Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T09:22:54.746Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“Cam Ye O'er Frae France?” Exile and the Mind of Scottish Jacobitism, 1716–1727

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Daniel Szechi
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

On 14 February 1716 at Ruthven in Badenoch, the remaining officers of the Jacobite army in Scotland gathered to decide their next move. They had turned out the previous autumn in high hopes of restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne it had lost in 1689 and forcing an end to the union with England, but their confidence and enthusiasm had long since evaporated in the face of the defeat of the English rising at Preston and failure on their own part at Sherrifmuir. Their king and his chief minister had fled the country just after the army began its retreat from Perth. Now the weather had deteriorated, and desertion had reduced their once impressive force to a shadow of its former self. Not surprisingly, given the circumstances, the officers drafted a letter to the duke of Argyll, the commander of the British army in Scotland, asking for an indemnity and ordered their men to make their own way home. Then they themselves dispersed. It was the final act in the botched complex of conspiracies and uprisings that has gone down in history as the Jacobite Rising of 1715.

Reflecting on the consequences of the Jacobites' failure, the earl of Mar, by then the Old Pretender's secretary of state, sadly remarked: “I much doubt if ever a [rising] can be established there again.” It was a percipient observation. For over a generation, it was to prove extremely difficult to persuade most of the leaders of Scottish Jacobitism even to contemplate another uprising.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , October 1998 , pp. 357 - 390
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 The supporters of the Stuart dynasty overthrown in the Revolution of 1688 were known as “Jacobites,” after the Latin rendering of James II's given name: Jacobus.

2 Baynes, John, The Jacobite Rising of 1715 (London, 1970), pp. 180–81Google Scholar; Tayler, Alastair and Tayler, Henrietta, 1715: The Story of the Rising (London, 1936), pp. 154–55Google Scholar.

3 Historical Manuscript Commission (HMC), Calendar of the Stuart Papers, (hereafter cited as Stuart) 7 vols. (London, 1904–1920)Google Scholar, Mar to John Menzies, [Avignon], 20 May 1716 New Style (N.S.), 2:171–74.

4 Szechi, Daniel, The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 107–10Google Scholar.

5 Aufrere, Anthony, ed., The Lockhart Papers, 2 vols. (London, 1817), 2:18–23Google Scholar (hereafter cited as Lockhart Papers); Ralph Brown Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., Stuart Papers (microfilm), representation by several Highland chieftains to James Stuart, the Old Pretender, 15 July 1719 N.S., vol. 44, letter 21 (hereafter cited as Stuart Papers). I am grateful to Her Majesty the Queen for permission to cite this microfilm of the Stuart Papers held at Windsor.

6 Stuart Papers, “Considerations by Some of the King's Friends in France upon the Present State of Affairs, and What Has Been Lately Proposed to his Majesty from England,” 15 October 1721 N.S., vol. 65, letter 18; James Stuart to Lord Balmerino and Stuart of Appin, [Rome], 13 December 1721 N.S., vol. 56, letters 52–53; James Stuart to Henry Straton, [Rome], 15 December 1721 N.S., vol. 56, letter 66; and James Stuart to Lieutenant-General Arthur Dillon, [Rome], 8 June 1722 N.S., vol. 60, letter 13; Lockhart Papers, 2:91–92Google Scholar.

7 Lockhart Papers, 2:192–93Google Scholar.

8 Lockhart Papers, 2:359–62Google Scholar.

9 George Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 18 December 1725 O.S., in Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1698–1732, ed. Szechi, Daniel, 5th ser., vol. 2 (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1989), p. 255Google Scholar (hereafter cited as Lockhart Letters).

10 Szechi, , The Jacobites, pp. 30–32Google Scholar.

11 Ibid., pp. 17–24, 30–31.

12 Lockhart Letters, p. 232.

13 Baynes, , The Jacobite Rising, pp. 126, 152Google Scholar. There were also over 1,500 Jacobites taken prisoner at Preston, a large number of whom were Scots. The bulk of these were transported to America and the West Indies. Their experience of exile (and its ramifications) is a subject unto itself that is well worth exploring, but because it was a separate, distinct phenomenon whose impact on the Jacobite community was less visible than that of the European exiles, it will not be dealt with here.

14 Baynes, , The Jacobite Rising, p. 153Google Scholar; Szechi, Daniel, “The Jacobite Theatre of Death,” in The Jacobite Challenge, ed. Cruickshanks, Eveline and Black, Jeremy (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 66Google Scholar.

15 Szechi, Daniel, Jacobitism and Tory Politics, 1710–14 (Edinburgh, 1984), pp. 36–42Google Scholar; Donaldson, William, The Jacobite Song: Political Myth and National Identity (Aberdeen, 1988), pp. 34–35Google Scholar; Tayler, Henrietta, ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome in 1719, 3d ser., vol. 31 (Edinburgh, 1938), p. 34Google Scholar; Black, J., British Foreign Policy in the Age of Walpole (Edinburgh, 1985), p. 138Google Scholar.

16 Simms, John G., “The Irish on the Continent, 1691–1800,” in A New History of Ireland, vol. 4, Eighteenth-Century Ireland, 1691–1800, ed. Moody, Theodore W. and Vaughan, William E. (Oxford, 1986), pp. 629–50Google Scholar; McLynn, Francis J., The Jacobites (London, 1985), pp. 136–38Google Scholar.

17 Smout, Christopher, Landsman, Ned C., and Devine, Thomas M., “Scottish Emigration in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500–1800, ed. Canny, Nicholas (Oxford, 1994), pp. 76–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elsa-Britta Grage, “Scottish Merchants in Gothenburg, 1621–1850,” and Bieganska, Anna, “A Note on the Scots in Poland, 1550–1800,” in Scotland and Europe, 1200–1850, ed. Smout, Christopher (Edinburgh, 1986), pp. 112–19, 157–59Google Scholar.

18 Compare Nordmann, Claude, “Les Jacobites ècossois en France au XVIIIe siècle,” in Regards sur L'Ecosse au XVIIIe siècle, ed. Plaisant, M. S. (Lille, 1977), pp. 80–108Google Scholar.

19 Simms, John G., “The War of the Two Kings, 1685–91,” in A New History of Ireland, vol. 3, Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691, ed. Moody, Theodore W., Martin, Francis X., and Byrne, Francis J. (Oxford, 1976), pp. 504–7Google Scholar; Dukes, Paul, “Problems Concerning the Departure of Scottish Soldiers from Seventeenth Century Muscovy,” in Smout, , ed., Scotland and Europe, pp. 143–52Google Scholar.

20 Lenman, Bruce, “The Scottish Episcopal Clergy and the Ideology of Jacobitism,” in Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759, ed. Cruickshanks, Eveline (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 36–48Google Scholar; Edward Gregg, “The Politics of Paranoia,” and Szechi, Daniel, “The Jacobite Theatre of Death,” in Cruickshanks, and Black, , eds., The Jacobite Challenge, pp. 42–56, 57–73Google Scholar; Monod, Paul, Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788 (Cambridge, 1989)Google Scholar; Pittock, Murray, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Szechi, Daniel, “The Jacobite Revolution Settlement, 1689–1696,” English Historical Review 108 (1993): 610–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Carnwath,” Historical Journal 40 (1997): 977–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar (this article is part of a full-scale exploration of the mind of Lockhart that I am currently writing).

21 Monod, , Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 345–50Google Scholar.

22 Broader treatments of the Jacobite diaspora than that offered here can be found in Nordmann, “Les Jacobites ècossois”; Lenman, Bruce, “The Jacobite Diaspora, 1688–1746: From Despair to Integration,” History Today 29 (1980), pp. 7–10Google Scholar; and McLynn, , The Jacobites, pp. 126–41Google Scholar.

23 HMC, Stuart, William Pigault to Mar, Calais, 20 March 1716 N.S., 2:31–32Google Scholar.

24 HMC, Stuart, Abercromby to Mar, Saint Germain, 7 April 1716 N.S., 2:71Google Scholar.

25 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 157–58, 159–60.

26 HMC, Stuart, Clephane to Mar, Amsterdam, 10/21 May 1716, 2:175Google Scholar.

27 HMC, Stuart, 5:180, 188Google Scholar.

28 Stuart Papers, list of pensioners, [1718], vol. 40, letter 149. Nordmann, , “Les Jacobites ècossois,” p. 84Google Scholar, puts the number of Scots in the French army after 1715 at 5,000, in addition to others who found alternative employments in France. The French army was large, and it is conceivable that there were 5,000 expatriate Scots in it, but I differ with Nordmann over their origins. The government of Regent Orléans refused to employ the refugees of 1716 except as ordinary enlisted men and punished Irish officers who had gone to Scotland to participate in the rising. See Scottish Record Office (SRO), Edinburgh, Dalhousie Papers, earl of Panmure to John Oliphant, Avignon, 2 October 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/3/2; HMC, Stuart, Mr. Gaydon to Mar, Caen, 16 July 1716 N.S., 2:283Google Scholar. It would seem likely, therefore, that Scots serving in the French army in the years immediately following 1715 were recruited before then or were the children of the Jacobite exiles of the 1690s, rather than men taken in from among the new émigrés.

29 Baynes, , The Jacobite Rising, p. 202Google Scholar.

30 Cited in Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 158.

31 See, e.g., HMC, Stuart, Colonel John Hay of Cromlix to Mar, Dunkirk, 3 April 1716 N.S., 2:55–56Google Scholar; and Lieutenant-Colonel Nathaniel Forbes to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104–5.

32 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, 2 June 1716 Old Style (O.S.), letter GD 45/14/219/1/1.

33 Stephen, L., ed., Dictionary of National Biography, 63 vols. (London, 1885–1900), 8:64–65Google Scholar.

34 Scottish Catholic Archives, Columba House, Edinburgh, Blairs Letters, Abercromby to Thomas Innes, Avignon, 17 September 1716 N.S., MS 2/200/2 (hereafter cited as Blairs Letters).

35 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 20 July 1716 N.S., 2:295–96Google Scholar.

36 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lieutenant-General Arthur Dillon, Avignon, 26 April 1716 N.S., 2:118–19Google Scholar.

37 HMC, Stuart, vols. 20–21Google Scholar. The Jacobite court also received two gifts, amounting to 65,230 livres, from the Spanish government in 1716. See Stuart Papers, “An Account of What Mony Was Advanced by Foreign Princes or Lent by Particular Persons for the King's Use,” [Saint Germain], 29 August 1719 N.S., vol. 44, letter 82. Compare Smith, L. B., Spain and Britain, 1715–1719: The Jacobite Issue (New York, 1987), p. 90Google Scholar.

38 HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Orléans, 6 March 1716 N.S., 2:5Google Scholar.

39 HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to the pope via Cardinal Albani, [Avignon], 26 May 1716 N.S., 2:188Google Scholar.

40 HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Philip V of Spain and Queen Elizabeth Farnese, Avignon, 31 August 1716 N.S., 2:398Google Scholar.

41 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Dillon, Avignon, 26 April 1716 N.S., 2:118–19Google Scholar; and [G. Bagnall to James Stuart], [Turin?], [8?] July 1716 N.S., 2:266–67.

42 HMC, Stuart, Lady Anne Lytcott to James Stuart, Paris, 26 November 1718 N.S., 7:573Google Scholar; William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 21 May 1716 N.S., 2:174–75; Dicconson to John Paterson, [Saint Germain], 10 August and 25 September 1716 N.S., 2:336–37, 470; Mar to Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, [Avignon], 26 August 1716 N.S., 2:376; and Dicconson to Mar, Saint Germain, 9 September 1716 N.S., 2:414.

43 Stuart Papers, List of pensions, [1718], vol. 40, letter 149.

44 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Harry Maule of Kellie, 26 May 1717 N.S., 4:278Google Scholar.

45 HMC, Stuart, Account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 6 October 1717 N.S., 5:593–95Google Scholar.

46 HMC, Stuart, Murray of Abercarny to Mar, 4 April 1716 N.S., 2:89–90Google Scholar; Captain David Nairne to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104; and Sir James Sharp to Mar, Paris, 8 July 1716 N.S., 2:264.

47 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Lille, 28 October 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/5/1.

48 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Archibald Seton of Touch, Avignon, 17 April 1716 N.S., 2:94–95Google Scholar.

49 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Harry Maule of Kellie, [Avignon], 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–18Google Scholar.

50 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, [Avignon], 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:211–13Google Scholar; and Mar to Maule, 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–17.

51 HMC, Stuart, Account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 31 January 1718 N.S., 5:425–28Google Scholar.

52 HMC, Stuart, Captain Robert Erskine to John Paterson, Avalon, 3 September 1716 N.S., 2:405Google Scholar.

53 HMC, Stuart, Captain Robert Kay to John Paterson, Paris, 26 May 1716 N.S., 2:182Google Scholar.

54 HMC, Stuart, Andrew Ramsay to John Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, Bordeaux, 10 December 1716 N.S., 3:305Google Scholar.

55 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Southesk, Avignon, 19 May 1716 N.S., 2:163, 164Google Scholar.

56 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, Avignon, 19 May 1716 N.S., 2:165Google Scholar.

57 HMC, Stuart, Lewis Innes to Mar, [Saint Germain], 15 October 1716 N.S., 3:83Google Scholar.

58 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Dicconson, Avignon, 2 February 1717 N.S., 3:503–4Google Scholar; Stuart Papers, “List of Those That Are to Stay in France, or Flanders,” vol. 17, letter 55.

59 HMC, Stuart, Abercromby to Mar, Paris, 18 January 1717 N.S., 3:459Google Scholar; Stuart Papers, “List of His Majestie's Subjects That Are to Goe to Italy,” vol. 17, letter 55.

60 Michael, W., England under George I: The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty (London, 1936Google Scholar; reprint, Westport, Conn., 1981), p. 13; HMC, Stuart, Hay to Mar, Dunkirk, 3 April 1716 N.S., 2:55Google Scholar; and Thomas Bruce to Mar, Brussels, 29 May/9 June 1717, 4:334–35.

61 HMC, Stuart, [G. Bagnall to James Stuart], [Turin?], [8?] July 1716 N.S., 2:266–67Google Scholar.

62 HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn to Mar, Leyden, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:191Google Scholar.

63 HMC, Stuart, John Walkinshaw [of Scottstown] to Mar, Brussels, 1 July 1716 N.S., 2:246–47Google Scholar; and Bruce to Mar, Brussels, 11 June 1717 N.S., 4:341–42.

64 Michael, , England under George I, p. 323Google Scholar.

65 HMC, Stuart, [Marquis de Magny] to [Queen Mary?], 14 June 1716 N.S., 2:220Google Scholar.

66 HMC, Stuart, Marquess of Tullibardine to Mar, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:22–23Google Scholar; William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 19 July 1718 N.S., 7:61; and Dillon to Mar, [Paris], 23 August 1718 N.S., 7:195.

67 HMC, Stuart, Fanny Oglethorpe to Mar, [Paris?], 17 June 1718 N.S., 6:539–41Google Scholar; and Dillon to Mar, Paris, 8 August 1718 N.S., 7:128.

68 The eldest son and heir of a Scottish baron was traditionally designated the “master” of the title.

69 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Erskine of Alva to Mar, Beaune, 6 April 1716 N.S., 2:63–64Google Scholar; Thomas Forster to Mar, Paris, 13 May 1716 N.S., 2:148; Clephane to Mar, Avignon, 13 July 1716 N.S., 2:277–78; James Edgar to John Paterson, 7 August 1716 [N.S.], 2:333–34; Lord George Murray to Mar, Turin, 31 October 1716 N.S., 3:162; Colonel Arthur Elphinston to John Paterson, Blois, 1 November 1716 N.S., 3:164; and Mar to James Stuart, Liége, 22 September 1717 N.S., 5:68.

70 Despite the presence of many Highlanders among them and the fact that many of the soldiers of the Irish Brigades spoke the language(Griffin, William D., “The Irish on the Continent in the Eighteenth Century,” Eighteenth Century Studies, 5 [1976]: 461Google Scholar),there appear to have been no exclusively Gaelic-speaking communities of Scots exiles.

71 HMC, Stuart, Leslie to Mar, 21 April 1716 N.S., 2:102–3Google Scholar.

72 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376; Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 274; HMC, Stuart, Pitsligo to Mar, Leyden, 11 January 1717 N.S., 3:428–29Google Scholar.

73 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Panmure, Urbino, 17 February 1718 N.S., 5:487Google Scholar.

74 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 295; Gregg, , “Politics of Paranoia,” pp. 42–56Google Scholar.

75 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Lewis Innes, Avignon, 19 May and 9 June 1716 N.S., 2:164–67, 211–13Google Scholar; Mar to Maule, [Avignon] 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–18; and Lewis Innes to Mar, [Saint Germain], 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:260–61.

76 HMC, Stuart, Nairne to Mar, Xaintes, 17 September 1717 N.S., 5:48Google Scholar.

77 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Hutcheson to Panmure, Bordeaux, 3 December 1716 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/6.

78 HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Rotterdam, 18 September 1717 N.S., 5:58Google Scholar.

79 HMC, Stuart, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 May 1718 N.S., 6:416Google Scholar.

80 HMC, Stuart, Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173Google Scholar. It is interesting to observe that the first wave of Jacobite émigrés in the 1690s also had a distinct propensity toward violence in their relationships with each other and the native population: Genet-Rouffiac, Nathalie, “Jacobites in Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye,” in The Stuart Court in Exile and the Jacobites, ed. Cruickshanks, Eveline and Corp, Edward (London, 1995), pp. 35–37Google Scholar.

81 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Ormonde, 22 July [1718] N.S., 7:73Google Scholar; and Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 18 August 1718 N.S., 7:173–74.

82 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106–7Google Scholar; and Colin Campbell of Glendarule to Mar, Orléans, 27 August 1716 N.S., 7:206. See also, Stuart Papers, Lord George Murray to James Stuart, Paris, 22 June 1722 N.S., vol. 60, letter 73A.

83 HMC, Stuart, Laurence Charteris to Mar, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:274–75Google Scholar.

84 See, e.g., SirScott, Walter, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland in 1715: By John, Master of Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1858), pp. 1–2Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, Ronald Macdonald of Clanranald to Mar, Ormaclett (South Uist), 11/22 April 1716, 2:107–14Google Scholar; and Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 September 1717 N.S., 5:21.

85 For examples of which, see HMC, Stuart, Andrew Ramsay to Walkinshaw, Bordeaux, 10 December 1716 N.S., 3:305Google Scholar; Szechi, Daniel, ed., “Scotland's Mine”: Lockhart of Carnwath's Memoirs of the Union (Aberdeen, 1995), pp. 239–44Google Scholar; Abercromby, P., The Martial Achievements of the Scottish Nation, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1711/1715), 1Google Scholar, preface (last par.):622–23; 2:iv, 305–6, 318, 487, 543.

86 For an amusing example of this, see HMC, Stuart, Clanranald to Mar, Toulouse, 15 April 1717 N.S., 4:191–92Google Scholar.

87 Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 138Google Scholar, n. 1.

88 Pitsligo to George Cumine of Pitullie, [1718?], in Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 278.

89 HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson to Mar, Leyden, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:191Google Scholar; Cokayne, G. E., The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, 13 vols. (1910–1940), 4:497Google Scholar, note c.

90 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Thomas West, [Urbino?], 12 August 1718 N.S., 7:143–44Google Scholar.

91 HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to Queen Mary, [Saint Germain], 26 July 1717 N.S., 4:466–68Google Scholar.

92 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, [Avignon], 10 June 1716 N.S., 2:216–18Google Scholar.

93 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Forrester to Mar, Cahors, 3 August 1718 N.S., 7:106–7Google Scholar; and cf. Roger Kenyon to Mar, Rome, 17 October 1716 N.S., 3:92.

94 Blairs Letters, Paterson to William Stuart, Leghorn, 20 June 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/16.

95 HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Father Gaillard (Queen Mary's confessor), Fano, 28 February 1718 N.S., 5:515Google Scholar.

96 Constable, Thomas, ed., A Fragment of a Memoir of Field-Marshall James Keith, Written by Himself: 1714–1734 (Edinburgh, 1843), pp. 75–76Google Scholar.

97 For an example, see James Murray of Stormont to James Edgar, [Autun], 23 September 1751 N.S., in Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 232–33Google Scholar.

98 HMC, Stuart, Robert Freebairn to Hay, Calais, 15 April 1718 N.S., 6:314–15Google Scholar.

99 HMC, Stuart, Lancelot Ord to Dicconson, [Saint Omer?], 8 July 1718 N.S., 7:20–21Google Scholar; statement by Lancelot Ord, John Wood, James Kay, John English, John Coughlan, Henry Anderson, and George Dallas, Saint Omer, 9 July 1718 N.S., 7:24; Richard Plowden (provincial of the English Jesuits) to Mar, Saint Omer, 13 July 1718 N.S., 7:33–34; and Nugent to Mar, Saint Germain, 26 July 1718 N.S., 7:89.

100 Szechi, , “The Jacobite Revolution Settlement,” pp. 610–28Google Scholar.

101 Cruickshanks, and Corp, , eds., The Stuart Court in Exile, p. xiiiGoogle Scholar. I differ with the authors as to the scale of the Catholic majority at Saint Germain and Bar in large part because of accounts such as that of Major James Fraser of Castleleather, who when visiting the Jacobite court at Bar-le-Duc in 1715 (before the rising) attended an Anglican service there one Sunday conducted by Charles Leslie, who had been specifically summoned to Bar in 1713 to minister to James's Protestant servants. Fraser recalled: “The auditory were few, none but the Doctor, an Englishman, and the Major centry all the time, guarding the door”(Fergusson, A., ed., Major Fraser's Manuscript, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1889),1:190–91Google Scholar.

102 Dickinson, Harry T., Bolingbroke (London, 1970), pp. 139–40Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, Mar to James Stuart, [Urbino?], 14 June 1717 N.S., 4:349–55Google Scholar; and Duke of Ormond to James Stuart, 20 June 1717 N.S., 4:370; Mar to James Stuart, 4 and 5 February 1719 N.S., in Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, pp. 143–46Google Scholar.

103 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 330–36.

104 HMC, Stuart, Father Archangel Graeme to Mar, Calais, 19 August 1718 N.S., 7:178–79Google Scholar.

105 Blairs Letters, Nairne to [Thomas Innes?], [Rome?], 6 November 1717 N.S., MS 2/217/2.

106 Blairs Letters, [Saint Germain], 25 December 1716 N.S., MS 2/208/15.

107 Blairs Letters, Nairne to Thomas Innes, [Avignon], 6 September 1716 N.S., MS 2/210/7.

108 HMC, Stuart, earl of Southesk to John Paterson, Rome, 13 November 1717 N.S., 5:205Google Scholar.

109 Though this was not universal, e.g., see HMC, Stuart, Captain Simon Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138Google Scholar. Research into the history of the family in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Scotland is in its early days, though it promises to be a rich field. See Smout, Chris, “Scottish Marriage, Regular and Irregular, 1500–1940,” in Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage, ed. Outhwaite, R. B. (New York, 1982), pp. 204–36Google Scholar; Mitchison, Rosalind, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland 1603–1745 (London, 1983), pp. 85–89Google Scholar; Houston, Robert A., “Women in the Economy and Society of Scotland, 1500–1800,” in Scottish Society 1500–1800, ed. Houston, Robert A. and Whyte, Ian D. (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 118–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mitchison, Rosalind and Leneman, Leah, Sexuality and Social Control: Scotland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar; Houston, Robert A., Social Change in the Age of the Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 18–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

110 See, e.g., Stuart Papers, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 January 1719 N.S., vol. 41, letter 32.

111 HMC, Stuart, Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 July 1716 N.S., 2:261Google Scholar.

112 HMC, Stuart, Forbes to Mar, Paris, 22 April 1716 N.S., 2:104–5Google Scholar; and Forbes to John Paterson, Paris, 28 May 1716 N.S., 2:190.

113 HMC, Stuart, Home to Mar, London, 2 September 1718 O.S., 7:279–81Google Scholar.

114 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Hay, Avignon, 13 April 1716 N.S., 2:85–86Google Scholar; Gregg, Edward, “The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar,” in Cruickshanks, , ed., Ideology and Conspiracy, pp. 193–94Google Scholar.

115 SRO, Edinburgh, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 4 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7.

116 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 12 March 1716 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/3.

117 SRO, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 4 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7; HMC, Stuart, vol. 2, pp. xxvi–xxviiGoogle Scholar; and Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44.

118 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, London and Panmure, 23 July 1717–19 O.S. and June 1718, letters GD 45/14/220/38/1–62.

119 HMC, Stuart, Frances, countess of Mar, to Mar, Boulogne, [23] September, 2 and 26 October, and 1 November 1718 N.S., 7:319–20, 351–52, 442–43, and 482–83Google Scholar.

120 HMC, Stuart, Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn to Mar, Leyden, 29 April 1716, 2:129Google Scholar; Maule to Mar, Leyden, 7 September 1717 N.S., 5:20–21; and Panmure to Mar, Paris, 15 [August] 1718 N.S., 7:156–57; Stuart Papers, Panmure to James Stuart, Paris, 11 November 1720 N.S., vol. 50, letter 9.

121 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 8 March 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

122 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 16 August and 17 September 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

123 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Maule to Anna Maule, Leyden, 22 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/376.

124 HMC, Stuart, Sir John Erskine to Mar, 8 October 1716 N.S., 3:44Google Scholar.

125 SRO, Miscellaneous Jacobite Sources, Catherine Erskine to Sir John Erskine, 14 May 1716 O.S., letter GD 1/44/7.

126 As is tacitly demonstrated by the general assumption that he was a man of influence, see HMC, Stuart, duchess of Perth to Erskine, [Edinburgh?], 3 August 1716 N.S., 2:322Google Scholar.

127 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 22 February 1716 O.S., 9 and 29 March 1716 O.S., and 22 April 1717 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/1, 2, 5, 31.

128 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, 18 December 1718 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/73.

129 This is on the back of Margaret Panmure's letter cited above (SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, 18 December 1718 O.S., letter GD 45/14/220/73). Panmure was, however, clearly ashamed of having given in, and denied he would ever accept such conditions in a letter to Mar (though at the same time this may possibly have been a hint that if the Jacobite monarch gave him permission to do so, he could accept the British government's terms). See Stuart Papers, Panmure to Mar, Paris, 9 January 1719 N.S., vol. 41, letter 32.

130 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, copies of letters from Maule to the dukes of Roxburgh and Montrose, [Leyden], 17 January 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/377; Gregg, , “The Jacobite Career of John, Earl of Mar,” pp. 180, 185, 186, 192Google Scholar.

131 HMC, Stuart, Clanranald to Mar, Ormaclett, (South Uist), 11/22 April 1716, 2:113Google Scholar; Fraser to John Paterson, Sens, 7 May 1716 N.S., 2:138–39; and Alexander Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 16 May 1716 N.S., 2:157–58.

132 Shennan, J. H., Philippe, Duke of Orléans: Regent of France, 1715–1723 (London, 1979), pp. 97–125Google Scholar.

133 HMC, Stuart, account by Dicconson, [Saint Germain], 6 October 1717 N.S., 5:593–95Google Scholar.

134 HMC, Stuart, memo on his financial situation by James Stuart, [Urbino?], October 1717 N.S., 5:600–601Google Scholar.

135 HMC, Stuart, Queen Mary to Mar, Chaillot, 11/12 October 1717 N.S., 5:132–33Google Scholar.

136 HMC, Stuart, Cardinal de Noailles to James Stuart, Conflans, 24 January 1718 N.S., 5:404Google Scholar; and William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75.

137 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Paterson, Paris, 1 March 1718 N.S., 6:75Google Scholar.

138 HMC, Stuart, Dicconson to James Stuart, 12 September 1718 N.S., 7:271Google Scholar.

139 Shennan, , Philippe, Duke of Orléans, pp. 80–87Google Scholar; HMC, Stuart, James Stuart to Orléans, [Urbino], 28 May 1718 N.S., 6:488–89Google Scholar.

140 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 14 June 1718 N.S., 6:526–27Google Scholar; and James Stuart to Dicconson, Rome, 12 December 1718 N.S., 7:622.

141 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 5 November 1718 N.S., 7:497–98Google Scholar.

142 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 29 March 1718 N.S., 6:216Google Scholar; and Dicconson to Mar, [Saint Germain], 4 July 1718 N.S., 7:8–9. See also Stuart Papers, Robert Gordon to Mar, Bordeaux, 7 February 1719 N.S., vol. 42, letter 10; and account by William Dundas, Rotterdam, 11 June 1719 N.S., vol. 43, letter 114A.

143 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to John Paterson, Paris, 29 November 1718 N.S., 7:587Google Scholar; Stuart Papers, Robert Gordon to Mar, Bordeaux, 7 February 1719 N.S., vol. 42, letter 10.

144 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Carnegy to Panmure, Lille, 14 May 1719 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/20/1.

145 HMC, Stuart, George Maxwell to Mar, Cahors, 1 July 1718 N.S., 7:2–3Google Scholar; and [Lancelot Ord] to Mar, Saint Omer, 22 September 1718 N.S., 7:314–15; Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.

146 HMC, Stuart, Captain John Ogilvie to Mar, Dunkirk, 2 May 1718 N.S., 6:395Google Scholar.

147 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Douglas to Panmure, Leyden, 29 November 1718 N.S., letter GD 45/14/219/15/1.

148 HMC, Stuart, Mar to Maule, 26 May 1717 N.S., 4:277–78Google Scholar.

149 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Panmure to Douglas, Paris, 10 December 1718 N.S., GD 45/14/219/15/2.

150 Stuart Papers, [list of pensioners in Dicconson's hand, Saint Germain, 1718?], vol. 40, letter 151.

151 Tayler and Tayler, 1715, pp. 233–34, 282; Lockhart to the Old Pretender, [Aixla-Chapelle?], 7 October 1727 N.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 323.

152 For examples, see Lockhart Papers, 1:250–53, 2:427–29Google Scholar; Duncan, D., ed., History of the Union of Scotland and England by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, 5th ser., vol. 6,(Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1993), pp. 4–5, 33, 54, 110–12Google Scholar; Tayler and Tayler, 1715, p. 186.

153 SRO, Dalhousie Papers, Margaret Panmure to Panmure, Panmure, 7 May 1716 O.S., GD 45/14/220/7. See also Tayler, , ed., The Jacobite Court at Rome, p. 36Google Scholar.

154 HMC, Stuart, Leyden, 23 March 1718 N.S., 6:180Google Scholar.

155 HMC, Stuart, William Gordon to Mar, Paris, 14 June 1718 N.S., 6:527Google Scholar.

156 Scott, ed., Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland.

157 Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 18 December 1725 O.S. and 29 July 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, pp. 251–52, 290.

158 HMC, Stuart, Dr. Arthur to Mar, [before 17 October 1716 N.S.], 3:551Google Scholar.

159 Lockhart to James Stuart, [Dryden?], 8 August 1726 O.S., in Lockhart Letters, p. 293.