Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T05:46:09.483Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Venturing into “Barbarous” Regions: Transborder Trade among Migrant Yunnanese between Thailand and Burma, 1960s–1980s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2009

Get access

Abstract

This essay examines the cross-border trade among the migrant Yunnanese between Burma and Thailand during the era of the Burmese socialist regime. It was a period when the Burmese government implemented a nationalized economic system and strictly forbade free movement and private trade. Taking a transborder perspective, the essay looks beyond government institutions and probes the mercantile agency of the migrant Yunnanese traders, which contributed to the formation of their socioeconomic mechanisms. The findings suggest that the economic practices of the Yunnanese traders in effect constituted a transnational popular realm that formed an informal oppositional power against the Thai and Burmese national bureaucracies on the one hand, and incorporated varied state agencies on the other hand.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Anzaldúa, Gloria. 1987. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.Google Scholar
Baud, Michiel, and van Schendel, William. 1997. “Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands.Journal of World History 8 (2): 211–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 1999. “Beyond the Military: The Complex Migration and Resettlement of the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand.” PhD diss., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.Google Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2002. “Identification of Leadership among the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33 (1): 123–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2004. “Guanxi and Regulation in Networks: The Yunnanese Jade Trade between Burma and Thailand, 1962–88.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 35 (3): 479501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2005. “Invisible Warriors: The Migrant Yunnanese Women in Northern Thailand. Kolor: Journal on Moving Communities 5 (2): 4970.Google Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2006a. “Home Away from Home: Migrant Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand.International Journal of Asian Studies 3 (1): 4976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2006b. “The Trading Culture of Jade Stones among the Yunnanese in Burma and Thailand, 1962–88.Journal of Chinese Overseas 2 (2): 107–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Wen-chin. 2008. “The Interstitial Subjectivities of the Yunnanese Chinese in Thailand.Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 9 (2): 97122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yawnghwe, Chao Tzang. 1990. The Shan of Burma: Memories of a Shan Exile. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Chen, Ruxing. 1992. “Han Tang zhi Song Yuan shiji zai Miandian de Huaren” [Chinese in Burma during the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan periods]. Haiwai huaren yanjiu, no. 2:4157.Google Scholar
Chen, Wen. 1996. Kunsa jinsanjaio chuanqi [Khun sa: Stories of golden triangle]. Taipei: Yunchen wenhua.Google Scholar
Chiranan, Prasertkul. 1990. “Yunnan Trade in the Nineteenth Century: Southwest China's Cross-Boundaries Functional System.” Asian Studies Monograph no. 044, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1992. “Traveling Cultures.” In Cultural Studies, ed. Crossberg, Lawrence, Nelson, Cary, and Treichler, Paula A, 96116. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cowell, Adrian. 2005. “Opium Anarchy in the Shan State of Burma.” In Trouble in the Triangle: Opium and Conflict in Burma, ed. Jelsma, Martin, Kramer, Tom, and Vervest, Pietje121. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Donnan, Hastings, and Wilson, Thomas M. 1994. “An Anthropology of Frontiers.” In Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers, ed. Donnan, Hastings and Wilson, Thomas M., 114. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Donnan, Hastings, and Wilson, Thomas M. 1999. Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Fang, Shiduo. 2002. Fang shiduo xiansheng quanji yi zhi xianhua dianbian ji tian nan tan [The complete works of Mr. Fang Shiduo. Vol. 1, Essays on Yunnan and its southern countries]. Publisher unknown.Google Scholar
Fang, Yijie. 2003. Dijin fengshui yu rushang wenhua: Yunnan Heshun qiaoxiang de minjian wenhua yu guojia xiangzheng shijian [Landscape geometry and the culture of gentry businessmen: The folk culture and practices of state symbolism in Heshun Township of Yunnan]. Master's thesis, Qinghua University.Google Scholar
FitzGerald, C. P. 1972. The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Giersch, C. Patterson. 2006. Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart, and du Gay, Paul, eds. 1996. Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Hill, Ann Maxwell. 1998. Merchants and Migrants: Ethnicity and Trade among Yunnanese Chinese in Southeast Asia. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Hu, Qingrong [Ding Zuoshao]. 1974. Dianbian youji shihua [History of Yunnanese guerrillas]. Tainan: Zhongguo shiji zazhishe.Google Scholar
Jelsma, Martin, Kramer, Tom, and Vervest, Pietje. 2005. “Introduction.” In Trouble in the Triangle: Opium and Conflict in Burma, ed. Jelsma, Martin, Kramer, Tom, and Vervest, Pietje, viixiv. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.Google Scholar
Johnson, David E, and Michaelsen, Scott. 1997. “Border Secrets: An Introduction.” In Border Theory: The Limits of Cultural Politics, ed. Michaelsen, Scott and Johnson, David E, 139. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Hlaing, Kyaw Yin. 2001. “The Politics of State-Business Relations in Post-Colonial Burma.” PhD diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Lamour, Catherine, and Lamberti, Michel R.. 1974. The Second Opium War. Trans. Ross, Peter and Ross, Betty. London: Lane.Google Scholar
Leach, E. R. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. London: Athlone Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Lintner, Bertil. 1988. “All the Wrong Moves: Only the Black Economy Is Keeping Burma Afloat.” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 27.Google Scholar
Lintner, Bertil. 1994. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Bangkok: White Lotus.Google Scholar
Lu, Ren. 2001. Bianqian yu jiaorong mingdai yunnan hanzu yiming yanjiu [Transformation and incorporation: A study on the Han migration in Yunnan in the Ming dynasty]. Kunming: Yunnan jiaoyu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lugo, Alejandro. 1997. “Reflections on Border Theory, Culture and the Nation.” In Border Theory: The Limits of Cultural Politics. ed. Michaelsen, Scott and Johnson, David E., 4367. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ma, Shitu. 1985. “Yunnan mabang qushi” [Episodes of Yunnanese caravan trade]. Yunnan wenxian, no. 15:152–55.Google Scholar
Marcus, George E, and Fischer, Michael M. J.. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S, Arango, Joaquin, Hugo, Graeme, Kouaouci, Ali, Pellegrino, Adela, and Taylor, Edward J.. 1993. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal.Population and Development Review 19 (3): 431–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoy, Alfred W. 1991. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Lawrence Hill Books.Google Scholar
Than, Mya. 1996. Myanmar's External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Singapore: ASEAN Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Ochs, Elinor, and Capps, Lisa. 1996. “Narrating the Self.Annual Review of Anthropology 25:1943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapport, Nigel, and Dawson, Andrew. 1998. “Opening a Debate.” In Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement, ed. Rapport, Nigel and Dawson, Andrew, 338. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Republic of China, Ministry of Defense. 1964. Dianmian bianqu youji zhanshi [History of guerrilla wars in the Sino-Burmese border areas]. 2 vols. Taipei: Guofangbu shizhen bianyinju.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1993. Cultural and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Rouse, Roger. 1991. “Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism.Diaspora 1 (1): 823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Martin J. 1993. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Sturgeon, Janet C. 2005. Border Landscapes: The Politics of Akha Land Use in China and Thailand. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Laichen. 2000. “Ming-Southeast Asian Overland Interactions, 1368–1644.” PhD diss., University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, Eric. 2005. Secret Trades, Porous Borders: Smuggling and States along a Southeast Asian Frontier, 1865–1915. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Winichakul, Thongchai. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Winichakul, Thongchai. 2003. “Writing at the Interstices: Southeast Asian Historians and Postnational Histories in Southeast Asia.” In New Terrains in Southeast Asian History, ed. Ahmad, Abu Talib and Ee, Tan Liok, 329. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 1994. “From the Margins.Cultural Anthropology 9 (3): 298301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Union of Burma, Ministry of Information. 1953. The Kuomintang Aggression Against Burma. Rangoon: Ministry of Information.Google Scholar
Walker, Andrew. 1999. The Legend of the Golden Boat: Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Mingda, and Zhang, Xilu. 1993. Mabang wenhua [Culture of caravan trade]. Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Yingpeng. 1993. “Mingguo shiqi dali fengyi de mabang” [The caravan trade from Dali and Fengyi during the Republic period]. In Yunnan wenshi ziliao xuanji [Anthology of Yunnanese history], no. 42, ed. Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshanghuiyi yunnansheng weiyuanhui wenshiziliao yanjiu weiyuanhui, 309–17. Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubansheGoogle Scholar
Yang, Bin. 2008. Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan (Second Century BCE–Twentieth Century CE). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui. 1994. Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Yin, Wenhe. 1984. “Yunnan han heshun qiaoxiangshi gaishu” [A general migration history of Heshun]. Yunnanshen lishi yanjiusuo jikan, no. 2:273301.Google Scholar
Young, Kenneth Ray. 1970. “Nationalist Chinese Troops in Burma: Obstacle in Burma's Foreign Relations, 1949–1961.” PhD diss., New York University.Google Scholar