Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:59:26.598Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rāmāyaṇa and Political Imagination in India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Get access

Extract

From december 1992 through january 1993, more than 3,000 people were killed in “communal” rioting across India, from Surat to Calcutta, from Kanpur to Bangalore. The likes of this rioting had not been seen for generations; in Bombay, for example, more than 600 people died, and the city was brought to a standstill for a week and a half. These recent events were related to but exceeded even the gruesome slaughters that took place in the last quarter of 1990, when a communal “frenzy” took hold that was then viewed as unprecedented in post-Partition India (Engineer 1991a, cf. 1991b).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ahmad, Aziz. 1963. “Epic and Counter-Epic in Medieval India.” Jaos 83, 470–76.Google Scholar
Andhare, Shridhar. 1987. Chronology of Mewar Paintings. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.Google Scholar
Athar, Ali M. 1990. “Encounter and Effloresence: Genesis of the Medieval Civilization.” SS 2021, 1328.Google Scholar
Bakker, Hans. 1986. Ayodhyā. Gronigen: Egbert Forsten.Google Scholar
Bakker, Hans. 1987. “Reflections on the Evolution of Rāma Devotion in the Light of Textual and Archaeological Evidence.” WZKSA 31, 942.Google Scholar
Bakker, Hans. 1989a. “The Antiquities of Ramtek Hill, Maharashtra.” SAS 5, 79102.Google Scholar
Bakker, Hans. 1989b. “The Ramtek Inscriptions.” BSOAS 52, 467–96.Google Scholar
Barnett, Anthony. 1990. “‘Cambodia Will Never Disappear.’” NLR 180, 101–25.Google Scholar
Basak, Radhagovinda, ed. 1969. Rāma[pāla]carita, rev. ed. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.Google Scholar
Belvalkar, S. K., ed. 1914ff. Pṛthvīrāja Vijaya. Calcutta: Asiatic Society. Bibliotheca Indica.Google Scholar
Bhandarkar, R. G. 1912. “Some Unpublished Inscriptions, 3. Hānsī Stone Inscription of Pṛthvīrāja [Vikrama]Sa ṃ vat 1224.” IA 1912, 17ff.Google Scholar
Bhandarkar, R. G. 1913. Vai ṣṇ avism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems. Repr. ed. Varanasi: Indological Bookhouse, 1965.Google Scholar
Bhatia, Pratipal. 1970. The Paramāras. New Delhi: Manshiram Manoharlal.Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, V. S., trans. 1991. Kānha ḍ adeprabandha. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.Google Scholar
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 1977. The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions [of Kattywar, etc.]. Published by the Bhavnagar Archaeological Department under the Auspices of the Maharaja of Bhavnagar. Bhavnagar: State Printing Press. No date [ca. 1896], no editor [introduction by Peter Peterson].Google Scholar
Cousens, Henry. 1897. List of Antiquarian Remains in the Central Provinces and Berār. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India.Google Scholar
Dagens, Bruno. 1984. Entre Alampur et Śrīśailam: Recherches archéologiques en Andhra Pradesh. Vol. I. Pondichery: Institut français d'Indologie.Google Scholar
Dalal, Chimanlal D., ed. 1920. Hammīramadamardana of Jayasiṃhasuri. Baroda: Central Library. Gaekward's Oriental Series 10.Google Scholar
Dallapiccola, Anna Libera. 1992. The Rāmacandra Temple. New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, S. N., and de, S. K.. 1962. History of Sanskrit Literature, Classical Period, Vol. I. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.Google Scholar
Deyell, John S. 1990. Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diskelkar, D. B. [sic]. 1960. “Qualifications and Subjects of Study of Inscriptional Poets.” JIH 38.2, 553ff.Google Scholar
Engineer, Ali Asghar. 1991a. “The Bloody Trail: Ramjanmabhoomi and Communal Violence in UP.” EPW, 155–59.Google Scholar
Engineer, Ali Asghar. 1991b. “Remaking Muslim Identity.” EPW, 1036–38.Google Scholar
Fritz, John. 1985. “Was Vijayanagar a ‘Cosmic City?’” In Dallapiccola, A.-L. and Lallement, S. Zingel-Avé, eds., Vijayanagar—City and Empire. Wiesbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
Fritz, John. 1986. “Vijayanagar: Authority and Meaning of a South Indian Imperial Capital.” American Anthropologist 88.1.Google Scholar
Fritz, John M., et al. 1984a. Where Kings and Gods Meet: The Royal Centre at Vijayanagara. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Fritz, John M., et al. 1984b. The Royal Centre at Vijayanagara: Preliminary Report. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, Vijayanagara Research Centre.Google Scholar
Gadre, A. S. N.d. (ca. 1943). Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State. Baroda: N. p.Google Scholar
Goetz, Hermann. 1965–66. “Frühe Darstellungen von Moslems in der Hindu-Kunst.” Oriens 1819, 193–99.Google Scholar
Gopal, Sarvapalli, et al. N.d. “The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute.” New Delhi: Center for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Reprinted in SS 18 (1990), 7681.Google Scholar
Grabar, Oleg, and Blair, Sheila. 1980. Epic Images and Contemporary History: The Illustrations of the Great Mongol Shahnama. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Habibullah, A. B. M. 1961. The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. Allahabad: Central Book Depot.Google Scholar
Harth, Dietrich, and Assmann, Jan. 1992. Revolution und Mythos. Frankfurt/ Main: Fischer.Google Scholar
Hess, Linda. 1992. “‘I Swear to Rid the Earth of Demons’: Uses of the Tulsi Rāmāyaṇa and Ram-bhakti in the Ram-Janma-bhumi Movement.”Paper presented at the American Academy of Religion annual meeting.Google Scholar
Jameson, Fredric. 1971. Marxism and Form. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jamkhedkar, A. P. 1986. “Ancient Structures.” Marg 37.1, pp. 2536.Google Scholar
Jinavijaya, Muni, ed. 1933. Prabandhacintāma ṇi. Śantiniketan: Singhi Jaina Jnanapitha.Google Scholar
Jinavijaya, Muni, ed. 1935. Prabandhakośa. Śantiniketan: Singhi Jain Jnanapitha.Google Scholar
Jinavijaya, Muni, ed. 1936. Purātanaprabandhasa ṃgraha. Calcutta: Singhi Jain Jnanapitha.Google Scholar
Kane, P. V. 1962–75. History of Dharmaśāstra. Second editionPoona: BORI.Google Scholar
Katre, S. M. 1954. Introduction to Indian Textual Criticism. Poona: Deccan College.Google Scholar
Kielhorn, F., ed. 1901. “Bruchstücke indischer Schauspiele in Inschriften zu Ajmer.” Festschrift zur Feier des hundertfünfzigjährigen Bestehens der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Berlin: Abhandlungen der phil.-hist. Klasse.Google Scholar
Krishnamachariar, R. V., ed. 1907. Acyutārāydbhyudaya. Srirangam: Sri Vani Vilas Press.Google Scholar
Kulke, Hermann, and Rothermund, Dietmar. 1986. A History of India. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe, and Jean-Luc Nancy. 1990. “The Nazi Myth.” CI 16.2.Google Scholar
Lienhard, Siegfried. 1984. A History of Classical Poetry. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Losty, J. P. 1978. “The Jagat Singh Vdlmiki Rāmāyaṇa Manuscript from Udaipur.” Bulletin of the International Association of the Vrindavan Research Institute, No. 4, 314.Google Scholar
Lutgendorf, Philip. 1991. The Life of a Text: Tulsiāds's Rāmcaritmānas in Performance. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lyotard, Jean-François. 1973. Des dispositifs pulsionnels. Paris: Uge.Google Scholar
Majumdar, Asoke Kumar. 1956. Chaulukyas of Gujarat. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.Google Scholar
Majumdar, N. G., ed. 1929. Inscriptions of Bengal, Vol. 3. Rajshahi: Varendra Research Society.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1963. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Mirashi, V. V. 1955. Inscriptions of the Kalchuri-Chedi Era. Ootacamund. Cii, Vol. 4.Google Scholar
Mirashi, V. V. 1977. Inscriptions of the Sildhdras. CII, Vol. 6.Google Scholar
Nagarajarao, M. S., ed. 1978. Calukyas of Badami. Bangalore: Mythic Society.Google Scholar
Nagaswamy, R. 1980. “Sri Rāmāyaṇa in Tamilnadu in Art, Thought and Literature.” In Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Asia. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.Google Scholar
Nagaswamy, R. 1983. Masterpieces of Early South Indian Bronzes. New Delhi: National Museum.Google Scholar
Ojha, Gaurishankar Hirachand, and Guleri, Chandradhar Sharma, eds. The P ṛithvīrājavijaya of Jayānaka. Ajmer: Vedic Yantralaya, 1941.Google Scholar
Pal, Pratapaditya. 1986–87. Indian Sculpture. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Pathak, V. S. 1966. Ancient Historians of India: A Study in Historical Biographies. New York: Asia Publishing House.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. 1986. The Rāmāyaṇna of Vālmīki, an Epic of Ancient India, Vol. 2: Ayodhyākāṇḍa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. 1991. The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki, an Epic of Ancient India, Vol. 3: Araṇyakāṇḍa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Prabha, Chandra. 1976. Historical Mahakdvyas in Sanskrit. New Delhi: Shri Bharat Bharati.Google Scholar
Prasad, Pushpa. 1990. Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Puri, B. N. 1986. The History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras. Second revised edition. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.Google Scholar
Rajendra, Prasad B. 1980. Art of South India—Andhra Pradesh. Delhi: Sundeep.Google Scholar
Rāmdās, . 1985. Śrīrāmdāsāṃce Samagra Graṃmtha. Pune: Vardā, 1985.Google Scholar
Ramesh, K., ed. 1984. Inscriptions of the Western Gangas. Delhi: Agam Prakasham.Google Scholar
Rao, V. Narayana. 1991. “Rāmāyaṇa as Contested Reality: Protest Rāmāyaṇas in Telugu.”Paper presented at the International Conference, “Rāmāyaṇa: Texts and Traditions,”U. of Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Richards, J. F. 1974. “The Islamic Frontier in the East: Expansion into South Ash.” JSAS 4, 91109.Google Scholar
Richman, Paula, ed. 1991. Many Rāmāyaṇas. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sachau, Edward, trans. 1910. The Chronology of Ancient Nations (The Athar al-bāqāyah of al-Biruni). London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Sandesara, B. J. and Puṇnyavijaya, , eds. Ullāgharāghava of Someśvara. 1961. Baroda: Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Sanford, David Theron. 1974. “Early Temples Bearing Rāmāyaṇa Relief Cycles in the Chola Area: A Comparative Study.” Unpublished diss., UCLA.Google Scholar
Sarda, Har Bilas. 1913. “The Prithviraja Vijaya.” JRAS 1913, 259ff.Google Scholar
Sardesai, G. S., ed. N.d. [1927]. Shivaji Souvenir: Tercentenary Celebration, Bombay: 3 May, 1927. Bombay: Keshav Bhikaji Dhawale.Google Scholar
Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1963. Search For a Method. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Sharma, Dasharatha. 1975. Early Chauhān Dynasties, Second revised edition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Google Scholar
Sharma, R. S. 1990. “Communalism and India's Past.” SS 18, 10.Google Scholar
Simha, B. P. 1968. “Representation of Rāmāyaṇic Scenes on an Old Temple Wall at Aphsad.” JBRS 54.Google Scholar
Sircar, D. C. 1939- The Successors of the Sātavāhanas in Lower Deccan. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.Google Scholar
Sircar, D. C. 1965. Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. 1. Second edition. Calcutta: U. of Calcutta.Google Scholar
Sircar, D. C. 1980. “Rāmāyaṇa in Inscriptions.” In Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Asia. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 322ff.Google Scholar
Sircar, D. C. 1983. Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Google Scholar
Sivaramamurti, C. 1980. “The Rāmāyaṇa in Indian Sculpture.” In Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Asia. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.Google Scholar
Smith, W. L. 1988. Rāmāyaṇa Traditions in Eastern India. Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Department of Indology.Google Scholar
Stein, Burton. 1980. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tarling, Nicholas. 1992. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One: From Early Times to c. 1800. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tod, James. 1884. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. Calcutta: Rajasthan Press.Google Scholar
Tulpule, S. G. 1979- Classical Marathi Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Vaudeville, Charlotte. 1974. Kabīr, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Venkatacharya, T. 1990. The Udārarāghava of Śākalyamalla. Madras: Adyar Library and Research Center.Google Scholar
Verma, Onkar Prasad. 1973. A Survey of Hemadpanti Temples in Maharashtra. Nagpur: Nagpur University.Google Scholar
Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. 1990. La Démocratic grecque vue d'ailleurs. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
[Vishva Hindu Parishad]. 1991. History versus Casuistry: Evidence of the Ramajanmabhoomi Mandir presented by the Vishva Hindu Parishad to the Government of India in December–January 1990–91. New Delhi: Voice of India.Google Scholar
Vogel, J. P. 1906–8. Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report. Archaeological Survey of India.Google Scholar
Williams, Joanna. 1982. The Art of Gupta India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wink, André. 1990ff. Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-lslamic World, Vol. 1. Leiden-New York: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, Kamil V. 1974. Tamil Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar