Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:07:27.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bad Air Days: The Effects of Air Quality on Different Measures of Subjective Well-Being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2016

Paul Dolan
Affiliation:
London School of Economics, Social Policy, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
Kate Laffan*
Affiliation:
London School of Economics, Social Policy, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK, e-mail: [email protected]
*

Abstract

Air pollution makes us feel bad when we think about it – but do bad air days really affect our subjective well-being (SWB) when we are not thinking about them? And if so, do they affect the range of possible measures of SWB in similar ways? Using data from over 165,000 individuals in the UK, we model evaluative, experiential and eudemonic SWB as a function of demographic and local area characteristics including the background concentration of particulate matter. Our results indicate that air pollution adversely affects all of the positive measure of SWB included in our analysis; how satisfied people report being with their lives overall, how happy they report feeling on the previous day and how worthwhile they rate their activities as being, and that it does so over and above its effects on self-reported health. These effects can be monetized and may imply greater priority being afforded to pollution abatement programs than is currently warranted based on existing estimates of the health effects alone.

Keywords

Type
Articles
Copyright
© Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, Matthew D. (2013). Happiness Surveys and Public Policy: What’s the Use? Duke Law Journal, 62, 15091601.Google Scholar
Air Quality Expert Group(2012a). Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom. Report prepared for DEFRA.Google Scholar
Air Quality Expert Group (2012b). Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom. London: DEFRA.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Richard, Carey, Ian M., Kent, Andrew J., Van Staa, Tjeerd, Anderson, Ross & Cook, Derek G. (2013). Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases. Epidemiology, 24(1), 4453.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Richard, Carey, Ian M., Kent, Andrew J., Van Staa, Tjeerd, Anderson, Ross & Cook, Derek G. (2015). Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and the Incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a National English Cohort. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72(1), 4248.Google Scholar
Baker, Michael, Stabile, Mark & Deri, Catherine (2004). What Do Self-Reported, Objective, Measures of Health Measure? The Journal of Human Resources, 39(4), 10671093.Google Scholar
Beardsmore, Rachel & Randall, Chris (2015). Measuring National Well-Being: International Comparisons. UK Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne & Mullainathan, Sendhil (2001). Do People Mean What They Say? Implications for Subjective Survey Data. American Economic Review, 91(2), 6772.Google Scholar
Blanchflower, David & Oswald, Andrew (2008). Is Well-Being U-Shaped over the Life Cycle? Social Science and Medicine, 66, 1733e–1749c.Google Scholar
Blanchflower, David G., Oswald, Andrew & Brown, Sarah Stewart (2012). Is Psychological Well-Being Linked to the Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables? Social Indicators Research, 114, 785801.Google Scholar
Brereton, Finbarr, Clinch, Peter & Ferreira, Susana (2008). Happiness, Geography and the Environment. Ecological Economics, 65(2), 386396.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. Colin & Miller, Douglas L. (2011). Robust Inference with Clustered Data. In Ullah, Aman & Giles, David E. (Eds.), Handbook of Empirical Economics and Finance (pp. 128). Florida, US: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Carey, Iain M., Atkinson, Richard W., Kent, Andrew J., Van Staa, Tjeerd, Cook, Derek G. & Anderson, Ross (2013a). Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution in a National English Cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187(11), 12261233.Google Scholar
Carey, Iain M., Atkinson, Richard W., Kent, Andrew J., Van Staa, Tjeerd, Cook, Derek G. & Anderson, H. Ross (2013b). Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution in a National English Cohort-Supplementary Material. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187(11), 12261233, Supplementary material available for download at http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/suppl/10.1164/rccm.201210-1758OC/suppl_file/carey_data_supplement.pdf.Google Scholar
Carroll, Nick, Frijters, Paul & Shields, Michael A. (2009). Quantifying the Costs of Drought: New Evidence from Life Satisfaction Data. Journal of Population Economics, 22(2), 445461.Google Scholar
Clark, Andrew E., Frijters, Paul & Shields, Michael A. (2008). Relative Income, Happiness, and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles. Journal ofEconomic Literature, 46(1), 95144.Google Scholar
Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants [COMEAP] (2010). The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom. Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants.Google Scholar
Connolly, Marie (2013). Some Like It Mild and Not Too Wet: The Influence of Weather on Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 457473.Google Scholar
Cuñado, Juncal & De Gracia, Fernando Pérez (2013). Environment and Happiness: New Evidence for Spain. Social Indicators Research, 112(3), 549567.Google Scholar
Deaton, Angus (2011). The Financial Crisis and the Well-Being of Americans: 2011. OEP Hicks Lecture. Oxford Economic Papers, 64(1), 126, doi:10.1093/oep/gpr051.Google Scholar
Deeming, Christopher (2013). Addressing the Social Determinants of Subjective Wellbeing: The Latest Challenge for Social Policy. Journal of Social Policy, 42(3), 541565.Google Scholar
DEFRA (2007). The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Cm 7169 NIA 61/06-07.Google Scholar
DEFRA (2011). Air Quality Damage Cost Guidance. Air quality and Environmental Management Guidance. Available for download at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/182390/air-quality-damage-cost-guidance.pdf.Google Scholar
DEFRA (2013). Impact Pathway Guidance for Valuing Changes in Air Quality. Air quality and Environmental Management Guidance. Available for download at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/197900/pb13913-impact-pathway-guidance.pdf.Google Scholar
DEFRA(2014). Air Pollution Background Concentration Maps: A User Guide for Local Authorities. June 2014. Available for download at http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/Background-maps-user-guide-v1.0.pdf.Google Scholar
Denby, Bruce, Garcia, Val, Holland, David & Hogrefe, Christian (2010). Integration of Air Quality Modeling and Monitoring Data for Enhanced Health Exposure Assessment. EM: Air and Waste Management Associations Magazine for Environmental Managers. In Air and Waste Management Association (pp. 4649). Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul (2014). Happiness by Design: Change What You Do, Not How You Think. New York, US: Hudson Street Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul & Kahneman, Daniel (2008). Interpretations of Utility and Their Implications for the Valuation of Health. The Economic Journal, 118(525), 215234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, Paul & Kavetsos, Georgios (2016). Happy Talk: Mode of Administration Effects on Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 12731291.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul & Kudrna, Laura. How should we measure happiness for public policy? In Springer Handbook of Eudaimonic Wellbeing. New York, US: Springer.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul, Layard, Richard & Metcalfe, Robert(2011). Measuring Subjective Wellbeing for Public Policy: Recommendations on Measures. UK Office for National Statistics Report.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul & Metcalfe, Robert(2008). Comparing willingness-to-pay and subjective wellbeing in the context of non-market goods. CEP Discussion Paper, No 890.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul & Metcalfe, Robert (2012). Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: Recommendations on Measures for Use by National Governments. Journal of Social Policy, 41(2), 409427.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul, Peasgood, Tessa & White, Mathew (2008). Do We Really Know What Makes Us Happy? A Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors Associated with Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Joanne, Macrory, Ian & Randall, Chris (2015). Measuring National Well-Being: Life in the UK, 2015. UK Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Susana, Akay, Alpaslan, Brereton, Finbarr, Cuñado, Juncal, Martinsson, Peter, Moro, Mirko & Ningal, Tine F. (2013). Life Satisfaction and Air Quality in Europe. Ecological Economics, 88, 110.Google Scholar
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Ada & Frijters, Paul (2004). How Important Is Methodology for the Estimates of the Determinants of Happiness? The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641659.Google Scholar
Forbes, Lindsay, Kapetanakis, Venediktos, Rudnicka, Alicja R., Cook, Derek G., Bush, Tony, Stedman, John R., Whincup, Peter H., Strachan, David P. & Anderson, Ross H. (2009a). Chronic Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Lung Function in Adults. Thorax, 64(8), 657663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, Lindsay, Patel, Minal D., Rudnicka, Alicja R., Cook, Derek G., Bush, Tony, Stedman, John R., Whincup, Peter H., Strachan, David P. & Anderson, Ross H. (2009b). Chronic Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Markers of Systemic Inflammation. Epidemiology, 20(2), 245253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forgeard, Marie, Jayawickreme, Eranda, Kern, Margaret & Seligman, Martin (2011). Doing the Right Thing: Measuring Wellbeing for Public Policy. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 79106, doi:10.5502/ijw.v1i1.15.Google Scholar
Fujiwara, Daniel (2013). Museums and Happiness: The Value of Participating in Museums and the Arts. The Happy Museum Project and the Arts Council England. Research Report.Google Scholar
Fujiwara, Daniel & Campbell, Ross (2011). Valuation Techniques for Social Cost-Benefit Analysis: Stated Preference, Revealed Preference and Subjective Well-Being Approaches. HM Treasury UK.Google Scholar
Gardner, Jonathan & Oswald, Andrew J. (2007). Money and Mental Wellbeing: A Longitudinal Study of Medium-sized Lottery Wins. Journal of Health Economics, 4960.Google Scholar
Jones, Caroline (2012). Subjective Well-being Survey User Guide: 12 Month Dataset. Office For National Statistics.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London, UK: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel & Deaton, Angus (2010). High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1648916493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahneman, Daniel & Krueger, Alan B. (2006). Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 324.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel & Riis, Jason (2005). Living and Thinking about It: Two Perspectives on Life. In Baylis, N., Huppert, Felicia A. & Keverne, B. (Eds.), The Science of Well-Being (pp. 285301). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Larsen, Jeff T. & McGraw, A. Peter (2011). Further Evidence for Mixed Emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 10951110.Google Scholar
Lelkes, Orsolya (2013). Minimising Misery: A New Strategy for Public Policies Instead of Maximising Happiness? Social Indicators Research, 114(1), 121137.Google Scholar
Levinson, Arik (2012). Valuing Public Goods Using Happiness Data: The Case of Air Quality. Journal of Public Economics, 96(9–10), 869880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Ricard E. (2007). Adaptation and the Set-Point Model of Subjective Well-Being. Does Happiness Change After Major Life Events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 7579.Google Scholar
Lucas, Richard E., Clark, Andrew E., Georgellis, Yannis & Diener, E. D. (2003). Re‐examining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 527539.Google Scholar
Luechinger, Simon (2009). Valuing Air Quality Using the Life Satisfaction Approach. Economic Journal, 119, 482515.Google Scholar
Luechinger, Simon (2010). Life Satisfaction and Transboundary Air Pollution. Economics Letters, 107(1), 46.Google Scholar
Luechinger, Simon & Raschky, Paul (2009). Valuing Flood Disasters Using the Life Satisfaction Approach. Journal of Public Economics, 93, 620633.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Maike, Eid, Michael & Lucas, Richard E. (2012). Subjective Well-Being and Adaptation to Life Events: A Meta-Analysis on Differences between Cognitive and Affective Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 592615.Google Scholar
Luttmer, E. F. P. (2005). Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(3), 9631002.Google Scholar
MacKerron, George & Mourato, Susana (2009). Life Satisfaction and Air Quality in London. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 14411453.Google Scholar
MacKerron, George & Mourato, Susana (2013). Happiness Is Greater in Natural Environments. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 9921000.Google Scholar
Menz, Tobias & Welsch, Heinz (2010). Population Aging and Environmental Preferences in OECD Countries: The Case of Air Pollution. Ecological Economics, 69, 25822589.Google Scholar
Met Office(2014). UKCP09 Gridded Observation Data Sets – Frequently Asked Questions. Met Office: UKCP09 Gridded Observation Data Sets. Accessed September 8, 2015.Google Scholar
Nature England(2013). Monitor of Engagement with the Natural Environment: The national survey on people and the natural environment – Wellbeing and the natural environment. NECR129 Edition 1.Google Scholar
OECD (2013). Measuring Subjective Well-Being. OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being, 139178.Google Scholar
Orru, Kati, Orru, Hans, Maasikmets, Marek, Handrikson, Reigo & Ainsaar, Mare (2016). Well-Being and Environmental Quality: Does Pollution Affect Life Satisfaction? Quality of Life Research, 25(3), 699705.Google Scholar
Pope, Clive Arden, Burnett, Richard T., Thun, Michael J., Calle, Eugenia E., Krewski, Daniel, Ito, Kazuhiko & Thurston, George D. (2002). Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 11321141.Google Scholar
Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Van Den Berg, Bernard (2011). Putting Different Price Tags on the Same Health Condition: Re‐Evaluating the Well-Being Valuation Approach. Journal of Health Economics, 30(5), 10321043.Google Scholar
Rehdanz, Katrin & Maddison, David (2005). Climate and Happiness. Ecological Economics, 52(1), 111125.Google Scholar
Ricardo-AEA(2013). Technical report on UK supplementary assessment under the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC), the Air Quality Framework Directive (96/62/EC) and Fourth Daughter Directive (2004/107/EC) for 2012. Ricardo-AEA/R/3380. Report for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Welsh Government, the Scottish Government and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland.Google Scholar
Robinson, Lisa A. & Hammit, James K. (2013). Skills of the Trade: Valuing Health Risk Reductions in Benefit-Cost Analysis. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 4(1), 107130.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Maike (2013). Subjective Well-Being and Air Quality in Germany. Schmollers Jahrbuch, 133(2), 275286, doi:10.3790/schm.133.2.275.Google Scholar
Smyth, Russel, Mishra, Vinod & Qian, Xiaolei (2008). The Environment and Well-Being in Urban China. Ecological Economics, 68(1–2), 547555.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph E., Sen, Amartya & Fitoussi, Jean-Paul(2009). Report by the Stiglitz Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress.Google Scholar
Stone, Arthur & Mackie, Chritopher (2013). Subjective Well-Being: Measuring Happiness, Suffering, and Other Dimensions of Experience. Washington DC, US: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Health and Welfare Benefits Analyses to Support the Second Section 812 Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Clean Air Act. Industrial Economics Incorporated, Second Section 812 Prospective Analysis.Google Scholar
Van Praag, Bernard & Baarsma, Barbara (2005). Using Happiness Surveys to Value Intangibles: The Case of Airport Noise. The Economic Journal, 500, 224246.Google Scholar
Vittersø, Joar, Oelmann, Hella I. & Wang, Anita L. (2009). Life Satisfaction Is Not a Balanced Estimator of the Good Life: Evidence from Reaction Time Measures and Self-Reported Emotions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 117.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Neil (1982). Community Noise Problems: Evidence Against Adaptation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2, 8797.Google Scholar
Welsch, Heinz (2002). Preferences over Prosperity and Pollution: Environmental Valuation Based on Happiness Surveys. Kyklos, 55(4), 473494.Google Scholar
Welsch, Heinz (2006). Environment and Happiness: Valuation of Air Pollution Using Life Satisfaction Data. Ecological Economics, 58, 801813.Google Scholar