Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:18:04.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR AMONG MIGRANTS IN THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2013

NEETA RAO ,
L. JEYASEELAN ,
ANNA JOY ,
V. SAMPATH KUMAR ,
M. THENMOZHI  and
SMRITI ACHARYA
NEETA RAO
Affiliation:
Avert Society, Mumbai, India
L. JEYASEELAN*
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
ANNA JOY
Affiliation:
Avert Society, Mumbai, India
V. SAMPATH KUMAR
Affiliation:
Health Office, United States Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India
M. THENMOZHI
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
SMRITI ACHARYA
Affiliation:
Avert Society, Mumbai, India
*
1Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Studies among migrants show that they are more susceptible to HIV infection than the general population and thereby spread the epidemic from high prevalence to low prevalence areas. It is therefore critical to enhance the body of knowledge on factors associated with condom use among migrants. This study, conducted in 2009 in the State of Maharashtra, covers 4595 single in-migrants aged 15–49 years and aims at understanding the factors associated with non-use of condoms consistently. Information was collected using a Structured Interview Schedule covering demographic, socioeconomic profile, sexual history, knowledge, behaviour and stigma and discrimination indicators. Logistic regression analysis was used to understand the association between unprotected sex and various socio-demographic and environmental factors. The models were run using the Enter method. The goodness-of-fit of the model was assessed using Hosmer and Lemeshow chi-squared statistics. A significant association is observed between sex with sex workers and older migrants (>24 years), the literate, those who are mobile, unmarried, employed in the textile, quarry and construction industries, who often consume alcohol and who watch pornographic films. The factors associated with unprotected sex are age between 30 and 34 years and no literacy. Migrants who are mobile and consume alcohol show a significant association with unprotected sex. The findings suggest a need for a comprehensive HIV prevention programme including strategies to address the stressful work conditions. The prevention programmes should focus not only on skills for safer sex practices, but also on alcohol use reduction.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 45 , Issue 5 , September 2013 , pp. 627 - 641
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anarfi, J. K. (2005) Reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS: what role has migration? IN UNFPA (ed.) International Migration and the Millennium Development Goals, pp. 99–109. URL: http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/487_filename_migration_report_2005.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bailey, A. (2008) Culture, Risk and HIV/AIDS among Migrant and Mobile Men in Goa, India. Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Banati, P. (2007) Risk amplification: HIV in migrant communities. Development Southern Africa 24, 205–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakraborty, S. (2004) Risk behaviour to HIV/AIDS among migrant workers: a case study of Surat, India. International Conference on AIDS, Vol. 15, Abstract No. D12429. URL: http://ww1.aegis.org/conferences/iac/2004/D12429.htmlGoogle Scholar
Coates, T. J., Richter, L. & Caceres, C. (2008). Behaviour strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. The Lancet 372, 669–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deb, A. K., Deb, M., Saha, M. K., Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharya, S. K. & Detels, R. (2009). HIV transmission potential among local and migrant factory workers in Kolkata, India. AIDS and Behavior 13, 928–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Bailey, J. M., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. & Statham, D. J. (1997) Participation bias in a sexuality survey: psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 844–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmer, L. (2001) HIV/AIDS Intervention Data on Commercial Sex Workers in Vietnam: A Review of Recent Research Findings. National AIDS Standing Bureau, Hanoi, Vietnam. URL: http://www.unaids.org.vn/resource/topicindex/sexwork.htmGoogle Scholar
Fenton, K. A., Johnson, A. M., McManus, S. & Erens, B. (2001) Measuring sexual behaviour: methodological challenges in survey research. Sexually Transmitted Infections 77, 84–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fosados, R., Caballero-Hoyos, R., Torres-López, T. & Valente, T. W. (2006) Condom use and migration in a sample of Mexican migrants: potential for HIV/STI transmission. Salud Pública de México 48, 57–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global HIV Prevention Working Group (2006) Proven HIV Prevention Strategies. Fact Sheet, Global HIV Prevention Working Group. URL: www.gatesfoundation.org and www.kff.orgGoogle Scholar
Gupta, K. & Singh, S. K. (2002) Social networking, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and risk-taking behaviour among migrant workers. In Regional Population Conference on Southeast Asia's Population in a Changing Asian Context. IUSSP, Bangkok, Thailand. URL http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S06Gupta.pdfGoogle Scholar
Halli, S. S., Blanchard, J., Satihal, D. G. & Moses, S. (2007) Migration and HIV transmission in rural South India: an ethnographic study. Culture, Health & Sexuality 9, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Indian Council of Medical Research & Family Health International (2009) National Summary Report (December 2009), India Integrated Behavioral and Biological Assessment (IBBA), Round 1 (2005–2007). Indian Council of Medical Research & Family Health International, India. URL: http://www.fhi360.org/NR/rdonlyres/ewxhge5nvpq2i4mjuo7vg2vnl%20zizq6rge7npe46jwrr2fwpjqp2vdv6lazazuj2oe7lundg7gxthaf/IndiaNSRIBBAfn%20l010710.pdfGoogle Scholar
Indian Council of Medical Research & Family Health International (2011) National Summary Report – India (July 2011), Integrated Behavioural and Biological Assessment (IBBA), Round 2 (2009–2010). Indian Council of Medical Research and FHI 360, New Delhi. URL: http://www.nari-icmr.res.in/IBBA/121IBBA_Round_2_NSR.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Organization for Migration & Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (2003) Mobile Populations and HIV/AIDS in the Southern African Region. Recommendations for Action, Desk Review and Bibliography on HIV/AIDS and Mobile Populations. UNAIDS, Geneva. URL: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/HIV_SouthAfrica1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Keshri, K. (2009) Migration and HIV/AIDS in India. Presented at the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference. IIPS. URL: http://iussp2009.princeton.edu/abstracts/91868Google Scholar
Kongnyuy, E. J. & Wiysonge, C. S. (2007) Alcohol use and extramarital sex among men in Cameroon. BMC International Health and Human Rights 7, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leigh, B. C. (2002) Alcohol and condom use: a meta-analysis of event-level studies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29, 476–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NACO (2010) Policy, Strategy and Operational Plan: HIV Intervention for Migrants. Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi. URL: http://www.nacoonline.org/upload/IEC%20Resources/GENDER%20POLICY%20Final%2019%20MARCH%202008.docGoogle Scholar
NACO (2011) National AIDS Control Programme, Phase III, State Fact Sheets. URL: http://www.nacoonline.org/upload/IEC%20Division/Parliamentarian%20Forum%204-5%20july%202011/NACO%20Fact%20Sheet.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nepal, B. (2007) Population mobility and spread of HIV across the Indo-Nepal border. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 25, 267–277.Google ScholarPubMed
Office of the Registrar General (2011) Census of India. New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Poudel, K. C., Jimba, M., Okumura, J., Sharma, M., Poudel, K. & Wakai, S. (2004) Migration in far western Nepal: a time bomb for a future HIV/AIDS epidemic? Tropical Doctor 34, 30–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puri, M. & Cleland, J. (2006) Sexual behavior and perceived risk of HIV/AIDS among young migrant factory workers in Nepal. Journal of Adolescent Health 38, 237–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saggurti, N., Mahapatra, B., Swain, S. & Jain, A. (2011) Male migration and risky sexual behavior in rural India: is the place of origin critical for HIV prevention programs? BMC Public Health 11, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saggurti, N., Schensul, S. L. & Verma, R. K. (2009) Migration, mobility and sexual risk behavior in Mumbai, India: mobile men with non-residential wife show increased risk. AIDS and Behavior 13, 921–927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saggurti, N., Verma, R. K., Jain, A., RamaRao, S., Kumar, K. A., Subbiah, A. & Bharat, S. (2008) HIV risk behaviours among contracted and non-contracted male migrant workers in India: potential role of labour contractors and contractual systems in HIV prevention. AIDS 22, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settle, E. E. (2003) Current Overview of HIV/AIDS in China. China AIDS survey. URL: http://www.casy.org/chron/AIDSchron_111603.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tata Institute of Social Sciences & Population Council (2008) Migration/Mobility and Vulnerability to HIV among Male Migrant Workers. Maharastra, Mumbai, India. URL: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/India_MaleMigrantHIVMaharashtra.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wolffers, I., Fernandez, I., Verghis, S. & Vink, M. (2002) Sexual behaviour and vulnerability of migrant workers for HIV infection. Culture, Health & Sexuality 4, 459–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2010) India National AIDS Control Program-Third Phase: Joint Implementation Review. New Delhi.Google Scholar
Xinhua (2005) Free films keep migrant workers off porn. CHINAdaily, 18th January 2005. Beijing. URL: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/10/content_467806.htmGoogle Scholar