay towards a Topographical History of Norfolk, vol. 8 (London, 1805–1810), 476–537.

67 Suffolk JPs to PC, 14 and 29 July 1626, and PC to the Earl of Suffolk, BL Add. MSS 39,245, fols. 105, 113v; Norfolk JPs to Arundel, 3 August 1626, Walter Rye, ed., State Papers Relating to Musters, Beacons, Ship-Money, &c. in Norfolk […] (Norwich, 1907),16; Aldeburgh to Yarmouth, 15 August 1626, Aldeburgh to Plomesgate Constables, 7 August 1626, and Southwold to Aldeburgh, 29 September 1626, BLA, fols. 12–12v, 16–6v, 20v.

68 4 January 1627, Acts of the Privy Council of England, n.s. vol. 42, 1627, edited by J. V. Lyle (London, 1938) (hereafter APC 1627), 2–3.

69 APC 1627.

70 Buckingham to the Suffolk DLs, 9 January 1627, BLA, fol. 29v.

71 Glemham to Bailiffs, BLA, fol. 30v.

72 TNA SP 16/83/56, Forced Loan payments, October 1627. See also Cust, The Forced Loan and English Politics, 99–150.

73 TNA SP 16/55/17, Conway to Bailiffs et al. of Great Yarmouth, 26 February 1627.

74 Great Yarmouth to Marlborough, April 1627, NRO, “White Book,” Y/C18/6, fol. 233v.

75 27 August 1627, APC 1627, 506.

76 TNA SP 16/78/159, Bailiffs et al. of Great Yarmouth to PC, 22 September 1627. See also the returns, October 1627, TNA SP 16/83/56; Cust, The Forced Loan and English Politics, 127–28.

77 1 and 22 June 1627, APC 1627, 312, 365; TNA SP 16/68/34, Hippesley to Nicholas, 29 June 1627. See also TNA, E351/2595–2597, May 1627–March 1629. I am grateful to Simon Healy for these references.

78 25 September 1628, NRO, Y/C19/6, fol. 108. For more on the city's struggle to finance guard ships, see TNA SP 16/162/82, Great Yarmouth to PC, 13 March 1630; 24 January 1628, APC 1627–1628), 251.

79 E. G. R. Taylor, ed., The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts, 2 vols. (London, 1935), 2:428.

80 30 January 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fol. 11.

81 31 January 1626, APC 1625–1626, 334.

82 1 August 1625, 12 and 24 September 1625 and 14 July 1626, Hall Book, vol. 7, NRO, King's Lynn Borough Archive, KL/C7, fols. 238–8v, 242, 255.

83 4 October 1625, 30 January, 8 February, 31 March, 15 June, 28 December 1626 and 5 March 1627, NRO, Y/C19/5, fol. 1; NRO, Y/C19/6, fols. 11, 13v, 14v, 22–2v, 25, 51v, 56.

84 Rye, State Papers Relating to Musters, 53. On Arundel's letters, see Rye, State Papers Relating to Musters, 12, 15, 58, 59, 75, 80–81, 108–11, 116, 121, 127, 145, 152, 163. See also Fletcher, Anthony, Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England (London, 1986), 303–6Google Scholar; Sharpe, Kevin, “The Earl of Arundel, His Circle and Opposition to the Duke of Buckingham,” in Faction and Parliament: Essays on Early Stuart History, ed. Sharpe, Kevin (Oxford, 1978), 209–44Google Scholar.

85 31 January and 15 July 1626, 28 February 1627, APC 1625–1626, 88, 334; APC 1627, 108; DLs to Arundel, 26 July 1627, in Rye, State Papers Relating to Musters, 101.

86 25 January 1626, Hall Book, vol. 7, NRO, King's Lynn Borough Archive, KL/C7, fol. 249v.

87 30 March, 10 April, 14 July 1626, NRO, King's Lynn Borough Archive, KL/C7, fols. 249v, 252v–3v, 255.

88 31 August 1626, APC 1626, 243.

89 TNA SP 16/8/16, Corbett and Mapes to Norfolk DLs, 20 October 1625; 8 February, 17 March, 8 April and 22 July 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fols. 13v–15, 17–17v, 22v, 30.

90 30 April 1626, APC 1625–1626, 453.

91 TNA SP 16/259/114; Great Yarmouth to PC, 30 April [1626]; 16 December 1626, NRO, Y/C19/6, fol. 50v; Yarmouth Audit Book, unfoliated, Michaelmas 1625–26, NRO Y/C27/2.

92 13 June 1627, BL Harley MS 429, fol. 20; Reynold Hopton's Expenses, 1626, BLA, fol. 21.

93 Quotations in this paragraph from TNA SP 16/527/3, Bailiffs of Aldeburgh to PC. See also 19 July 1626, APC 1626, 60; “Humble Certificate,” BLA, fols. 8–8v; JPs to Suffolk, 22 July 1626, BL Add. MSS 39,245, fol. 110v.

94 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 9, 10v–12.

95 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO.

96 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, fols. 21–26v.

97 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, fols. 26; on the certificate of losses, 1626–27, SRO, EE1/01/1, fols. 41v–42.

98 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 39–9v.

99 17 October 1627, APC 1627, 88. See also Mayor to MPs, 20 March 1628, Hull History Centre, BRB/3 Bench Book 5, fol. 183.

100 17 October 1627, APC 1627, 88.

101 On his recollection of the survey, see Glemham to Albeburgh, 27 December 1627, BLA, fols. 38–38v. For his advocacy of the town, see Glemham to DLs, 18 July 1627, BL Add. MSS 39,245, fol. 129v.

102 [Mr. Benham], “Aldeburghe the dangerous estate of the said towne,” [1627] BLA, fols. 35–36.

103 Suffolk to DLs, 12 July and 20 December 1627, BL Add. MSS 39,245, fols. 128v, 133.

104 18 December 1627, APC 1627, 184–85. See also 21 August 1627, BL Harley MS 429, fol. 21.

105 Glemham to Aldeburgh, 27 December 1627, BLA, fols. 38–38v.

106 Aldeburgh to Glemham, 5 January 1628, BLA, fol. 39. On the naval preference for shorter cannons, see Rodger, N. A. M., The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660–1649 (London, 1997), 215–17Google Scholar.

107 Aldeburgh to Glemham, 18 January 1628, BLA, fol. 40v.

108 Glemham to Aldeburgh, 22 January 1628, BLA, fol. 40v.

109 “The Humble Petition of […] Aldeburghe, BLA, fols. 42v–43. See also “Certificate of […] losses,” 1625–27, BLA, fols. 41v–42.

110 “Certificate from Glemham et al.,” BLA, fol. 43v.

111 Johnson's appointment, 29 January 1628, BLA fols. 44v–45.

112 TNA SP 16/115, fol. 11v, Johnson's letter of marque, Ipswich, 31 October 1625.

113 “Mr Johnson's his bill” [1628], Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fol. 56.

114 16 February 1628, APC 1627–1628, 296.

115 Totnes to Heydon, 5 and 14 February 1628, and Indenture, 3 March 1628, SRO, BLA, fols. 46–48.

116 “Mr Johnson's his bill” [1628], Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 56–56v.

117 “Mr Johnson's his bill” [1628]; see also 15 February 1628, BL Harley MS 429, fol. 33.

118 “The humble petition of […] Aldeburgh,” [March–April 1628], BLA, fol. 49. On the size of the shipment, see also “The Indenture,” 13 February 1628, BLA, fols. 48–48v.

119 “Mr Johnson's his bill” [1628], Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fol. 56.

120 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 49v, 54.

121 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 65–66, 82v.

122 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fol. 48.

123 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 63v, 81.

124 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 66–66v, 67v–8v, 80v, 83, 84v.

125 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 93–94.

126 On the Petition of Right, see, for example, Hull History Centre, BRB 3/ Bench Book 5, fol. 187; King's Lynn Borough Archive, William Doughty's Book, 153.

127 Chamberlain's Accounts, SRO, EE1/12/2, fols. 51v.

128 14 December 1625, NRO, Y/C19/6, fol. 8.

129 Wrightson, Keith, English Society, 1580–1680 (London, 1982), 12Google Scholar.

130 Rodger, N. A. M., The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 (London, 2004), 28–29Google Scholar, 154–58; Patrick Villiers, Jean Bart: Corsaire du Roi-Soleil (Paris, 2013).

131 Wernham, Return of the Armadas, 319.

132 TNA, PRO C115/N5/8268, Palmer to Scudamore, 24 December 1625.

133 John Reynolds, Regalitie and Obedyance [April 1628], BL Add. MSS 24,201, fol. 15.

134 Bailiffs of Aldeburgh to Wentworth, 12 September 1626, BLA, fol. 18.

135 Russell, Parliament and English Politics, 81, 83.

136 Russell, Causes of the English Civil War, 166.

137 See Thomas Garden Barnes, “Deputies Not Principals, Lieutenants Not Captains: The Institutional Failure of Lieutenancy in the 1620s,” in Fissel, War and Government, 58–86; Victor Stater, “War and the Structure of Politics: Lieutenancy and the Campaign of 1628,” in Fissel, War and Government, 87–110; George Spencer Stivers, “‘A Most Grievous and Insupportable Vexation’: Billeting in Early Seventeenth Century England” (PhD diss., University of California, Riverside, 2009).

138 Clare to Sir George Holles, 10 April 1625, Letters of John Holles, 2:303.

139 BL, Egerton MS 2533, fol. 62v.

140 Russell, Parliaments and English Politics, 64–70. See also Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England, 177–285.

141 Hindle, Steve, The State and Social Change in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1640 (Basingstoke, 2000) 16Google Scholar.

142 Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England, 93.

143 Hindle, State and Social Change in Early Modern England, 237.

144 Glemham to Aldeburgh, 27 December 1627, BLA, fol. 38.

145 Suffolk to DLs, 20 December 1627, BL Add. MSS 39,245, fol. 133.