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Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Robert Redfield
Robert Redfield
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
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Extract

A Civilization, as distinct from a primitive society, is expressed and recorded in the written works of its reflective and highly creative minds. It develops what simpler forms of living have not: a “great tradition” of the literate and critical few. Beneath and within this high culture live the common people, whose “little tradition” is creator and then creature of the philosophy, science and fine art of the great tradition.

Type
Community Studies in Japan and China: A Symposium
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , November 1954 , pp. 3 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1954

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References

1 Hsiao-tung, Fei, China's Gentry, Essays in Rural-Urban Relations, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953).Google Scholar

2 Fried, Morton, Fabric of Chinese Society, p. 227.Google Scholar

3 Ishino, Iwao and Bennett, John W., The Japanese Labor Boss System: A Description and a Preliminary Sociological Analysis. Ohio State University Research Foundation and Department of Sociology, Report No. 3, (Columbus, Ohio, 04, 1953)Google Scholar second edition; also other publications of this series.

4 As for the Sudanese Nuer: Evans-Pritchard, E. E., The Nuer, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940)Google Scholar. Later editions, 1947, 1930. And for Swedish Scania: Hanssen, Börje, Österlen, (Hälsingborg, Lts. Förlag, 1953).Google Scholar

5 Abel, Theodora M. and Hsu, Francis L. K., “Some Aspects of Personality of Chinese as Revealed by the Rorschach Test,” Rorschach Research Exchange and Journal of Protective Techniques, XIII: 285–301, 1949Google Scholar; Bunzel, Ruth, Explorations in Chinese Culture (unpublished manuscript), Research in Contemporary Cultures Seminar, Columbia University, New York, 1950Google Scholar; Muensterberger, Warner, “Orality and Dependence: Characteristics of Southern Chinese,” Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 37–69Google Scholar; Weakland, John H., “The Organization of Action in Chinese Culture,” Psychiatry. Vol. 13, No. 3, 08, 1950, pp. 361–370.Google Scholar

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8 As has been done with reference to several different kinds of villages in the American Southwest by the Kluckhohns and their associates. See Kluckhohn, Clyde, “Values and Value-Orientations in the Theory of Action” in Toward a General Theory of Action, edited by Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward (Harvard University Press, 1951), page 422Google Scholar; Kluckhohn, F., “Dominant and Substitute Profiles of Cultural Orientations: Their Significance for the Analysis of Social Stratification,” Social Forces, Vol. 28, No. 4, 05, 1950, pp. 276–93Google Scholar; Kluckhohn, F., “Dominant and Variant Cultural Value Orientations,” Social Welfare Forum, 1951, pp. 97–113Google Scholar. See also Tax, Sol, “World View and Social Relations in Guatemala,” American Anthropologist, 1941, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 27–47.Google Scholar

9 Steward, Julian H., Area Research. Theory and Practice. (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1950, Bulletin 63).Google Scholar

10 Starr, Betty, “Los Tuxtlas: A Study of Levels of Communal Relations.”Google Scholar (Microfilmed copies available in the University of Chicago Library and in the Pan American Union Library, Washington, D. C.)

11 Op. cit.

12 Odum, Howard W., Understanding Society, The Principles of Dynamic Sociology, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947).Google Scholar

13 At the March, 1954, meeting of the Central States Anthropological Society and of the Ohio Valley Sociological Society.

14 In a seminar at the University of Chicago in the Spring of 1954.

15 Sol Tax and others, Heritage of Conquest, (Glencoe, III.: The Free Press, 1952).Google Scholar

16 Wright, Studies in Chinese Thought, vii–viii (from Introduction by Robert Redfield and Milton Singer).

17 Allwood, Martin S. and Ranemark, Inga-Britt, Medelby, (Stockholm: Albeit Bonnieis forlag, 1943).Google Scholar