Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:12:45.972Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Keishō and the Korean Business Elite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Dennis McNamara
Get access

Extract

A successful pattern of close ties between the state and large-scale private enterprise in Japan and Korea has attracted the attention of scholars, policymakers, and businessmen. The prewar Japanese state (Moulton 1931; Lockwood 1955; Nakagawa 1983) with its distinctive methods of promoting private enterprise played a major role in this eminently successful case of a “late developing” (Gerschenkron 1966; Rosovsky 1961) society. It also provides an early example of what has recently been termed a “capitalist development state” (Johnson 1987). Studies of prewar business-state relations have distinguished business policy associations as major loci of state ties with Japanese firms (Ishida 1968; Tiedemann 1971; Heidenheimer and Langdon 1968), thereby offering insight into the formation of an entrepreneurial elite and the role of private enterprise in state-directed development efforts.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , May 1989 , pp. 310 - 323
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Sawano, Akihishi, ed. 1942. Tairiku kaisha benran 1942 [Handbook of companies on the continent, 1942]. Tokyo: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha.Google Scholar
David, Brudnoy. 1970. “Japan's Experiment in Korea.” Monumenta Nipponica 25:155–96.Google Scholar
Si-wŌn, Chang. 1984. “Shingminchi panbonggōn sahoe ron” {A study of a semi-feudal colonial society]. In Han'guk chabonjuŭiron [Studies in Korean capitalism], ed. Tae-gŭn, Yi and Un-yōng, Chōng, pp. 13–44. Seoul: Kkach'i.Google Scholar
YŌng-gyu, Ch'oe. 1962. Han'guk hyōngmyōng chaep'ansa [Korean Revolution: A history of the trial proceedings]: Vol. 1. Seoul: Tonga Publishing.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, BŌeki KyŌkai. 1943. Chōsen boekishi [A history of Korean trade]. Keijō: Taikaidō.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, KŌgyŌ KyŌkai. 1932. Chōsen kōjō meiran [List of factories in Korea]. Ed. Reiji, Shibuya. Editions also available for 1936 and 1940. Keijō: Chosen Kōgyō Kyōkai.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, BŌeki KyŌkai. 1937. Chōsen no kōgyō to sono shigen [Industry and industrial resources in Korea]. Ed. Reiji, Shibuya. Keijō: Chōsen Kōgyō Kyōkai.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, Shokusan GinkŌ. 1938. Chōsen Shokusan Ginkō nijūnen shi [A twenty-five year history of the Chōsen Industrial Bank]. Keijō: Chōsen Industrial Bank.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, Shokusan GinkŌ ChŌsabu. 1940a. “Chōsen ni okeru hantōjin shihaika no kaisha jōsei” [The condition of firms under indigenous management in Korea}. Shokugin chōsa geppō (Jan.):25–64.Google Scholar
ChŌsen, Shokusan GinkŌ ChŌsabu. 1940b. “Chōsen tōka naichi shihon go kore ni yoru jigyō [The enterprises of Japanese capital invested in Korea].” Shokugin chōsa geppō, no. 65 (June): 12–43.Google Scholar
Bruce, Cumings. 1984. “The Legacy of Japanese Colonialism in Korea.” In The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, ed. Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R., pp. 478–96. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eckert, Carter Joel. 1986. “The Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism: The Koch'ang Kims and the Kyongsong Spinning and Weaving Company, 1876- 1945.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.Google Scholar
Alexander, Gerschenkron. 1966. “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective.” In Gerschenkron, A Book of Essays, pp. 5–30. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Heidenheimer, Arnold J., and Langdon, Frank C.. 1968. Business Associations and the Financing of Political Parties. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, Samuel Pao-San. 1984. “Colonialism and Development: Korea, Taiwan, and Kwantung.” In The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, ed. Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R., pp. 347–98. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Takeshi, Ishida. 1968. “The Development of Interest Groups and the Pattern of Political Modernization in Japan.” In Political Development in Modern Japan, ed. Ward, Robert E., pp. 293–336. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Seiyoshi, ItŌ, ed. 1942. Keijō Shōkō Kaigijo nijūgonen shi [A twenty-five year history of the Keijō Chamber of Commerce and Industry]. Keijō: Keijō Shōkō Kaigijo.Google Scholar
JEA 1. CIVIL PROPERTY CUSTODIAN, External Assets Division, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for Allied Forces in the Pacific. 1948. Japanese External Assets as of August 1945. Vol. 1: Korea, Washington, D.C.: National Archives.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Johnson. 1987. “Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.” In The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Deyo, Frederic C., pp. 136–64. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Leroy P., AND Il, Sakong. 1980. Government, Business, and Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Korean Case. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Juhn, Daniel Sungil. 1965. “Entrepreneurship in an Underdeveloped Economy: The Case of Korea, 1890-1940.” D.B.A. diss., George Washington University.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1933a. “Kokusai renmei datai to Chōsen no sangyō shinkō” [Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the growth of industry in Korea]. Keizai geppō, February, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1933b. “Manshūkoku no keizai jijō ni tsuite awasete Senman keizaiteki no Shōrai kōsatsu” [Some thoughts on economic conditions in Manchukuo, and prospects for economic cooperation between Manchukuo and Korea]. Keizai geppō, September, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1933c. “Shōwa hachinen no zaikai o kaerimite {Reflections on business circles over the past year].” Keizai geppō, December, pp. 1–3.Google Scholar
Kada, Naoji. 1933d. Chōsen ni okeru menka zōsan no kyūmu narabi ni kibō taisaku [The urgent need for increased production of raw cotton in Korea and hoped-for countermeasures]. Keijō: Chōsen Shōkō Kaigijo.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1935a. “Senshi bōeki e no kibō” [Hopes for a Korea-China trade]. Keizai geppō, May, pp. 1–5.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1935b. “Shisei nijūgo shūnen shokan” [Impressions on the anniversary of twenty-five years' administration]. Keizai geppō, October, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1936. “Honnen no zaikai to gonin no kakugo” [My own view of the coming year in business circles]. Keizai geppō, January, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1937a. “Chōsen shōkōkai no kaiko to tenbō” [Retrospect and prospect for Korea's commerce and industry]. Keizai geppō, January, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1937b. “Chōsen sangyō no gensei to shōrai” [The present and future of an industrial economy in Korea]. Keizai geppō, April, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1937c. “Kitashi no sangyō keizai no miru” [A look at the industrial economy of North China]. Keizai geppō, November, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1938a. “Showa jūsannen keizaikai o tenbō to kib?ō” [Retrospect and prospects for the economy in the new year]. Keizai geppō, January, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1938b. “Saikin jūninen irai no Chōsen zaikai no hensen” [Changes in business circles in Korea over the past twelve years]. Keizai geppō, August, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Naoji, Kada. 1942. “Kaitō nananenkan Keijō hatten no sōsōkan” [Reflection after seven years as president, on the development of Seoul]. In Itō 1942, Appendix: 131–38.Google Scholar
Hideki, Kajimura. 1977. Chōsen ni okeru shihonshugi no keisei to tenkai [The structure and development of capitalism in Korea]. Tokyo: Ryūkei Shosha.Google Scholar
Kang, Dong-Jin. 1980. Ilche ŭi Han'guk ch'inmyak chōngch'aeksa: 1920 nyōndae rŭl chungsim ŭro [The political policy of expansion in Korea under Japanese rule: The 1920s]. Seoul: Hangilsa.Google Scholar
KeizaburŌ, KatŌ. 1935. “Shina o kataru” [A discussion of China]. Keizai geppō, January, pp. 25–44.Google Scholar
KeijŌ, ShŌkŌ Kaigijo. Annual. Tōkei nenpō [Statistical annual]. Keijō: Keijō Shōkō Kaigijo.Google Scholar
KG. Keizai geppō [Economic monthly]. 1933-1938. Keijō: Keijō Shōkō Kaigijo.Google Scholar
Kim, Joong-Gil. 1977. Fifty Years of Whashin. Seoul: Whashin Industrial Company.Google Scholar
Kim, Joungwon A. 1975. Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, 1945-1972. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Kyong-Dong. 1976. “Political Factors in the Formation of the Entrepreneurial Elite in South Korea.” Asian Survey 15, no. 5 (May): 465–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Sang-Ha. 1985. Sudang Kim Yōn-su. Seoul: Samyangsa.Google Scholar
Kim, Sang-Hong. 1974. Samyang yuksimnyōn, 1924-1974 [Sixty years of the Samyang]. Seoul: Chusik Hoesa Samyangsa.Google Scholar
Kim, Tu-Yong. 1947. Chōsen kindai keizaishi wa [Reflections on the recent history of the economy in Korea]. Tokyo: Kyōdo Shobō.Google Scholar
Ko, Wōn-sōp. 1949. Panminnja choesanggi [A record of charges against the anti-nationalists]. Seoul: Paegyōp Munhwasa.Google Scholar
Hideo, Kobayashi. 1968. “1930 nendai Chōsen kōgyōka seisaku no tenkai katei” [Development of a Korean industrialization policy in the 1930s]. Chōsenshi Ken-kyūkai ronbunshū 3:141–74.Google Scholar
Hideo, Kobayashi. 1973. “1930 nendai Nippon Chisso Hiryō Kabushiki Kaisha no Chōsen e no shishutsu ni tsuite” [The advance of Japan Nitrogenous Fertilizers into Korea in the 1930s]. In Sbokuminchi keizaishi no shomondai [Issues in colonial economic history], ed. Hideo, Yamada, pp. 139–89. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies.Google Scholar
Koh, Sung-jae. 1970. “The Role of the Bank of Chōsen (Korea) and the Japanese Expansion in Manchuria and China.” Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 32 (June):25–36.Google Scholar
Lim, Youngil. 1981. Government Policy and Private Enterprise: The Korean Experience in Industrialization. Korea Research Monographs 6. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Lockwood, William W. 1955. “The State and Economic Enterprise in Modern Japan, 1868-1939.” In Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan, ed. Kuznets, Simon, Moore, Wilbert E., and Spengler, Joseph J., pp. 567–602. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Dennis, Mcnamara. 1988. “Entrepreneurship in Colonial Korea: Kim Youn-su.” Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 1:165–77.Google Scholar
Sinbosa, Maeil. 1910-1944. Maeil Sinbo. Keijō: Maeil Sinbosa.Google Scholar
Mason, Edward S., et al. 1980. The Economic and Social Modernization of the Republic of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Toshiyuki, Mizoguchi and YŪZŌ, Yamamoto. 1984. “Capital Formation in Taiwan and Korea.” In The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945, ed. Myers, Ramon H. and Peattie, Mark R., pp. 399–419. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Karl, Moskowitz. 1974. “The Creation of the Oriental Development Company: Japanese Illusion Meets Korean Reality.” In Occasional Papers on Korea, ed. Palais, James B., no. 1:73–109. Seattle: Joint Committee on Korean Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Karl, Moskowitz. 1979. “Current Assets: The Employees of Japanese Banks in Colonial Korea.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.Google Scholar
Moulton, Harold G. 1931. Japan: An Economic and Financial Appraisal. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Takafusa, Nakagawa. 1983. Economic Growth in Prewar Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
SukeryŌ, Nakamura, comp. Annual. Chōsen ginkō kaisha kumiai yōroku [A list of banks, firms and partnerships in Korea]. Keijō: Tōa Keizai Shinpōsha.Google Scholar
Il-min, Nam. 1967. “Chaegye sōpryōp isipnyōn” [Business circles: A twenty-year history]. Kyōnghyōp, April, pp. 54–57.Google Scholar
Norman, E. HERBERT. 1944. “The Gen'yōsha: A Study in the Origins of Japanese Imperialism.” Pacific Affairs 17, no. 3 (September):261–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heung-sik, Pak. 1981. “Pak Hung-sik.” In Chaegye hoego [Memoirs of the financial world], ed. Kiōbin, Wōllo, pp. 171–257. Seoul: Han'guk Ilbosa.Google Scholar
Henry, Rosovsky. 1961. Capital Formation in Japan, 1868-1940. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Sabey, John Wayne. 1972. “The Gen'yōsha, the Kokuryūkai, and Japanese Expansionism.” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Reiji, Shibuya. 1933. “Kokusen shisatsudan” [Discussion of an inspection of northern Korea]. Keizai geppō, May, pp. 8–13.Google Scholar
Reiji, Shibuya. 1936. “Shina heisei kaikaku to sono eikyō” [Reform of the monetary system in China and its effect]. Keizai geppō, January, pp. 11–28.Google Scholar
Reiji, Shibuya. 1937a. “Chōsen ni okeru kōgyō kankei shokikan oyobi shuppanbutsu” [Industry in Korea: Related government agencies and publications]. In Chōsen Kōgyō Kyōkai 1937, part 1:48–64.Google Scholar
Reiji, Shibuya. 1937b. “Chōsen ni okeru kōgyō kinyū jijō” [The financial situation of industry in Korea]. In Chōsen Kōgyō Kyōkai 1937, part 2:32–39.Google Scholar
Susumu, Shimamoto. 1941. Chōsen zaikai no hitobito [Prominent figures in Korean business circles]. Keijō: Keijō Shishinsha.Google Scholar
PyŌng-gyu, So, ed. 1976. Sanggyo Hoeŭiso kusipnyōnsa [A ninety-year history of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry]. 2 vols. Seoul: Taehan Sanggong Hoeŭiso.Google Scholar
Shigeichi, Sugiyama, comp. 1943. Keijō shōgō meikan [A directory of industry and commerce in Seoul]. Keijō: Keijō Shōkō Kaigijo.Google Scholar
Sang-Chul, Suh. 1978. Growth and Structural Changes in the Korean Economy, 1910-1940. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taihei, Takamiya. 1942. Chōsenjin meiroku [A directory of prominent figures in Korea]. Keijō: Keijō Shinpōsha.Google Scholar
TŌgŌ, Takasugi. 1940. Chōsen kinyū kikan hattatsushi [A history of the development of financial institutions in Korea]. Keijō: Jitsugyō Taimususha.Google Scholar
Reisui, Tanaka. 1935. Zensen shōkō kaigijo hattatsushi [A history of the development of chambers of commerce and industry in Korea]. Fuzan: Fuzan Nippōsha.Google Scholar
Takao, Taniura. 1981. “Haebanghu Han'guk sangōp chabon ŭi hyōngsōng kwa palchōn” [The shape and growth of commercial capital in Korea after 1945]. In 1950 nyōndae ŭi insik [An understanding of the 1950s], ed. Chin Tōg-gyu et al., pp. 297–311. Seoul: Hangilsa.Google Scholar
KŌshinjo, Teikoku. Annual. Teikoku ginkō kaisha yōroku [A list of banks and corporations in the empire]. Vol. 29: 1940; vol. 31: 1943. Tokyo: Teikoku Kōshinjo.Google Scholar
Tiedemann, Arthur E. 1971. “Big Business and Politics in Prewar Japan.” In Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan, ed. Morley, James William, pp. 267–316. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
ShinpŌsha, TŌyŌ Keizai. 1942. Chōsen nenkan, 1942 (Korea annual, 1942). Tokyo: Tōyō Keizai Shinpōsha.Google Scholar
Michael, Useem. 1979. “The Social Organization of the American Business Elite and Participation of Corporation Directors in the Governance of American Institutions.” American Sociological Review 44 (August):553–72.Google Scholar
Michael, Useem. 1984. The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and the U.K. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
KentarŌ, Yamabe. 1971. Nihon tōchika no Chōsen [Korea under Japanese administration]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Chikashi, Yamakawa. 1941. Jigyō oyobi jinbutsu [Enterprise and entrepreneurs]. Tokyo: Tokyo Denpō Tsūshinsha.Google Scholar
T'ae-sōp, Yun. 1949. Taehan Sanggong Hoeŭiso samnyōnsa [A three-year history of the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry}. Seoul: Namyang.Google Scholar