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The Ecology of Allegiance in the English Revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 January 2017

John Morrill
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Journal of British Studies , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , October 1987 , pp. 451 - 467
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Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1987

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References

1 Underdown, D. E., Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660 (Oxford, 1985)Google Scholar. Specific references will appear in the text. I am grateful to Anthony Fletcher, Glenn Burgess, John Walter, Keith Wrightson, and, especially, Tim Wales for discussions about this book.

2 For the old account, see, e.g., Hill, J. E. C., The Century of Revolution, rev. ed. (London, 1968), pp. 111–13Google Scholar. For a review of several of the local studies, see Morrill, J. S., “The Northern Gentry and the Great Rebellion,” Northern History, vol. 15 (1979): 66–87 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Wanklyn, M. D. G., “Landed Society and Allegiance in Cheshire and Shropshire in the First Civil War” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1976), chap. 4Google Scholar.

4 The second view is probably more complicated than it was made to seem in Morrill, J. S., The Revolt of the Provinces (London, 1976)Google Scholar. Underdown's analysis of neutralism is close to that presented in such recent work as Fletcher, A., The Outbreak of the English Civil War (London, 1982), chap. 12Google Scholar, and “The Coming of War,” in Reactions to the English Civil War, ed. Morrill, J. S. (London, 1982), pp. 29–50 Google Scholar.

5 Manning, B. S., The English People and the English Revolution (London, 1976), pp. ix–x Google Scholar and passim.

6 For a full critique of Manning's thesis, see Morrill, J. S., “Provincial Squires and ‘Middling Sorts’ in the Great Rebellion,” Historical Journal 20, no. 1 (1977): 229–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Seaver, P., Wallingtons World (London, 1985)Google ScholarPubMed. See the petition in Morrill, J. S., “William Davenport and the ‘Silent Majority’ of Early Stuart England,” Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 58 (1975): 128–29Google Scholar.

8 Malcolm, J. L., Caesar's Due (London, 1982)Google Scholar, and “A King in Search of Soldiers: Charles 1 in 1642.” Historical Journal 21, no. 2 (1978): 251–68Google Scholar.

9 For a telling critique of her empirical study, see Wanklyn, M. and Young, P., “A Rejoinder.” Historical Journal 24, no. 1 (1981): 147–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 See Newman, P. R., Royalist Officers in England and Wales, 1642–1660: A Bio-graphical Dictionary (New York, 1981)Google Scholar; Hutton, R., The Royalist War Effort, 1642–1646 (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar.

11 Haigh, C., “The Recent Historiography of the English Reformation,” Historical Journal 25, no. 4 (1982): 995–1008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Thomas, K. V., Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, 1971), esp. chaps. 2, 3, and 6Google Scholar.

13 Scarisbrick, J. J., The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar: Haigh, C., “The Church of England, the Catholics and the People,” in The Reign of Elizabeth I, ed. Haigh, C. (London, 1984), pp. 195–220 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I have also had the benefit of hearing several papers by Haigh that form part of his forthcoming book on religion in England, 1558–1642.

14 Thirsk, J., The Rural Economy of England (London, 1984), chaps. 12 and 13Google ScholarPubMed; The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 4, 1500–1640, ed. Thirsk, J. (Cambridge, 1967), chap. 1, sec. AGoogle Scholar; Everilt, A. M.. Landscape and Community in England (London, 1986), chaps. 1–3Google Scholar. and Change in the Provinces (Leicester, 1969)Google Scholar. Compare The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 5, 1640–1750, pt. 1, Regional Farming Systems. ed. Thirsk, J. (Cambridge, 1985), pp. xix–xxxi Google Scholar.

15 See, e.g., Hoskins, W. G., The Midland Peasant (London, 1957)Google Scholar; Spufford, M.. Contrasting Communities (Cambridge, 1975), pt. 1Google Scholar.

16 One obvious example is the Chilterns (a sheep-corn area with a highly dispersed pattern of settlement, irregular field systems, and extensive commons). 1 was emboldened to make this point (not one within my main areas of competence) by hearing a paper by T. Williamson, “The Origins of Regions in Lowland Britain,” at a conference of regional and local historians at the University of East Anglia in September 1986.

17 It is worth stressing that charivari (like church-ales) are fairly regionally specific and are not characteristic of pastoral regions elsewhere in the country. This has implications that I would suggest are not spelled out.

18 Barnes, T., “County Politics and a Puritan cause celebre: Somerset Churchales, 1633,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., vol. 9 (1959), pp. 103–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Wrightson, K. and Levine, D., Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525–1700 (Toronto, 1980)Google Scholar.

20 Ingram, M., “Religion, Communities and Moral Discipline in Late Sixteenth- and Early Seventeenth-Century England,” in Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, ed. von Greertz, K. (London, 1985)Google Scholar, and “Ridings, Rough Music and the ‘Reform of Popular Culture’ in Early Modern England,” Past and Present, no. 105 (1984), pp. 79–113 Google ScholarPubMed. I find the former more telling than Spufford, M., “Puritanism and Social Control,” in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, ed. Fletcher, A. and Stevenson, J. (Cambridge, 1985)Google Scholar. The book on which Ingram is commenting is Wrightson and Levine.

21 Hill, J. E. C., Society and Puritanism: Pre-revolutionary England (London, 1964)Google Scholar; Wrightson, K., English Society, 1580–1680 (London, 1981), chap. 6Google Scholar; Wrightson and Levine, chaps. 5 and 6; Manning (n. 5 above), esp. chap. 7.

22 Hunt, W., The Puritan Moment (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), esp. chap. 6Google Scholar.

23 Collinson, P., The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982), chap. 5Google Scholar; Spufford, “Puritanism and Social Control,” chap. 1; Duffy, E., “The Godly and the Multitude in Stuart England.” Seventeenth Century, vol. 1, no. 1 (1986): 31–55 Google Scholar.

24 J. Maltby, in an almost completed Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, will release some telling figures on the social distribution of support for episcopacy and the prayer book in a number of Cheshire parishes in rather different farming regions.

25 Green, I. (“The Persecution of ‘Scandalous’ and ‘Malignant’ Clergy in the English Civil War,” English Historical Review, vol. 94 [1979]), pp. 507–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar, suggests that most Wiltshire ejections took place in the (Puritan) southern deaneries. For remarks on the ejections in Somerset, see Underdown, D. E., Somerset in the Civil Wars and Interregnum (Newton Abbott, 1973), pp. 154–55Google Scholar.

26 Underdown, in Somerset in the Civil Wars and Interregnum, provides the basis of a narrative for that county; for Wiltshire, see Harrison, G., “Royalist Organization in Wiltshire, 1642–6” (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1963), chaps. 1–3Google Scholar; for Dorset, see Bayley, A. R., The Civil Wars in Dorset (Dorchester, 1910)Google Scholar.

27 Newman, P. R., “The Royalist Officer Corps, 1642–1660,” Historical Journal 26, no. 4 (1983): 953 Google Scholar, and “The 1663 List of Indigent Officers Considered as a Primary Source,” Historical Journal (in press).

28 For a general discussion, see Green; for Wiltshire, there is an especially valuable collection of papers relating to the investigation of Civil War clerical activities in British Library, Additional MS 22084.

29 There is much useful material in Williams, B., “The Church of England and Protestant Nonconformity in Wiltshire, 1645–1665” (M. Litt. thesis, University of Bristol, 1963), chaps. 3 and 4Google Scholar. Among other things he discusses the identity of those who preached the combination lectures set up by Parliament in 1642 at Warminster. He also establishes that there were five working Presbyterian classes in Wiltshire by the late 1640s and not just one, as has been widely supposed. Williams also offers a pioneering study of the relation between ecclesiastical patronage and Civil War allegiance.

30 Use might also have been made of the eighty-four signatures to the Concurrent Testimony to the Solemn League and Covenant (London, 1648)Google Scholar.

31 Blackmore Vale is more pastoral than arable, more Royalist than Parliamentarian, and, to be blunt, a thorn in the flesh of the argument from first to last.

32 My thoughts on this subject owe much to Tim Wales, whose pioneering work on poor relief in Norfolk (near completion) is full of kindred points.

33 Private communication, based on Wanklyn, M. D. G., “The King's Armies in the West of England” (M.A. thesis, University of Manchester, 1965)Google Scholar.

34 See the discussion of these points in Morrill, J. S., Cheshire, 1630–1660 (Oxford, 1974), pp. 281–83Google Scholar, and the maps in the thesis on which it was based: Morrill, J. S., “The Government of Cheshire during the Civil Wars and Interregnum” (D. Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1971)Google Scholar, map iv following p. 484. Keith Wrightson and Derek Hirst pointed out that many of Worsley's sureties in Lancashire were taken from alehouse keepers.