Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:37:05.705Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutrition within the household: 18th through early 20th century female and male statures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2021

Scott Alan Carson*
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA and University of Münich and CESifo, Münich, Germany
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

When other measures for material conditions are scarce or unreliable, the use of height is now common to evaluate economic conditions during economic development. However, throughout US economic development, height data by gender have been slow to emerge. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, female and male statures remained constant. Agricultural workers had taller statures than workers in other occupations, and the female agricultural height premium was over twice that of males. For both females and males, individuals with fairer complexions were taller than their darker complexioned counterparts. Gender collectively had the greatest explanatory effect associated with stature, followed by age and nativity. Socioeconomic status and birth period had the smallest collective effects with stature.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, MA and Dolan, P (2005) Spine biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanics 38(10), 19721983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atack, J and Bateman, F (1987) To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Barker, D (1992) Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. British Medical Journal, doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baten, J, Bierman, W, Luiten van Zanden, J and Foldvari, P (2014) Personal security since 1820. In Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (ed.) How Was Life? Global Well-being since 1820. URL: http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-en (accessed 21st April 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baten, J and Steckel, R (2019) The developmental origins of health and disease. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 300324.Google Scholar
Beachamp, J, Cesariri, D, Joehannesson, M, Lindquist, E and Apicella, C (2011) On the sources of height–intelligence correlation: new insights from a bivariate ACE model with assertive mating. Behavioral Genetics 41, 242252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bereczki, Z, Reschler-Nicola, M, Marcsik, A, Meinzer, N and Baten, J (2018) Growth disruption in children: linear enamel hypoplasias. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 175–197.Google Scholar
Bessen, J (2015) Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Bleakley, H and Costa, D (2013) Health, Education, and Income in the United States, 1820–2000. National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenhorn, H (2002) Mulatto advantage: the biological consequences of complexion in rural antebellum Virginia. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33(1), 2146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenhorn, H, Guinnane, T and Mroz, T (2017) Sample-selection biases and the industrialization puzzle. Journal of Economic History 77(1) 171207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogart, D (2009) Nationalizations and the development of the transport systems: cross-country evidence and railroad networks, 1860–1912. Journal of Economic History 69, 202237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollet, AJ and Brown, A (2003) Anemia. In Kenneth, Kiple (ed.) The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 2126.Google Scholar
Bothwell, T (1995) Overview and mechanisms. Nutrition Reviews 53(9), 237245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brands, HW (2010) American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900. Anchor Books, New York.Google Scholar
Burnette, J (2013) The changing economic roles of women. In Whaples, R and Parker, R (eds) Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History. Routledge Press, New York, pp. 306315.Google Scholar
Carson, SA (2005) The biological standard of living in 19th-century Mexico and in the American west. Economics and Human Biology 3(3), 405419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2007) Mexican body mass index values in the 19th century American west. Economics and Human Biology 5(1), 3747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2008a) The effect of geography and vitamin D on African-American stature in the 19th century: evidence from prison records. Journal of Economic History 68(3), 812830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2008b) Health during industrialization: evidence from the 19th century Pennsylvania state prison system. Social Science History 32(3), 347372.Google Scholar
Carson, SA (2009a) Racial differences in body-mass indices of men imprisoned in 19th century Texas. Economics and Human Biology 7(1), 121127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2009b) The effects of demographics, residence, and socioeconomic on the distributions of 19th century Mexican biological living conditions. Social Science Journal 46(3), 411426.Google Scholar
Carson, SA (2009c) Geography, insolation and vitamin D in 19th century US African-American and White statures. Explorations in Economic History 46(1), 149159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2010a) Nineteenth century Mexican statures in the United States and their relationship with insolation and vitamin d. Journal of Biosocial Science 42, 113128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2010b) Wealth, inequality, and insolation effects across the 19th century White US stature distribution. Journal Homo of Comparative Human Biology 61, 467478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2011) Height of female americans in the 19th century and the Antebellum Puzzle. Economics and Human Biology 9, 157164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2012) Nineteenth century race, body mass, and industrialization: evidence from American prisons. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, 371391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2013) Socioeconomic effects on the stature of nineteenth century US women. Feminist Economics 19(2), 122143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2015a) The Mexican calorie allocation among the working class in the 19th century American West. Essays in Economic and Business History 26, 3350.Google Scholar
Carson, SA (2015b) Biology, complexion, and socioeconomic status: accounting for 19th century US BMIs by race. Australian Economic History Review 55(3), 238255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2016) Body Mass Index through time: explanations, evidence, and future directions. In Komlos, J and Kelly, I (eds) Handbook of Economics and Human Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 133151.Google Scholar
Carson, SA (2018a) Black and white female body mass index values in the developing late 19th and early 20th century United States. Journal of Bioeconomics 20(3), 309330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2018b) The weight of 19th century Mexicans in the Western United States. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 51(1), 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, SA (2019) Late 19th, early 20th century US, foreign-born body mass index values in the United States. Economics and Human Biology 34, 2638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, SA (2020) Net nutrition, insolation, mortality, and the antebellum paradox. Journal of Bioeconomics 22, 7798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coclanis, PA and Komlos, J (1995) Nutrition and economic development in post-reconstruction South Carolina. Social Science History 19(1), 91115.Google Scholar
Davey-Smith, G, Hart, C, Upton, M, Hole, D, Gillis, C, Watt, G and Hawtorne, V (2000) Height of risk of death among men and women: aetiological implications of associations with cardiorespiratory disease and cancer mortality. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 54, 97103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denko, C (2003) Osteoarthritis. In Kenneth, Kiple (ed.) The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 234236.Google Scholar
Ellis, J (2004) His Excellency George Washington. Knopf, New York.Google Scholar
Floud, R, Fogel, R, Harris, B and Sok Chul, Hong (2011) The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, R (1986) Nutrition and the decline in mortality since 1700: some preliminary findings. In Engerman, SL and Ballman, RE (eds) Long Term Factors in American Economic Growth. University of Chicago Press, pp. 439556.Google Scholar
Fogel, R (1994) Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. American Economic Review 84(3), 369395.Google Scholar
Fogel, RW, Engerman, S, Trussell, J, Floud, R, Pope, C and Wimmer, L (1978) The economics of mortality in North America, 1650–1910: a description of a research project. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 11(2), 75108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frayer, D and Wolpoff, M (1985) Sexual dimorphism. Annual Review of Anthropology 14, 429473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, C (1990) Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Golden, C and Sokoloff, K (1984) The relative productivity hypothesis of industrialization: the American case, 1820 to 1850. Quarterly Journal of Economics 99(3), 461487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, A and Martin, D (2002) health profiles from skeletal remains. In Steckel, R and Rose, J (eds) The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottfedson, M and Hirshchi, T (1990) A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, JP and Wolfe, L (1980) Height and sexual dimorphism of stature among human societies. American Journal of Physical Anthropolocy 53(3), 441456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, M (2000) The White population of the United States, 1790–1920. In Haines, M and Steckel, R (ed.) A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 305369.Google Scholar
Hilliard, SB (1972) Hog, Meat and Hoecake: Food Supply in the Old South, 1840–1860. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL.Google Scholar
Higgs, R (1977) Competition and Coercion: Blacks and the American Economy, 1865–1914. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshchi, T and Gottfredson, M (1983) Age and the explanation of crime. American Sociological Review 89(3), 552584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, J (1987) Book review: Partial Justice: Women in State Prison, 1800–1835. Journal of Contemporary Crisis 12, 4950.Google Scholar
Komlos, J (1987) The height and weight of West Point cadets: dietary change in antebellum America. Journal of Economic History 47(4), 897927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komlos, J (2012) A three-decade history of the antebellum puzzle: explaining the shrinking of the U.S. population at the onset of the modern economic growth. Journal of Historical Society 12(2), 395445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komlos, J (2019) Shrinking in a growing economy is not so puzzling after all. Economics and Human Biology 32, 4055 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komlos, J and A’Hearn, B (2019) Clarifications of a puzzle the decline in nutritional status at the onset of modern economic growth in the United States. Journal of Economic History 79(4), 11291153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komlos, J and Kim, JH (1990) Estimating trends in historical heights. Historical Methods 23, 116120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leon, D, Davey-Smith, G, Shipley, M and Strachan, D (1995) Adult height and mortality in London: early life, socioeconomic confounding or shrinkage? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 49, 59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebergott, S (1984) The Americans: An Economic Record. W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Lunardini, C (1997) What Every American Should Know About Women’s History. Adams, Holbrook, MA.Google Scholar
Margo, R and Steckel, R (1992) The nutrition and health of slaves and antebellum southern whites. In Fogel, RW and Engerman, SL (eds) Without Consent of Contract: Conditions of Slave Life and the Transition to Freedom, Technical Papers. Norton Publishers, New York, 508521.Google Scholar
Marques, C, Matos, V and Meinzer, N (2018) Proliferative periosteal reactions: assessment of trend in Europe over the past two millennia. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 137174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinzer, N, Steckel, R and Baten, J (2018) Agricultural specialization, urbanization, workload, and stature. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 231252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J (2005) The Chicago Guide to Writing about Multivariate Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moehling, C and Thomasson, M (2020) Votes for women: an economic perspective on women’s enfranchisement. Journal of Economic Perspectives 34(2), 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moradi, A and Baten, J (2005) Inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: new data and new insights from anthropometrics estimates. World Development 33(8), 12331265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwasokwa, O, Weiss, M, Gladstone, C and Bodenheimer, M (1997) Higher prevalence and greater severity of coronary disease in short versus tall men referred for coronary arteriography. American Heart Journal 133, 147152 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, JR, Rosenberg, L and Shapiro, S (1990) Stature and the risk of myocardial infarction in women. American Journal of Epidemiology 132, 2732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papathanasiou, A, Meinzer, N, Williams, K and Clark Spencer, Larsen (2018) History of anemia and related nutritional deficiencies: evidence from cranial porosities. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 198230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafter, NH (1985) Partial Justice: Women in the State Prisons, 1800–1835. Northeastern University, Boston.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, J (2002) Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: American Labor Markets During Industrialization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokoloff, K and Villaflor, G (1982) Early achievement of modern stature in America. Social Science History 6(4), 453482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, Yun-Mi, Davey-Smith, G and Sung, Joohon (2003) Adult height and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective study of South Korean men. American Journal of Epidemiology 158(5), 479485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckel, R (1979) Slave height profiles from coastwise manifests. Explorations in Economic History 16, 363380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckel, R (1983) The economic foundations of east–west migration during the 19th century. Exportations in Economic History 20, 1436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, R (1994) Heights and health in the United States, 1710–1950. In Komlos, J (ed.) Stature, Living Standards, and Economic Development Essays in Econometric History. University of Chicago Press, pp. 2538.Google Scholar
Steckel, R and Rose, J (2002) The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, R, Clark Spencer, Larsen, Roberts, C and Baten, J (2018) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, R, Sciulli, P and Rose, J (2002) Health index and skeletal remains. In Steckel, R and Rose, J (eds) The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, RH and Haurin, D (1994) Health and nutrition in the American Midwest: evidence from the height of Ohio national guardsman 1850–1910. In Komlos, J (ed.) Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development. University Press of Chicago, Chicago, pp. 117128.Google Scholar
Stewart, R, Hardy, R and Richards, M (2015) Associations between skeletal growth in childhood and cognitive function in mid-life in a 53-year prospective cohort study. PLoS One 10(4), 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundet, Martin J, Tambs, K, Harris, J, Mangus, P and Turjussen, TM (2005) Resolving the genetic and environmental sources of the correlation between height and intelligence: a study of nearly 2,600 Norwegian male twin pairs. Twin Research and Human Genetics 8(4), 307311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ubelaker, D and Newson, L (2002) Patterns of health and nutrition in prehistoric and historic Ecuador. In Steckel, R and Rose, R (eds.) The Backbone of. History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 343377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waaler, H (1984) Height, weight, and mortality: the Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavica, Supplement 679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M, Shaper, G, Phillips, A and Cook, D (1989) Short stature, lung function and risk of a heart attack. International Journal of Epidemiology 18(3), 602606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, P (1986) Porotic hyperostosis in a marine-dependent California indian population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 69, 345354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, P, Bathurst, R, Richman, R, Gjerdrum, T and Andrushko, V (2009) The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: a reappraisal of the iron-deficiency-anemia hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139, 109125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, K, Meinzer, N and Clark Spencer, Larsen (2019) History of degenerative joint disease in people across Europe: bioarchaeological inferences and lifestyle and activity from osteoarthritis and vertebral osteophystosis. In Steckel, R et al. (eds) The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work and Violence Over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 253299.Google Scholar
Yarnell, JGW, Limb, ES, Layzell, JM and Baker, A (1992) Height: a risk marker for ischaemic heart disease. European Heart Journal 13, 16021605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed