Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:25:45.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Representation and South Korean Women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Get access

Extract

In his 1955 book, The Political Role of Women, Maurice Duverger brought our attention to the lack of representation of women in politics. Since that time, the dismal underrepresentation of women in politics has not much improved. Few women rise to leadership positions in politics; as Jean Blondel found in a more recent cross-cultural comparison of political leaders, less than 0.005 percent of all leaders were women (1987, 116–17). Regarding women's political participation, political scientists used to assert that women tended to “limit attention to the superficial and irrelevant aspects of politics” (Lane 1959, 213). Many argued that women had a different political view than did men: they were apolitical, they personalized politics, and they adopted their husbands' political orientations. Accordingly, they became political leaders only by default, as substitutes for deceased husbands or fathers.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Amy, Douglas. 1993. Real Choices/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation Elections in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Kristi. 1975. “Working Women and Political Participation, 1952–1972.” American Journal of Political Science 19.3 (August): 439–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, Sandra, and Lansing, Marjorie. 1983. Women and Politics; The Visible Majority. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Blondel, Jean. 1987. Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis. London: Sage Publishers.Google Scholar
Boles, Janet. 1979. The Politics of the Equal Rights Amendment. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Boneparth, E. 1977. “Women in Campaigns: From Lickin' and Stickin' to Strategy.” American Politics Quarterly 5.3:289300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrell, Barbara. 1985. “Women's and Men's Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives, 1972–1982: A Finance Gap?American Politics Quarterly 13.3 (July): 251–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Berenice. 1979. “Political Science, Part I: American Politics and Political Behavior.” Signs 5: 289306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, Kathleen. 1983. “The Age Difference between Men and Women Politicians.” Social Science Quarterly 64.2 (June): 332–39.Google Scholar
Carroll, Susan. 1994. Women as Candidates in American Politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, Susan, and Strimling, Wendy. 1983. Women's Routes to Elective Office. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University, CAWP.Google Scholar
Chapman, Jenny. 1993. Politics, Feminism, and the Reformation of Gender. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chou, Bih-Er, Clark, Cal, and Clark, Janet. 1990. Women in Taiwan Politics: Overcoming Barriers to Women's Participation in a Modernizing Society. Boulder Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Janet. 1994. “Getting There: Women in Political Office.” In Different Roles, Different Voices: Women and Politics in the United States and Europe, edited by Githens, Marianne, Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski, Joni. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.Google Scholar
Clark, Janet, Welch, Susan, and Ambrosius, Margery. 1977. “Women as Legislative Candidates in Six States.” In Political Women: Current Roles in State and Local Government, edited by Flammang, Janet. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Costantini, Edmond, and Craik, Kenneth. 1972. “Women as Politicians: The Social Background, Personality and Political Careers of Female Party Leaders.” Journal of Social Issues 2: 736.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert. 1989. “The Election of Women to National Legislatures: The Puzzle and the Problem.”Paper presented at a seminar, The Role of Women in Politics and Legislative Participation, July,Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert, and Hyun, Chong-Min. 1994. “Women in the South Korean Electoral System.” In Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities, edited by Rule, Wilma and Zimmerman, Joseph. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert, and Schramm, Sarah. 1977. “When Women Run against Men.” Public Opinion Quarterly 41 (Spring): 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, Robert, and Song, Sunhee. 1986. “Men and Women in the South Korean National Assembly.” Asian Survey 26.6 (June): 670–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, Robert, Welch, Susan, and Clark, Janet. 1994a. “Women, Elections, and Representation.” In Different Roles, Different Voices: Women and Politics in the United States and Europe, edited by Githens, Marianne, Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski, Joni. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.Google Scholar
Darcy, Robert. 1994b. Women, Elections, and Representation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Irene. 1977. Sex Roles in the State House. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Elshtain, Jena Bethke. 1981. Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Githens, Marianne. 1984. “Women and State Politics: An Assessment.” In Political Women: Current Roles in State and Local Government, edited by Flammang, Janet. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Yon'guso, Han'guk Yosong Chongch'i [Center for Korean Women and Politics]. 1995. “6.27 Chibang Son'gowa Namnyo Yugwonja-ui T'upyo Hangt'ae Yon'gu” [A Report on the 6.27 Local Election and Voting Behaviors of Male and Female Voters].Paper presented at a seminar on Women and Politics,14 July,Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Kabalwon, Han'guk Yosong [Korean Women's Development Institute]. 1996. Kukhoeuiwon Yosong Hubo-e Kwanhan Yon'gu [A Study of Female Candidates for National Assembly Elections]. Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Yonmaeng, Han'guk Yosong Yugwonja [League of Women Voters]. 1993. Han'guk Yugwonja-ui Chongch'i-chok Taedo-wa Hangt'ae-ui Namnyo Pikyo Yon'gu [Comparative Study on Political Attitudes and Behavior of Korean Male and Female Voters]. Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Hedlund, Ronald, et al. 1979. “The Electability of Women Candidates: The Effects of Sex Role Stereotypes.” Journal of Politics 41.2 (May): 513–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickman, John. 1977. “The Candidacy and Election of Women in Japanese SNTV Electoral System.” Women and Politics 18.2: 126.Google Scholar
Hill, David. 1981. “Political Culture and Female Political Representation.” Journal of Politics 43.1 (February): 159–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hills, Jill. 1987. “Women in the Labour and Conservative Parties.” In Women and Politics: An International Perspective, edited by Randall, Vicky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, M. Kent. 1983. “Gender Roles and Inequalities in Political Participation: Results from an Eight-Nation Study.” Western Political Quarterly 36.3 (September): 364–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard. 1986. “Intraparty Preference Voting.” In Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences, edited by Grofman, Bernard and Lijphart, Arend. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Kelley, Jonathan, and McAllister, Ian. 1984. “Ballot Paper Cues and the Vote in Australia and Britain: Alphabetic Voting, Sex, and Title.” Public Opinion Quarterly (Summer):CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, Rita Mae, and Boutilier, Mary. 1978. The Making of Political Women: A Study of Socialization and Role Conflict. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Kim, Jeong-Sook. 1992. “Yosong Hubo-e Taehan Yugwonja Uisik Chosa Punsuk” [An Analysis of Voter Consciousness Toward Women Candidates]. Paper presented at a seminar on Yosongui Chongch'i Ch'amyo chonmangkwa Kwaje [Prospects and Problems of Women's Political Participation], The Korean Research Institute for Women and Politics, 27 April, Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Jean. 1974. Political Women. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lane, Robert. 1959. Political Life. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Choon-Ho. 1985. “Yosongui chongch'i Ch'amyo-e Kwanhan Yon'gu” [A Study on Women's Political Participation], M.A. thesis, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Lee, Marcia Manning. 1976. “Why Few Women Hold Public Office: Democracy and Sex Roles.” Political Science Quarterly 91.2:297314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Marcia Manning. 1977. “Toward Understanding Why Few Women Hold Public Office: Factors Affecting the Participation of Women in Local Politics.” In A Portrait of Marginality: The Political Behavior of the American Woman, edited by Githens, Marianne and Prestage, Jewel. New York: David McKay.Google Scholar
Lynn, Naomi. 1975. “Women in American Politics: An Overview.” In Women: A Feminist Perspective, edited by Freeman, Jo. Palo Alto, Calif.: Mayfield.Google Scholar
Lynn, N., and Flora, C.. 1977. “Societal Punishment and Aspects of Female Political Participation: 1972 National Convention Delegates.” In A Portrait of Marginality: The Political Behavior of the American Woman, edited by Githens, Marianne and Prestage, Jewel. New York: David McKay.Google Scholar
Mandel, Ruth. 1981. In the Running: The New Woman Candidate. New Haven, Conn.: Ticknor and Fields.Google Scholar
Mandel, Ruth, Susan Tolchin, and Martin Tolchin. 1976. Clout: Womanpower and Politics. New York: Capricorn.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard. 1995. “How the Election system Structure has Helped Women Close the Representation Gap.” In Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap, edited by Karvonen, Lauri and Selle, Per. Dartmouth, N.H.: Aldershot.Google Scholar
Mcdonald, Jean Graves, and Pierson, Vicky. 1984. “Female County Party Leaders and the Perception of Discrimination: A Test of the Male Conspiracy Theory.” Social Science Journal (January): 1320.Google Scholar
Merritt, Sharyne. 1977. “Winners and Losers: Sex Differences in Municipal Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 21 (November):731–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezey, Susan Gluck. 1980. “The Effect of Sex on Recruitment: Connecticut Local Offices.” In Women in Local Politics, edited by Stewart, Debra. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow.Google Scholar
Ministry of Government Administration, Republic of Korea. 1997. Public Official Statistics.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1993. “Conclusions: Comparing Legislative Recruitment.” In Gender and Political Parties, edited by Lovenduski, Joni and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Paik, Young-Ok. 1992a. “Yosong Chongch'i Ch'amyo-ui Munjejom” [Problems of Women's Political Participation]. In Yosongkwa Chongch'i [Women and Politics], edited by Kim, Jeong-Sook. Seoul, Korea: The Korean Research Institute for Women and Politics.Google Scholar
Paik, Young-Ok. 1992b. “Yosong Hubo-e Taehan Yugwonja-ui Taedo” [Voters' Attitudes Toward Women Candidates]. In Yosongkwa Chongch'i [Women and Politics], edited by Kim, Jeong-Sook. Seoul, Korea: The Korean Research Institute for Women and Politics.Google Scholar
Philips, M. 1980. The Divided House. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.Google Scholar
Phillips, Anne. 1991. Engendering Democracy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith, and Zeigler, Harmon. 1985. Women, Public Opinion, and Politics: The Changing Political Attitudes of American Women. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Randall, Vicky. 1987. Women and Politics: An International Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Wilma. 1987. “Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-three Democracies. The Western Political Quarterly 40.3 (September): 477–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Wilma, and Norris, Pippa. 1992. “Anglo and Minority Women's Underrepresentation in Congress: Is the Electoral System the Culprit?” In United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on Women and Minorities, edited by Rule, Wilma and Zimmerman, Joseph. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, Diane. 1985. Women's Routes to National Legislatures: A Comparison of Eligibility and Nomination in the U.S., Britain and Sweden. Barcelona: European Consortium for Political Research.Google Scholar
Sapiro, Virginia. 1983. The Political Integration of Women: Roles, Socialization, and Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Sohn, Bong-Sook. 1991. Nambukhan Yosongui Chongch'i Ch'amyodo Pikyo Yon'gu {A Comparative Study of North and South Korean Women's Political Participation}. Seoul, Korea: Sejong Research Institute.Google Scholar
Sohn, Bong-Sook. 1993. “Chibang Chach'i 2-nyonui Songkwa-wa Chonmang” [Achievements and Prospects of the Local Autonomy System].Paper presented at a seminar on Women Leaders,14 September,Seoul, Korea.Google Scholar
Sohn, Bong-Sook, and Cho, Ki-Sook. 1995. Chibang Uihoewa Yosong Elite [Local Assembly and Women Elite]. Seoul, Korea: Chibmundang.Google Scholar
Stoper, Emily. 1977. “Wife and Politician: Role Strain among Women in Public Office.” In A Portrait of Marginality: The Political Behavior of the American Woman, edited by Githens, Marianne and Prestage, Jewel. New York: David McKay.Google Scholar
Studlar, Donley T., and McAllister, Ian. 1991. “Political Recruitment to the Australian Legislature: Towards an Explanation of Women's Electoral Disadvantages.” Western Political Quarterly (June): 467–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Studlar, Donley T., and Welch, Susan. 1987. “Understanding the Iron Law of Andrarchy.” Comparative Political Studies 20.2 (July): 174–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlaner, Carole, and Schlozman, Kay. 1986. “Candidate Gender and Congressional Campaign Receipts.” Journal of Politics 48.1 (February): 3050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallance, Elizabeth, and Davies, E.. 1986. Women of Europe: Women MEPs and Equality Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Welch, Susan. 1977. “Women as Political Animals? A Test of Some Explanations for Male-Female Differences.” American Journal of Political Science 21.4 (November): 711–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan. 1978. “Recruitment of Women to Office: Discriminant Analysis.” Western Political Quarterly 31.3 (September): 372–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Karnig, Albert. 1979. “Correlates of Female Office Holding in City Politics.” Journal of Politics 41.1 (February): 478–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, Susan, and Studlar, Donley T.. 1988. “The Effects of Candidate Gender on Voting for Local Office in England.” British Journal of Political Science 18.2 (April): 273–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yon'guso, Yosong Chongch'aek [Center for Women's Policy]. 1993. Yosong Yugwonjaui chongch'i Uisik Mitch Tuypyo Hangtae'e Kwanhan Yon'gu [A Study on Political Consciousness and Voting Behavior of Women]. Pusan, Korea.Google Scholar