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Fantasies of Metropolitan Life: Planning London in the 1940s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Frank Mort
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Journal of British Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 1: Transforming Metropolitan London, 1750–1960 , January 2004 , pp. 120 - 151
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Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2004

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References

1 The social and cultural histories that have been drawn on here include Young, Ken and Garside, Patricia, Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change, 1837–1981 (London, 1982)Google Scholar; Humphries, Steve and Taylor, John, The Making of Modern London, 1945–1985 (London, 1986)Google Scholar; Saint, Andrew “‘Spread the People’: The LCC's Dispersal Policy, 1889–1965,” in Politics and the People of London: The London County Council, 1889–1965, ed. Saint, Andrew (London, 1986), pp. 215–35Google Scholar; Porter, Roy, London: A Social History (London, 1994)Google ScholarPubMed; Inwood, Stephen, A History of London (London, 1998)Google Scholar; Sheppard, Francis, London: A History (Oxford, 1998)Google Scholar; White, Jerry, London in the Twentieth Century: A City and Its People (London, 2001)Google Scholar.

2 For these different visions of the planned city, see among very many, Forshaw, J. H. and Abercrombie, Patrick, County of London Plan (London, 1943), pp. 1–17 Google Scholar; Corporation of London, Court of Common Council, Report of the Preliminary Draft Proposals for Post War Reconstruction in the City of London (London, 1944), pp. 1–5 Google Scholar; Abercrombie, Patrick, Greater London Plan (London, 1944)Google Scholar; General Register Office, Census 1951 England and Wales: Report on Greater London and Five Other Conurbations (London, 1956), pp. xiii–xiv Google Scholar.

3 For the planners' role in the postwar social contract, see Cullingworth, John, New Towns for Old: The Problem of Urban Renewal (London, 1962)Google Scholar; Burns, Wilfred, New Towns for Old: The Technique for Urban Renewal (London, 1963)Google Scholar; Mandler, Peter, “New Towns for Old: The Fate of the Town Centre,” in Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945–64, ed. Conekin, Becky, Mort, Frank, and Waters, Chris (London, 1999), pp. 208–27Google Scholar.

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13 Analysis of the politics of “visuality” within the strategies of modern governance has frequently been influenced by Foucault. See Levin, David, ed., Modernity and the Hegemony of Vision (Berkeley, 1993)Google Scholar; Law, John, Organising Modernity (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar; Isin, Engin, Osborne, Thomas, and Rose, Nikolas, Governing Cities: Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Advanced Liberalism, Urban Studies Programme Working Paper 19 (Toronto, 1998)Google Scholar; Otter, Chris, “Making Liberalism Durable: Vision and Civility in the Late Victorian City,” Social History 27, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–15 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 “Nazi Morale Shaken, Says Air Ministry,” Daily Mirror (3 July 1943), p. 5.

15 “50-Year Plan to Rebuild London,” Evening News (9 July 1943), p. 1. See also “London Plan Exhibition,” The Times (15 July 1943), p. 6.

16 For analysis of the importance of images of the bombed city in the Second World War, see Calder, Angus, The Myth of the Blitz (London, 1991)Google Scholar.

17 Lord Latham, “Foreword,” in Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. iv.

18 “War Without End—1,” Daily Mirror (12 July 1943), p. 3. See also “War Without End—2,” Daily Mirror (13 July 1943), p. 3; “War Without End—3,” Daily Mirror (14 July 1943), p. 3.

19 “Brave New London,” Daily Mirror (10 July 1943), p. 2. See also Lewis Silkin, “London Replanned,” The Times (10 July 1943), p. 5.

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21 See London County Council, “Report of the Education Committee,” 1 April to 30 September 1943, in London County Council, Minutes and Proceedings, 1943–45 (London, 1946), p. 272 Google Scholar.

22 See Town Planning Institute to Clerk, London County Council, 24 December 1943, in County of London Plan, “Observations by Interested Bodies Other than Local Authorities,” London Metropolitan Archives, CL/TP/1/40.

23 London County Council, “Report of the Civil Defence and General Purposes Committee,” 15 and 29 November 1943, in London County Council, Minutes, 1943–45, pp. 309–10. For details of attendance at these exhibitions, see County of London Plan Exhibition, 1 November to End, London Metropolitan Archives, CL/TP/1/44.

24 SirBeveridge, William, Social Insurance and Allied Services Report, Cmnd. 6404, London, 1942, p. 172 Google Scholar, quoted in Harris, Jose, William Beveridge: A Biography (Oxford, 1997), p. 414 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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29 For details of these educational packs, see County of London Plan Exhibition, September–October 1943, London Metropolitan Archives, CL/TP/1/44.

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31 See, esp., Young and Garside, Metropolitan London, pp. 229–34, 248–51. Also Inwood, A History of London, pp. 814–21.

32 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. 3.

33 Rasmussen, Steen Eiler, London, the Unique City, 3d ed. (London, 1948), pp. 434–35Google Scholar.

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36 “Francis Forty,” The Times (29 November 1990), p. 20.

37 For these interwar policy recommendations on controlling London's growth, see Greater London Regional Planning Committee, First Report (London, 1929)Google ScholarPubMed; Greater London Regional Planning Committee, Second Report (London, 1933)Google ScholarPubMed; Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population, Report, Cmnd. 6153, HMSO (1940).

38 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, plate 1.

39 Ibid., plate 9, facing p. 25.

40 Mumford, Lewis, The Culture of Cities (New York, 1938), chap. 2Google Scholar.

41 Quoted in Briggs, Asa, Victorian Cities (Berkeley, Calif., 1993), p. 12 Google Scholar. See also Dyos, H. J., “The Growth of a Pre-Victorian Suburb: South London, 1580–1836,” Town Planning Review 25, no. 1 (April, 1954): 59–78 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the image of the coral reef, see “Fifty Years Ago,” Quarterly Review 167 (October 1888): 186–216 Google Scholar.

42 Geddes, Patrick, Cities in Evolution (London, 1915), pp. 26–27 Google Scholar. For similar discussion of the octopus image of London, see SirEllis, Bertram, England and the Octopus (London, 1928)Google Scholar. For commentary, see Matless, “Appropriate Geography.”

43 See Abercrombie, Leslie Patrick and Johnson, Thomas, The Doncaster Regional Planning Scheme 1922 (London, 1922)Google Scholar. For analysis of Abercrombie's contributions to interwar planning, see Clough Williams-Ellis, “A Genial Wizard: An Appreciation of Sir Patrick Abercrombie,” The Listener (8 August 1957): 199–200; Dix, “Patrick Abercrombie.”

44 See Carter, Edward and Goldfinger, Erno, The County of London Plan Explained (West Drayton, U.K., 1945), pp. 14–15 Google Scholar.

45 Geddes, Cities in Evolution, pp. 34–35.

46 For literary perspectives “from the air,” see Cunningham, Valentine, British Writers of the Thirties (Oxford, 1988), pp. 186–206 Google Scholar. For the aerial vision of the documentary film movement, see Jennings, Mary-Lou, ed., Humphrey Jennings: Film-Maker, Painter, Poet (London, 1982)Google Scholar; Jackson, Kevin, ed., The Humphrey Jennings Film Reader (Manchester, 1993)Google Scholar. For military uses of aerial photography, see Association of Royal Air Force Photographic Officers, The History of Air Photography in the Royal Air Force (n.p., 1987); Pyner, Alf, Air Cameras RAF and USAAF, 1915–1945 (Burnham-on-Crouch, U.K., 1988)Google Scholar.

47 See Hyde, H. Montgomery, Neville Chamberlain (London, 1976), p. 117 Google Scholar.

48 See, among very many, Canal-Side Treatment (which was a view over Deptford), plate 40, and Air View of White City Housing Estate, plate 27, in Abercrombie and Forshaw, County of London Plan. The Aerial Photographic Company and Aerofilms were among the commercial firms whose survey material was used in the plan.

49 See Matless, , “Appropriate Geography,” and his Landscape and Englishness (London, 1998), pts. 1 and 3Google Scholar.

50 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, colored plate 1.

51 Ibid., pp. 21–22.

52 Ibid., p. 28.

53 For commentaries that repeatedly privilege these aspects, see Saint, “‘Spread the People’”; Humphries and Taylor, The Making of Modern London, chap. 4; Porter, London, pp. 814–29; Inwood, A History of London, pp. 349–53.

54 Williams-Ellis, “A Genial Wizard,” p. 200. For similar interpretations of Abercrombie's career, see Dix, “Patrick Abercrombie”; Matless, “Appropriate Geography.”

55 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. 22.

56 Ibid., plate 5.1.

57 Ibid., p. 22.

58 Lewis Mumford, The Plan of the County of London, Rebuilding Britain series, no. 12 (London, 1945), p. 31.

59 Cannadine, David, “The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the ‘Invention of Tradition,’ c. 1820–1977,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 101–64Google Scholar. See also Port, M. H., Imperial London: Civil Government Building in London, 1850–1915 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1995)Google Scholar; Driver, Felix and Gilbert, David, “Heart of Empire? Landscape, Space and Performance in Imperial London,” Environment and Planning D. Society and Space 16 (1998): 11–28 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schneer, Jonathan, London, 1900: The Imperial Metropolis (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1999)Google Scholar.

60 Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. “Abercrombie, Sir Patrick,” p. 1.

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62 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. 23.

63 SirWebb, Aston, ed., London of the Future (London, 1921)Google Scholar. For analysis, see Beaufoy, Helena, “‘Order Out of Chaos’: The London Society and the Planning of London, 1912–1920,” Planning Perspectives 12 (1997): 135–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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66 See Burford, James and Harvey, John, Some Lesser Known Architecture of London (London, 1925)Google Scholar; Ramsey, Stanley and Harvey, John, Small Georgian Houses and their Details, 1750–1820 (London, 1972)Google Scholar.

67 Corporation of London, Report of the Preliminary Draft Proposals, p. 15.

68 For the Royal Academy's version of civic monumentalism, see the Royal Academy Planning Committee, London Replanned (London, 1942)Google Scholar.

69 Corporation of London, Report of the Preliminary Draft Proposals, drawings 3, 4a, 5.

70 Ibid., plate D.

71 See Matless, “Appropriate Geography,” p. 167.

72 Abercrombie, Patrick, “The Preservation of Rural England,” Town Planning Review 12, no. 1 (May 1926): 5–56 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abercrombie, Patrick, Kelly, Sydney, and Johnson, Thomas, Sheffield and District Regional Planning Scheme (London, 1931)Google Scholar.

73 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. v.

74 Adams, Thomas, “Foreword,” in Perry, Clarence, Heydecker, Wayne, Adams, Thomas, Bassett, Edward, and Whitten, Robert, Neighbourhood and Community Planning, Regional Survey of New York, vol. 7 (New York, 1929), p. 3 Google Scholar. See also Adams, Thomas (in collaboration with F. Longstreth and others), Recent Advances in Town Planning (New York, 1932)Google Scholar; Adams, Thomas, Outline of Town and City Planning: A Review of Past Efforts and Modern Aims (New York, 1935)Google Scholar.

75 For the commercial and sexual diversity of the West End in the first half of the twentieth century, see Woolf, Virginia, “Oxford Street Tide” (1932), in Ragtime to Wartime: The Best of Good Housekeeping, 1922–1939, ed. Braithwaite, Brian, Walsh, Noelle, and Davies, Glyn (London, 1986)Google Scholar; Pry, Paul, For Your Convenience: A Learned Dialogue to all Londoners and London Visitors Overheard in the Theleme Club and Taken Down by Paul Pry (London, 1937)Google Scholar; Hall Carpenter Archives and Gay Men's Oral History Group, Walking after Midnight: Gay Men's Life Stories (London, 1989)Google Scholar; Nava, Mica, “Modernity Tamed? Women Shoppers and the Rationalisation of Consumption in the Interwar Period,” Australian Journal of Communication 22, no. 2 (1995): 1–19 Google Scholar; Rappaport, Erika, Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the Making of London's West End (Princeton, N.J., 2000)Google Scholar.

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77 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, p. 24.

78 See the Soho Association, Soho Fair (London, 1955)Google Scholar, and Soho Fair (London, 1956)Google Scholar.

79 Forshaw and Abercrombie, County of London Plan, plate 47.

80 Ibid., pp. 48–78.

81 See Aris, Stephen, The Jews in Business (London, 1970)Google Scholar; Marriott, The Property Boom; Jenkins, Landlords to London.

82 For these new female consumers in the interwar period, see Sally Alexander, “Becoming a Woman in London in the 1920s and 1930s,” in Stedman Jones and Feldman, eds., Metropolis London, pp. 245–71; Nava, Mica, “Modernity's Disavowal: Women, the City and the Department Store,” Modern Times: Reflections on a Century of English Modernity, ed. Nava, Mica and O'Shea, Alan (London, 1995), pp. 38–76 Google Scholar; Winship, Janice, “Culture of Restraint: The British Chain Store, 1920–39,” in Commercial Cultures: Economies, Practices, Spaces, ed. Jackson, Peter, Lowe, Michelle, Miller, Daniel, and Mort, Frank (Oxford, 2000), pp. 15–34 Google Scholar.

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84 On the boundaries of the postwar consensus in terms of policy and politics, see Titmuss, Richard, Essays on the Welfare State (London, 1958)Google Scholar; Smith, Brian Abel and Townsend, Peter, The Poor and the Poorest: A New Analysis of the Ministry of Labour's Family Expenditure Surveys of 1953–54 and 1960 (London, 1965)Google Scholar; Steedman, Carolyn, Landscape for a Good Woman: A Story of Two Lives (London, 1985)Google Scholar; Schneer, Jonathan, Labour's Conscience: The Labour Left, 1945–51 (Boston, 1988)Google Scholar.

85 Sainsbury, Peter, Suicide in London: An Ecological Study (London, 1955)Google Scholar.

86 See Platt, Jennifer, Realities of Social Research: An Empirical Study of British Sociologists (London, 1976)Google Scholar; Abrams, Philip and Lewthwaite, Paula, eds., Development and Diversity, British Sociology, 1950–1980 (London, 1980)Google Scholar.

87 Sainsbury, Suicide in London, p. 30.

88 Durkheim, Emile, Le Suicide: Etude de Sociologie (Paris, 1897)Google Scholar.

89 See, esp., Park, Robert and Burgess, Ezra, The City (Chicago, 1925)Google ScholarPubMed; Zorbaugh, Harvey, Gold Coast and Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side (Chicago, 1929)Google Scholar; Faris, Robert and Dunham, H. Warren, Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (Chicago, 1939)Google Scholar.

90 Sainsbury, Suicide in London, pp. 33–37.

91 Ibid., p. 13. See also Glass, Ruth, “Aspects of Change,” in London: Aspects of Change, ed. Centre for Urban Studies (London, 1964), pp. xx–xxii Google Scholar.

92 Sainsbury, Suicide in London, p. 70.

93 See, esp., Glass, Ruth, Newcomers: The West Indians in London (London, 1960)Google Scholar; Centre for Urban Studies, ed., London: Aspects of Change.

94 See Young, Michael and Willmott, Peter, Family and Kinship in East London (London, 1957)Google Scholar; Townsend, Peter, The Family Life of Old People: An Inquiry in East London (London, 1957)Google Scholar; Marris, Peter, Widows and Their Families (London, 1958)Google Scholar; Willmott, Peter and Young, Michael, Family and Class in a London Suburb (London, 1960)Google Scholar; Willmott, Peter, Adolescent Boys of East London (London, 1966)Google Scholar. For analysis of the methods of the Institute of Community Studies, see Platt, Jennifer, Social Research in Bethnal Green: An Evaluation of the Work of the Institute of Community Studies (London, 1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

95 Films that focused on the inner city included They Made Me a Fugitive (1947), directed by Alberto Cavalcanti; Noose (1948), directed by Edmond Greville; and The Blue Lamp (1949), directed by Basil Dearden. An American version of this theme was covered in Night and the City, (1950), directed by Jules Dassin. See Brunsdon, Charlotte, “Space in the British Crime Film,” in British Crime Cinema, ed. Chibnall, Steve and Murphy, Robert (London, 1999), pp. 148–59Google Scholar.

96 See, e.g., London County Council, “Report of the Committee on Juvenile Delinquency,” 22 September 1950, London Metropolitan Archives, LCC/CH/M/12/12; Paddington Council of Social Service, “Family Service Units for Problem Families,” 16 January 1953, in National Council of Social Service, Correspondence Files, 1950–60, London Metropolitan Archives, Acc 1888/53; “Memorandum by Sir John Nott-Bower, Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, to Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution,” 1954, Public Record Office, Home Office, PRO HO 345/7; Glass, Newcomers.

97 Castells, Manuel, “Towards a Political Urban Sociology,” in Captive Cities: Studies in the Political Economy of Cities and Regions, ed. Harloe, M. (London, 1977), p. 76 Google Scholar.

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