Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:57:21.025Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Private Lives, Public Histories: The Diary in Twentieth-Century Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2015

Abstract

This article examines the growth of interest in diary keeping in twentieth-century Britain. It explores how diary keeping by private citizens was encouraged in the first part of the century by mass-circulation newspapers, diary manufacturers, diary anthologists like Arthur Ponsonby, and the social research organization Mass Observation in response to changing notions of the self, privacy, and daily life. It discusses the ways in which, in the context of a growing interest in public archives, these private diaries have more recently been imagined as compelling forms of historical evidence, as well as some of the problems of organization and interpretation that these kinds of texts present. I argue that the inherently opaque and incomplete nature of private diaries means that they can add nuance to our understanding of the recent past and offer insight into the randomness and singularity of everyday experience as it is being lived.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The North American Conference on British Studies 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Nicholson, Virginia, Millions Like Us: Women's Lives during the Second World War (London, 2012)Google Scholar, xvii.

2 Bell, Amy Helen, London Was Ours (London, 2011)Google Scholar; Garfield, Simon, Our Hidden Lives: The Everyday Diaries of a Forgotten Britain 1945–1948 (London, 2004)Google Scholar; Garfield, Simon, We Are at War: The Diaries of Five Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times (London, 2005)Google Scholar; Middelboe, Penelope, Grace, Christopher, and Fry, Donald, eds., We Shall Never Surrender: British Diaries 1939–1945 (London, 2011)Google Scholar; Wing, Sandra Koa, ed., Our Longest Days: A People's History of the Second World War (London, 2008)Google Scholar; Nicholson, Millions Like Us.

3 Dobbs, Brian, Dear Diary: A Survey of Diaries and Diarists (London, 1974)Google Scholar, 228.

4 “On Diaries,” Times, 16 December 1922, 13.

5 James Clifford, “Are You Going to Keep a Diary?,” Daily Mirror, 1 January 1925, 5.

6 W. T., “How to Keep a Diary,” Daily Mail, 29 December 1920, 4.

7 “The Second Month,” Manchester Guardian, 1 February 1934, 6.

8 “The New Diary,” The Times, 6 January 1926, 13.

9 Evelyn Waugh, “One Way to Immortality,” Daily Mail, 28 June 1930, 8.

10 Clemence Dane, “Do You Record Your Own Life-Story?,” Daily Mail, 11 August 1933, 8.

11 Samuel, Raphael, “The People with Stars in Their Eyes,” in Island Stories: Unravelling Britain: Theatres of Memory, vol. 2, ed. Light, Alison with Alexander, Sally and Jones, Gareth Stedman (London, 1998)Google Scholar, 225.

12 Ponsonby, Arthur, English Diaries: A Review of English Diaries from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century with an Introduction on Diary Writing (London, 1923)Google Scholar, 24, 32, 30–31.

13 Arthur Ponsonby, “Casual Observations,” Manchester Guardian, 26 November 1927, 11.

14 Ponsonby, English Diaries, 1.

15 Jones, Raymond A., Arthur Ponsonby: The Politics of Life (London, 1989)Google Scholar, 135.

16 Rosenwald, Lawrence, Emerson and the Art of the Diary (New York, 1988)Google Scholar, 7, 11.

17 Ponsonby, English Diaries, 432–33.

18 “Diaries Grow in Popularity,” Western Morning News and Mercury, 19 December 1931, 3.

19 Woolf, Virginia, “Papers on Pepys,” in The Essays of Virginia Woolf, vol. 2, 1912–1918, ed. McNeillie, Andrew (London, 1987)Google Scholar, 234.

20 Podnieks, Elizabeth, Daily Modernism: The Literary Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Antonia White, Elizabeth Smart, and Anaïs Nin (Montreal, 2000)Google Scholar, 123. See also Tidwell, Joanne Campbell, Politics and Aesthetics in the Diary of Virginia Woolf (New York, 2008)Google Scholar, 39; and Saunders, Max, Self-Impression: Life-Writing, Autobiografiction, and the Forms of Modern Literature (Oxford, 2010), 219–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Briganti, Chiara and Mezei, Kathy, Domestic Modernism, The Interwar Novel, and E. H. Young (Aldershot, 2006)Google Scholar, 31.

22 Smith, May, These Wonderful Rumours! A Young Schoolteacher's Wartime Diaries 1939–1945, ed. Marlor, Duncan (London, 2012)Google Scholar, 114.

23 Sherman, Stuart, Telling Time: Clocks, Diaries, and English Diurnal Form, 1660–1785 (Chicago, 1996)Google Scholar, 162, 40, 49, 35.

24 Struther, Jan, Mrs. Miniver (New York, 1940)Google Scholar, 51, 53–54.

25 Woolf, Virginia, Jacob's Room (Oxford, 1992), 9495Google Scholar.

26 Bell, Anne Olivier, ed., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 5, 1936–41 (Harmondsworth, 1985)Google Scholar, 251; see also Tidwell, Politics and Aesthetics, 83.

27 Bell, Anne Olivier, ed., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 3, 1925–30 (Harmondsworth, 1982)Google Scholar, 233.

28 Bell, Anne Olivier, ed., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 1, 1915–19 (Harmondsworth, 1979)Google Scholar, 171.

29 Podnieks, Daily Modernism, 104–05.

30 Barrett, Michèle and Stallybrass, Peter, “Printing, Writing and a Family Archive,” History Workshop Journal 75, no. 1 (2013): 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Letts, Anthony, “A History of Letts,” in Letts Keep a Diary: A History of Diary Keeping in Great Britain from 16th–20th Century (London, 1987)Google Scholar, 31.

32 “All Sorts of Diaries,” Manchester Guardian, 18 December 1936, 7; “Incentives to Discretion,” Manchester Guardian, 21 December 1933, 5.

33 See “Phipps Talks of Diary Dumpers,” Daily Mail, 29 December 1931, 5.

34 See Dobbs, Dear Diary, 223.

35 Hurd, Douglas, Memoirs (London, 2004)Google Scholar, viii.

36 Feely, Catherine, “From Dialectics to Dancing: Reading, Writing and the Experience of Everyday Life in the Diaries of Frank P. Forster,” History Workshop Journal 69, no. 1 (2010): 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Feely, “From Dialectics to Dancing,” 96.

38 Musto, Walter, The War and Uncle Walter: The Diary of an Eccentric, ed. McCulloch, Art (London, 2004)Google Scholar, 5.

39 Donnelly, Peter, “Introduction,” in Mrs Milburn's Diaries: An Englishwoman's Day-to-Day Reflections 1939–45, ed. Donnelly, Peter (London, 1979)Google Scholar, 10.

40 Sheridan, Dorothy, “Ordinary Hard-Working Folk: Volunteer Writers in Mass-Observation 1937–50,” Feminist Praxis 37/38 (1993): 3Google Scholar.

41 Hubble, Nick, Mass-Observation and Everyday Life: Culture, History, Theory (Basingstoke, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 119.

42 Sheridan, “Ordinary Hard-Working Folk,” 4.

43 Madge, Charles and Jennings, Humphrey, eds., May the Twelfth: Mass-Observation Day Surveys 1937 (London, 1987)Google Scholar, 345.

44 Madge, Charles and Harrisson, Tom, Mass-Observation (London, 1937)Google Scholar, 30.

45 Hinton, James, The Mass Observers: A History, 1937–1949 (Oxford, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 62; Orwell, George, “The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius,” in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 2, My Country Right or Left, 1940–1943, ed. Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (Harmondsworth, 1970)Google Scholar, 98.

46 Jeffery, Tom, Mass-Observation: A Short History (Brighton, 2nd ed., 1999)Google Scholar, 29; Jolly, Margaretta, “Historical Entries: Mass-Observation Diarists 1937–2001,” New Formations, no. 44 (Autumn 2001)Google Scholar: 111.

47 Sheridan, Dorothy, ed., Wartime Women: An Anthology of Women's Wartime Writing for Mass-Observation 1937–45 (London, 1991)Google Scholar, 16, 18.

48 Tom Harrisson, “Mass Observation: Objective Enquiry,” Catholic Herald, 19 April 1940, 2.

49 Malcolmson, Robert, “Introduction,” in Cockett, Olivia, Love & War in London: A Woman's Diary 1939–1942, ed. Malcolmson, Robert (Waterloo, Ontario, 2005)Google Scholar, 4.

50 Jolly, “Historical Entries,” 111; Sheridan, Wartime Women, 16.

51 Hilliard, Christopher, To Exercise Our Talents: The Democratization of Writing in Britain (Cambridge, MA, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 79.

52 Sheridan, “Ordinary Hard-Working Folk,” 5.

53 Garfield, Our Hidden Lives, 2; Hinton, The Mass Observers, 140.

54 Hinton, The Mass Observers, 268; Jolly, “Historical Entries,” 111.

55 Cockett, Love & War in London, 38, 124, 66.

56 Sheridan, “Introduction,” in Sheridan, ed., Wartime Women, 8–9.

57 Garfield, We Are at War, 80.

58 Jeffery, Mass-Observation, 31.

59 Tom Harrisson, “Trusting the Brains,” New Statesman and Nation, 28 February 1942, 3.

60 Madge and Harrisson, Mass-Observation, 34.

61 Cockett, Love & War in London, 16, 97; see also Hinton, The Mass Observers, 65.

62 Celia Fremlin to Bob Willcock, 14 September 1944, MO File Report 2181, quoted in Hinton, James, Nine Wartime Lives: Mass-Observation and the Making of the Modern Self (Oxford, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 214.

63 Sheridan, Dorothy, Street, Brian and Bloome, David, Writing Ourselves: Mass-Observation and Literacy Practices (Cresskill, NJ, 2000)Google Scholar, 38.

64 Nella Last's diary, 22 September 1939, quoted in Hinton, Nine Wartime Lives, 47.

65 William Hickey, “These Names Make News: H. M. Eyes & Ears?,” Daily Express, 30 August 1939, 6.

66 Patricia, and Malcolmson, Robert, “Introduction,” in Nella Last's Peace: The Post-War Diaries of Housewife, 49, ed. Patricia, and Malcolmson, Robert (London, 2008)Google Scholar, ix.

67 Ibid., 1.

68 Ibid., 132.

69 Garfield, Our Hidden Lives, 383–84.

70 Nella Last's diary, 17 February 1966, quoted in Hinton, Nine Wartime Lives, 49.

71 Jolly, “Historical Entries,” 120.

72 Dobbs, Dear Diary, 229; see also Blythe, Ronald, Each Returning Day: The Pleasure of Diaries (London, 1989)Google Scholar, 162.

73 “You're Making History,” Daily Mirror, 6 January 1941.

74 Harold Nicolson, “Marginal Comment,” Spectator, 2 January 1942, 9.

75 “Books that Give All the Answers,” Manchester Guardian, 31 December 1951, 3.

76 John Gore, “Of No Value . . . ?,” Sunday Times, 8 June 1952, 4.

77 Sheridan, Wartime Women, 18.

78 Hinton, The Mass Observers, 140.

79 Jolly, “Historical Entries,” 120.

80 Addison, Paul, “Angus Calder (1942–2008),” History Workshop Journal 70, no. 1 (2010): 300CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 Sheridan, Wartime Women, 265.

82 de Groot, Jerome, Consuming History: Historians and Heritage in Contemporary Popular Culture (London, 2009)Google Scholar, 48; see also Samuel, Raphael, Theatres of Memory. Vol 1: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (London, 1994)Google Scholar.

83 Pollen, Annebella, “Research Methodology in Mass Observation Past and Present: ‘Scientifically, About as Valuable as a Chimpanzee's Tea Party at the Zoo’?,” History Workshop Journal 75, no. 1 (2013): 219CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

84 Sheridan, Dorothy, “Writing to the Archive: Mass-Observation as Autobiography,” Sociology 27, no. 1 (1993): 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

85 Highmore, Ben, Ordinary Lives: Studies in the Everyday (London, 2011)Google Scholar, 92.

86 Sheridan, Dorothy, “Introduction,” in [Mass-Observation Archive], The Mass-Observation Diaries: An Introduction (Falmer, 1991)Google Scholar, 3.

87 See Malcolmson, Robert W. and Searby, Peter, eds., Wartime Norfolk: The Diary of Rachel Dhonau, 1941–1942 (Norwich, 2004)Google Scholar; Patricia, and Malcolmson, Robert, eds., A Woman in Wartime London: The Diary of Kathleen Tipper, 1941–1945 (London, 2006)Google Scholar; Patricia, and Malcolmson, Robert, eds., A Soldier in Bedfordshire, 1941–1942: The Diary of Private Denis Argent, Royal Engineers (Woodbridge, 2009)Google Scholar; Patricia, and Malcolmson, Robert, eds., Dorset in Wartime 1941–1942: The Diary of Phyllis Walther (Dorchester, 2009)Google Scholar.

88 See Garfield, Our Hidden Lives; Garfield, We Are at War; Garfield, Simon, Private Battles: How the War Almost Defeated Us (London, 2006)Google Scholar; Koa Wing, Our Longest Days; Bell, London Was Ours; Middelboe, Grace, and Fry, eds., We Shall Never Surrender; Purcell, Jennifer, Domestic Soldiers: Six Women's Lives in the Second World War (London, 2010)Google Scholar; Kershaw, Robert, Never Surrender: Voices of a Lost Generation (London, 2009)Google Scholar.

89 BBC Radio 4, “The Man Who Saves Life Stories,” 8 June 2012; Irving Finkel, “Accidental Historians,” Guardian Books Blog, 1 November 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2007/nov/01/accidentalhistorians, accessed 11 June 2012.

90 Tim Walker, “One Day at a Time,” Independent, 30 December 2009, 2.

91 Finkel, “Accidental Historians”; Walker, “One Day at a Time.”

92 GDP/1, Great Diary Project, Bishopsgate Library, London (citations on 2 April 1952 and 24 June 1952).

93 GDP/30, 26 May 1950, Great Diary Project.

94 BBC Radio 4, “The Man Who Saves Life Stories.”

95 Peters, John Durham, Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication (Chicago, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 152.

96 Steedman, Carolyn, Dust (Manchester, 2001)Google ScholarPubMed, x, 3.

97 Ibid., 3, 18.

98 GDP/30, 4 January 1950, 10 January 1950, 25 January 1950, Great Diary Project.

99 Rory Bremner and Simon Garfield cited in Dear Diary, 18 January 2010, BBC4.

100 Housewife, 49, ITV, 10 December 2006.

101 “Nella, the Original Desperate Housewife,” Daily Mail, 15 October 2010, 34.

102 Nicholson, Millions Like Us, 8.

103 Kynaston, David, Modernity Britain: Opening the Box, 1957–59 (London, 2013)Google Scholar, 295, 301, 322.

104 Nella Last's Peace, 1.

105 Lejeune, Philippe, On Diary, ed. Popkin, Jeremy D. and Rak, Julie, trans. Durnin, Katherine (Honolulu, 2009)Google Scholar, 226, 31.

106 Sinor, Jennifer, The Extraordinary Work of Ordinary Writing: Annie Ray's Diary (Iowa City, 2002)Google Scholar, 12.

107 Delafield, Catherine, Women's Diaries as Narratives in the Nineteenth-Century Novel (Farnham, 2009)Google Scholar, 36, 48.

108 Simons, Judy, Diaries and Journals of Literary Women from Fanny Burney to Virginia Woolf (Basingstoke, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 7; see also Bunkers, Suzanne L. and Huff, Cynthia A., eds., Inscribing the Daily: Critical Essays on Women's Diaries (Amherst, 1996)Google Scholar. Sinor, The Extraordinary Work of Ordinary Writing, 29.

109 Ibid.

110 Roper, Michael, “Splitting in Unsent Letters: Writing as a Social Practice and a Psychological Activity,” Social History 26, no. 3 (2001): 319CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

111 Sinor, Extraordinary Work, 95–96, 88.

112 Alison Twells, “Storying Norah's Diaries,” http://norahsdiaries.wordpress.com/2013/06/06/storying-norahs-diaries/, accessed 3 November 2013.

113 Robert Malcolmson, “Introduction,” in Olivia Cockett, Love & War in London, 2.

114 Hinton, The Mass Observers, 268.

115 GDP/29, 28 February 1944, Great Diary Project.

116 Hinton, The Mass Observers, 374.

117 See Jeffery, Mass Observation, 29, for an account of the short hours that many of the middle-class MO diarists worked.

118 Kynaston, David, Family Britain 1951–57 (London, 2009)Google Scholar, 426.

119 Kynaston, David, Austerity Britain 1945–51 (London, 2007)Google Scholar, 16, 61, 63, 85.

120 Kynaston, Family Britain, 66, 299, 463.

121 Quoted in Pollen, “Research Methodology in Mass Observation,” 222.

122 Savage, Mike, Identities and Social Change in Britain since 1940: The Politics of Method (Oxford, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 10.

123 Brooke, Stephen, “Moments of Modernity,” Journal of British Studies 42, no. 1 (2003): 136Google Scholar; see also Catterall, Peter, “Contemporary British History: A Personal View,” Contemporary British History 16, no. 1 (2002): 110CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Thane, Pat, “Introduction: Exploring Post-War Britain,” Cultural and Social History 9, no. 2 (2012): 271CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

124 Roper, “Splitting in Unsent Letters,” 323.

125 Houlbrook, Matt, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago, 2005)Google Scholar, and Langhamer, Claire, The English in Love: The Intimate Story of an Emotional Revolution (Oxford, 2013)Google Scholar.

126 Langhamer, The English in Love, xvi, 3, 14.

127 Houlbrook, Matt, “‘A Pin to See the Peepshow’: Culture, Fiction and Selfhood in Edith Thompson's Letters, 1921–1922,” Past and Present 207, no. 1 (2010): 226CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

128 Smith, These Wonderful Rumours, 35, 60; Garfield, Our Hidden Lives, 389.

129 Musto, The War and Uncle Walter, 141.

130 GDP/18, 19 April 1941, Great Diary Project.

131 Nella Last's War: The Second World War Diaries of Housewife, 49, ed. Broad, Richard and Fleming, Suzie (London, 2006)Google Scholar, 270.

132 Illouz, Eva, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (Cambridge, 2007)Google Scholar, 108.