Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:30:23.979Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lactation, birth spacing and maternal work-loads among two castes in rural Nepal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2008

Catherine Panter-Brick
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Oxford

Summary

The nursing behaviour of rural Nepali women, from two castes inhabiting the same village, is quantified on the basis of 2202 hr of continuous and direct day-time observation over 1 year. Feed duration, interval, total time and daily frequency are examined in relation to women's work, particularly the type of subsistence activity and seasonality. ‘Opportunity’ feeds are governed both by infant demands and maternal activity. Caste differences in birth intervals are also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentley, G.R. (1985) Hunter-gatherer energetics and fertility: a reassessment of the !Kung San. Hum. Ecol. 13, 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudhury, R.H. (1984) The duration of breast-feeding adequacy in a rural area of Bangladesh. Food Nutr. Bull, 6, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L.C., Chowdhury, A.K.M.A. & Huffman, S.L. (1979) Seasonal dimensions of energy protein malnutrition in rural Bangladesh: the role of agriculture, dietary practices, and infection. Ecol. Food Nutr. 8, 175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, H.L., Martorell, R. & Klein, R.E. (1982) Nutrition, lactation, and birth interval components in rural Guatemala. Am. J. clin. Nutr. 35, 1468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delvoye, P., Demaegd, M. & Delogne-Desnoeck, J. (1977) The influence of the frequency of nursing and of previous lactation experience on serum prolactin in lactating mothers. J. biosoc. Sci. 9, 447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delvoye, P. & Robyn, C. (1980) Breast-feeding and post partum amenorrhoea in Central Africa. 2. Prolactin and post partum amenorrhoea. J. trop. Paediatr. 26, 184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elias, M.F., Teas, J., Johnston, J. & Bora, C. (1986) Nursing practices and lactation amenorrhoea. J. biosoc. Sci. 18, 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison, P.T. (1990) Human ovarian function and reproductive ecology: new hypotheses. Am. Anthrop. (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, P.T., Peacock, N.R. & Lager, C. (1989) Ecology and ovarian function among Lese women of the Ituri forest, Zaire. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 78, 519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, K. & Huffman, S. (1988) Nutrition, infant feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in rural Bangladesh. J. biosoc. Sci. 20, 461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fricke, T.E. (1986) Himalayan Households: Tamang Demography and Domestic Processes. Studies in Cultural Anthropology No. 11.UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Frisch, R. & McArthur, J. (1974) Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science, N. Y. 185, 949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garn, S.M. & LaVelle, M. (1983) Reproductive histories of low weight girls and women. Am. J. clin. Nutr. 37, 862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habicht, J.-P., DaVanzo, J. & Butz, W.P. (1986) Does breast feeding really save lives, or are apparent benefits due to biases?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 123, 279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennart, P.M. & Vis, H.L. (1980) Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in central Africa. 1. Milk production in rural areas. J. trop. Paediat. 26, 177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewlett, B.S. (1989) Multiple caretaking among African Pygmies. Am. Anthrop. 91, 186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howie, P.W., McNeilly, A.S., Houston, M.J., Cook, A. & Boyle, H. (1981) Effect of supplementary food on suckling patterns and ovarian activity during lactation. Br. med. J. 283, 757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howie, P.W. & McNeilly, A.S. (1982) Effect of breast-feeding patterns on human birth intervals. J. Reprod. Fert. 65, 545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, S.L., Chowdhury, A., Allen, H. & Nahar, L. (1987a) Suckling patterns and post-partum amenorrhoea in Bangladesh. J. biosoc. Sci. 19, 171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, S.L., Chowdhury, A.K.M.A., Chakraborty, J. & Simpson, N.K. (1980) Breast-feeding patterns in rural Bangladesh. Am. J. clin. Nutr. 33, 144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffman, S.L., Chowdhury, A.K.M.A. & Mosley, W.M. (1978) Postpartum amenorrhea: How is it affected by maternal nutritional status?. Science, N. Y. 200, 1155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, S.L., Ford, K., Allen, H.A. & Streble, P. (1987b) Nutrition and fertility in Bangladesh: breastfeeding and post partum amenorrhoea. Popul. Stud. 41, 447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R.E. (1988a) A hazards model analysis of breastfeeding variables and maternal age on return to menses postpartum in rural Indonesian women. Hum. Biol. 60, 853.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, R.E. (1988b) A biobehavioral model for breastfeeding effects on return to menses postpartum in Javanese women. Social Biol. 35, 307.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, R.E. (1989) Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia. J. biosoc. Sci. 21, 83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konner, M. & Worthman, C. (1980) Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers. Science, N. Y. 207, 788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koppert, G.J.A. (1988) Alimentation et Culture Chez les Tamang, les Ghale et les Kami du Nepal. Thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Aix-Marseille.Google Scholar
Liestøl, , Rosenberg, M. & Walløe, L. (1988) Lactation and post-partum amenorrhoea: a study based on data from three Norwegian cities 1860–1964. J. biosoc. Sci. 20, 423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Looft, C. (1910) Litt om spaedbarndodeligheten i Bergen og dens aarsaksforhoid. Medicinsk Rev. 27, 513.Google Scholar
Lunn, P.G. (1985) Maternal nutrition and lactational infertility: the baby in the driving seat. In: Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility. Edited by Dobbing, J.. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lunn, P.G., Austin, S., Prentice, A.M. & Whitehead, R.G. (1984) The effect of improved nutrition on plasma prolactin concentrations and postpartum infertility in lactating Gambian women. Am. J. clin. Nutr. 39, 227.Google ScholarPubMed
Lunn, P.G., Watkinson, M., Prentice, A.M., Morrell, P., Austin, P. & Whitehead, R.G. (1981) Maternal nutrition and lactational infertility. Lancet, i, 1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeilly, A.S. (1988) Suckling and the control of gonadotrophin secretion. In: The Physiology of Reproduction. Edited by Knobil, E.Neill, J. et al. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
McNeilly, A.S., Glasier, A. & Howie, P.W. (1985) Endocrine control of lactational infertility I. In: Maternal Nutrition and Lactational Infertility. Edited by Dobbing, J.. Raven Press, New York.Google Scholar
Oldham, P.D. (1962) A note on the analysis of repeated measurements of the same subjects. J. Chron. Dis. 15, 969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panter-Brick, C. (1986) Women's work and childbearing experience: two ethnic groups of Salme, Nepal. Contrib. Nepalese Stud. 13, 137.Google Scholar
Panter-Brick, C. (1987) Motherhood and Subsistence Work in Salme, Nepal. D.Phil, thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Panter-Brick, C. (1989) Motherhood and subsistence work—the Tamang of rural Nepal. Hum. Ecol. 17, 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panter-Brick, C. (1990) Tamang child care and well-being. Himalayan Res. Bull. 10, 1.Google Scholar
Prema, K., Naidu, A.N., Neelakumari, S. & Ramalakshmi, B.A. (1981) Nutrition-fertility interaction in lactating women of low income groups. Br. J. Nutr. 45, 461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivera, R., Ortiz, E., Barrera, M., Kennedy, K. & Bhiwandiwala, P. (1985) Preliminary observations on the return of ovarian function among breast-feeding and post-partum non-breast-feeding women in a rural area of Mexico. J. biosoc. Sci. Suppl. 9, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosetta, L. (1989). Breast feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Serere women in Senegal. Ann. hum. Biol. 16, 311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross., J.L. (1984) Culture and fertility in the Nepal Himalayas: a test of a hypothesis. Hum. Ecol. 12, 163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, E.G. & Johnson, F.E. (1985) Science, nutrition, fat, and policy: tests of the critical-fat hypothesis. Curr. Anthrop. 26, 463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitzthum, V.J. (1989) Nursing behaviour and its relation to duration of post-partum amenorrhoea in an Andean community. J. biosoc. Sci. 21, 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, M.P. (1983) Effects of undernutrition on reproductive function in the human. Endocr. Rev. 4, 363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenlock, R.J. & Wenlock, R.W. (1981) Maternal nutrition, prolonged lactation and birth spacing in Ethiopia. J. biosoc. Sci. 13, 261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R.G., Rowland, M.G.M., Hutton, M., Prentice, A.M., Muller, E. & Paul, A. (1978) Factors influencing lactation performance in rural Gambian mothers. Lancet, ii, 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, J.W., Johnson, P.L. & Campbell, K.L. (1985) Demographic and endocrinological aspects of low natural fertility in Highland New Guinea. J. biosoc. Sci. 17, 57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed