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“Not a Particularly Happy Expression”: “Malayanization” and the China Threat in Britain's Late-Colonial Southeast Asian Territories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 August 2019

Jeremy E. Taylor Open the ORCID record for Jeremy E. Taylor [Opens in a new window]
Jeremy E. Taylor*
Affiliation:
Jeremy E. Taylor ([email protected]) is Associate Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Nottingham.
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Abstract

Drawing on archival sources in Britain, Singapore, Malaysia, and the United States, this article explores late-colonial anxieties about the influence of Chinese nationalism in Malaya (and especially among students in Chinese-medium schools) in the lead up to self-government in 1957. It demonstrates that the colonial fear of communism in Malaya was not always synonymous with the fear of cultural influence from “new China” and that the “rise of China” in the mid-1950s was viewed as a challenge to colonially sanctioned programs for “Malayanization.” More importantly, in exploring some of the ways in which the colonial state mobilized anti-communist cultural workers from Hong Kong to help counter the perceived threat from China, the article argues that more focus should be placed on the role of colonial agency in shaping “Sinophone” cultural expression in Southeast Asia during this period.

Keywords

ChinaCold WarcolonialismdecolonizationEmergencyMalayaMalayanizationmediaUnion Press
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 78 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 789 - 808
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2019 

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References

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Groppe, Alison M. 2013. Sinophone Malaysian Literature: Not Made in China. Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press.Google Scholar
Hack, Karl. 1999. “Corpses, Prisoners of War and Captured Documents: British and Communist Narratives of the Malayan Emergency, and the Dynamics of Intelligence Transformation.” Intelligence & National Security 14(4):211–41.10.1080/02684529908432578Google Scholar
Hack, Karl. 2001. Defence and Decolonisation in Southeast Asia: Britain, Malaya and Singapore, 1941–68. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
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Harper, T. N. 1998. The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
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Johnston, Gordon. 2010. “Revisiting the Cultural Cold War.” Social History 35(3):290–307.10.1080/03071022.2010.486581Google Scholar
Kaur, Kiranjit, and Ramanathan, Sankaran. 2008. “‘Wither’ Media Regulations? Experiences of Malaysia and Singapore.” Journal of International Communication 14(1):7–27.10.1080/13216597.2008.9674719Google Scholar
Khor Teik, Huat. 2007. “Towards the Larger Objective of Malayan Independence: The Chinese Community and the Independence Movement.” In Malaysian Chinese and Nation-Building: Before Merdeka and Fifty Years After, ed. Keong, Voon Phin, 1:95–128. 2 vols. Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies.Google Scholar
Klein, Christina. 2017. “Cold War Cosmopolitanism: The Asia Foundation and 1950s Korean Cinema.” Journal of Korean Studies 22(2):281–316.10.1353/jks.2017.0014Google Scholar
Kodat, Catherine Gunther. 2015. Don't Act, Just Dance: The Metapolitics of Cold War Culture. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
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Leow, Rachel. 2016. Taming Babel: Language in the Making of Malaysia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316563007Google Scholar
Lim, Choon Bee. 2013. “Imagining and Practising a Pure Malayanised Chinese Literature.” In Intersecting Identities and Interculturality: Discourse and Practice, eds. Machart, Regis, Lim, Choon Bee, Lim, Sep Neo, and Yamato, Eriko, 148–63. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Liu, Hong. 2011. China and the Shaping of Indonesia, 1949–1965. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Loh, Kah Seng, Liao, Edgar, Lim, Cheng Tju, and Seng, Guo-Quan. 2013. The University Socialist Club and the Contest for Malaya: Tangled Strands of Modernity. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Low Choo, Chin. 2014. “The Repatriation of the Chinese as a Counter-insurgency Policy during the Malayan Emergency.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 45(3):363–92.Google Scholar
Maguire, Thomas J. 2014. “Interrogation and ‘Psychological Intelligence’: The Construction of Propaganda during the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1958.” In Interrogation in War and Conflict: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Analysis, eds. Andrew, Christopher and Tobia, Simona, 132–52. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mark, Chi-kwan. 2004. Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations, 1949–1957. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McGregor, Katharine. 2016. “Cold War Scripts: Comparing Remembrance of the Malayan Emergency and the 1965 Violence in Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24(2):242–60.10.1177/0967828X16649310Google Scholar
Ng, Kenny K. K. 2008. “Inhibition vs. Exhibition: Political Censorship of Chinese and Foreign Cinemas in Postwar Hong Kong.” Journal of Chinese Cinemas 2(1):23–35.10.1386/jcc.2.1.23_1Google Scholar
Nonini, Donald M. 2015. “Getting By”: Class and State Formation among Chinese in Malaysia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Oong Hak, Ching. 1993. “British Policy and Chinese Politics in Malaya, 1942–1955.” PhD diss., University of Hull.Google Scholar
Oyen, Meredith. 2010. “Communism, Containment and the Chinese Overseas.” In The Cold War in Asia: The Battle for Hearts and Minds, eds. Yangwen, Zheng, Liu, Hong, and Szonyi, Michael, 59–93. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Peterson, Glen. 2016. “Crisis and Opportunity: The Work of the Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals (ARCI) in Hong Kong and Beyond.” In Hong Kong in the Cold War, eds. Roberts, Priscilla and Carroll, John M., 141–59. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
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