Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:51:49.712Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genealogies of the Political Forest and Customary Rights in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Nancy Lee Peluso  and
Peter Vandergeest
Get access

Extract

How have national and state governments the world over come to “own” huge expanses of territory under the rubric of “national forest,” “national parks,” or “wastelands”? The two contradictory statements in the above epigraph illustrate that not all colonial administrators agreed that forests should be taken away from local people and “protected” by the state. The assumption of state authority over forests is based on a relatively recent convergence of historical circumstances. These circumstances have enabled certain state authorities to supersede the rights, claims, and practices of people resident in what the world now calls “forests.”

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , August 2001 , pp. 761 - 812
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Agrawal, Arun. 2001. “State Formation in Community Spaces? Decentralization of Control over Forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, India.” Journal of Asian Studies 60 (1): 9–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmat, Sharom. 1984. Tradition and Change in a Malay State: A Study of the Economic and Political Development of Kedah, 1878–1923. Kuala Lumpur: Council of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.Google Scholar
Aiken, S. Robert. 1994. “Peninsular Malaysia's Protected Areas’ Coverage, 1903–1992: Creation, Rescission, Excision, and Intrusion.” Environmental Conservation 21(1): 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiken, S. Robert, and Leigh, Colin H.. 1992. Vanishing Rain Forests: The Ecological Transition in Malaysia. Oxford Monographs on Biogeography, no. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press; New York: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiken, S. Robert, Leigh, Colin H., Leinbach, Thomas R., and Moss, Michael R.. 1982. Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Allen, G. C., and Donnithorne, A. G.. 1957. Western Enterprise in Indonesia and Malaysia. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Allen, Lucien Arthur. 1938. Proclamations, Orders, Notices, Rules, Regulations, Declarations, Appointments, Forms, and By-Laws in Force on the 31st Day of December, 1935 Made under the Laws of the Federated States. Volume V. Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Government Press.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson, and Andaya, Leonard Y.. 1982. A History of Malaysia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'gorman. 1979. “Studies of the Thai State: The State of Thai Studies.” In The State of Thai Studies: Analyses of Knowledge, Approaches, and Prospects in Anthropology, Art History, Economics, History, and Political Science. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'gorman. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. Revised and expanded version. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Appell, George, n.d. “Observational Procedures for Land Tenure and Kin Groupings in the Cognatic Societies of Borneo.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Ball, John. 1982. Indonesian Ugal History, 1602–1848. Sydney: Oughtershadow Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Charles. 1989. “State, People, and the Environment: The Case of Forests in Java.” Ph.D. diss., University of California.Google Scholar
De, Beer Jenne H., and Mcdermott, Melanie J.. 1989. The Economic Value of Non-Timber Forest Products in Southeast Asia: with emphasis on Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Amsterdam: Netherlands Committee for ICUN.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. 1997. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benda, Harry J., and Castles, Lance. 1969. “The Samin Movement.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 125: 207–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergsma, W.S. 1880. Eindresume van het bij Gouvernementsbesluit dd. 10 Juli 1867, No. 2, Bevolen Onderzoek Naar de Rechten van den Inlanders op den Grond op Java en Madoera (Summary of the government report of 10 July 1867, “General Investigation of the Rights of the Natives of Java and Madura” Vol. 2]). Batavia: Ernst & Co. and Landsdrukkerij.Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. 2000. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power and the Past in Asante, 1896–1996. African Social History Series. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Blaikie, Piers, and Brookfield, Harold. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Boomgaard, Peter. 1988. “Forests and Forestry in Colonial Java, 1677–1942.” In Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Asia, Australasia, and Oceania, edited by Dargavel, John, Dixon, Kay, and Semple, Noel. Canberra: The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Boomgaard, Peter. 1994a. Changing Economy in Indonesia: A Selection of Statistical Source Material from the Early 19th Century up to 1940. Volume 16, Forests and Forestry 1823–1941. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.Google Scholar
Boomgaard, Peter. 1994b. “Colonial Forest Policy in Java in Transition, 1865–1916.” In The Late Colonial State in Indonesia: Political and Economic Foundations of the Netherlands Indies, 1880–1942, edited by Cribb, Robert. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Bourke-Borrowes, D. 1928. “General Thoughts and Observations on Forestry in Siam.” Indian Forester 54: 141–160.Google Scholar
Brascamp, E. H. B. 1923. “Het Contract met den Soesoehoenan an 5 October 1705 en de Houtleverantie” [The contract with the Susuhunan on 5 October, 1705 and the wood-tax]. Tectona 16: 636–42.Google Scholar
Brascamp, E. H. B. 1924a. “De Eerste Regeling van den Houtaankap in de Preanger van 1684” [The first regulation of woodcutting in the Preangar district in 1684]. Tectona 17: 907–15.Google Scholar
Brascamp, E. H. B. 1924b. “De Bosschen in het Kolonial Verslag van 1849” [The forests in the Colonial Report of 1849]. Tectona 17: 916–23.Google Scholar
Breman, Jan. 1980. “The Village on Java and the Early Colonial State.” Rotterdam: The Comparative Asian Studies Programme at Erasmus University, 1.Google Scholar
Brascamp, E. H. B. 1997. “The Village in Focus.” In The Village in Asia Revisited, edited by Breman, Jan, Kloos, Peter, and Saith, Ashwani. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brookfield, Harold, Potter, Lesley, and Byron, Yvonne. 1995. In Place of the Forest: Environmental andSocio-Economie Transformation in Borneo and the Eastern Malay Peninsula. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Brosius, J. Peter. 1997. “Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiesence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 39 (3): 468–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, R. 1997. The Political Ecology of Forestry in Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Burkill, I. H. 1935. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies.Google Scholar
Burns, Peter. 1989. “The Myth of Adat.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Informal Law 28: 1–127.Google Scholar
Khambonda, Chalermrath. 1971. “Thailand's Public Law and Policy for Conservation and Protection of Land: With Special Attention to Forests and Natural Areas.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana University.Google Scholar
Cleary, Mark and Eaton, Peter. 1992. Borneo: Change and Development. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, Bernard S., and Dirks, Nicholas B.. 1988. “Beyond the Fringe: The Nation State, Colonialism, and the Technologies of Power.” Journal of Historical Sociology 1 (2): 224–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordes, J. W. H. 1881. De Djati-Bosschen Op Java: Hunne Natuur, Verspreiding, Geschedenis En Exploitatie [The teak forests of Java: their nature, history and exploitation]. Batavia: Ogilvie & Co.Google Scholar
Cramb, R. A. 1992. “Evolution of Property Rights to Land in Sarawak: An Institutional Perspective.” Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, Agricultural Economics Discussion Papers Series. Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Cranbrook, Earl Of. 1984. “Report on the Birds’ Nest Industry in the Baram District and at Niah, Sarawak.” The Sarawak Museum Journal. 33 (54) (New Series): 145–70.Google Scholar
Cranbrook, Earl Of, ed. 1988. Malaysia. Oxford: Pergamon Press, in collaboration with The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.Google Scholar
Crawfurd, John. 1820. History of the Indian Archipelago: Containing an Account of the Manners, Arts, Languages, Religions, Institutions, and Commerce of its Inhabitants. Vol. 3. London: Frank Cass & Co. LtdGoogle Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1988a. “The Politics of Environmental Protection in Indonesia.” Working Paper 48, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University.Google Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1988b. “Conservation Policy and Politics in Indonesia, 1945–1988.” In Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Asia, Australasia and Oceania, edited by Dargavel, John, Dixon, Kay, and Semple, Noel. Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Cribb, Robert. 1997. “Birds of Paradise and Environmental Politics in Colonial Indonesia, 1890–1931.” In Paper Landscapes: Explorations in the Environmental History of Indonesia, edited by Boomgaard, Peter, Colombijn, Freek, and Henley, David. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Cubitt, G. E. S. 1920. Forestry in the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Federated Malay States Printing Office.Google Scholar
Denton, Robert Knox, Endicott, Kirk, Gomes, Alberta G., and Hooker, M. B.. 1997. Malaysia and the Original People: A Case Study of the Impact of Development on Indigenous Peoples. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Departemen Kehutanan, R. I. 1986. Sejarah Kehutanan Indonesia [History of Indonesian Forestry]. Vol. 1. Jakarta: Departemen Kehutanan.Google Scholar
Desch, H. E. 1931. “Annual Report of the Forest Administration in the Federated Malay States for the Year 1930.” The Empire Forestry Journal 10 (20): 320–23.Google Scholar
Dlxon, Martin. 1995. Land Law. London: Cavendesh Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Doolittle, Amity. 1999. “Controlling the Land: Property Rights and Power Struggle in Sabah, Malaysia, 1981–1996.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Dove, Michael. 1983. “Theories of Swidden Agriculture and the Political Economy of Ignorance.” Agroforestry Systems 1:85–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dove, Michael. 1985. “The Agroecological Mythology of the Javanese and the Political-Economy of Indonesia.” Indonesia 39:1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dove, Michael. 1996. “So Far from Power, So Near the Forest: A Structural Analysis of Gain and Blame in Tropical Forest Development.” In Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation, and Development, edited by Padoch, C. and Peluso, N. L.. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elson, R. E. 1984. Javanese Peasants andthe Colonial Sugar Industry: Impact and Change in an East Java Residency, 1830–1940. Singapore, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fasseur, Cornelius. 1992. The Politics of Colonial Exploitation: Java, the Dutch, and the Cultivation System. Translated by Elson, R. E. and Kraal, Ary. Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Fasseur, Cornelius. 1994. “Cornerstone and Stumbling Block: Racial Classification and the Late Colonial state in Indonesia.” In The Late Colonial State in Indonesia: Political and Economic Foundations of the Netherlands Indies, edited by Cribb, Robert. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Feeny, David. 1988. “Agricultural Expansion and Forest Depletion in Thailand, 1900–1975.” In World Deforestation in the Twentieth Century, edited by Richards, John F. and Tucker, Richard P.. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1948. Report of the Mission for Siam. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Forest Department. 1935. State of Kedah, Report for the Year 1352, A.H. (16 April, 1934–4 April 1935). London: British Colonial Office.Google Scholar
Fortmann, Louise P., and Bruce, John, eds. 1986. Whose Trees? Proprietary Dimensions of Forestry. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Sheridan, Alan. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1991. “Governmentality.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin, and Miller, Peter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Furnivall, John. 1944. Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gomes, Alberto G. 1990. “Confrontation and Continuity: Simple Commodity Production among the Orang Asli.” In Tribal Peoples and Development in Southeast Asia, edited by Ghee, Lim Teck and Gomes, Alberto G.. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. 1971. Prison Notebooks. edited by Buttigieg, Joseph and Callari, Antonio. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grove, R. 1995. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guha, R. 1990. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in the Indian Himalaya. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Haeuber, Richard. 1993. “Indian Forest Policy in Two Eras: Continuity or Change?” Environmental History Review. 17 (1):49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, K. 1985. Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Harper, T. N. 1997. “The Politics of the Forest in Colonial Malaya.” Modern Asian Studies. 31: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harreveld, Van. 1915. “Brandhout voor Suikerfabrieken.” [Firewood for sugar factories]. Tectona 8:925–54.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert. 1990. The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herweyer, Y. C. W. 1927. “Djatihout als Locomotiefbrandstof” [Teakwood as locomotive fuel]. Tectona 21:429–506.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles. 1994. “Population and Society in Twentieth-Century Southeast Asia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25 (2): 381–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiscock, Mary E., and Allan, David E.. 1982. “Law Modernization in Southeast Asia: Colonial and Post-colonial Land Tenures in Indonesia and Malaysia.” In Rabeis Zeitschrift: Fur Ausländisches und Internationals Privatrecht. Tübingen: J.C. Mohr.Google Scholar
Hislop, J. A. 1961. “Protection of Wildlife in the Federation of Malaya.” In Nature Conservation in Western Malaysia, edited by Wyatt-Smith, J. and Wycherley, P. R.. Kuala Lumpur: The Malayan Nature Society.Google Scholar
Holleman, J.F., ed. 1981. Van Vollenhoven on Indonesian Adat Law: Selections from “Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indie”. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong, Evelyn. 1986. Natives of Sarawak: Survival in Borneo's Vanishing Forests. Penang: Institut Masyarakat.Google Scholar
Hooker, M.B. 1978. Adat Law in Modern Indonesia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hubback, Theodore R. 1924. “Letter from Theodore R. Hubback to the Chairman of the Fauna Society on the Preservation of the Fauna of Malaya.” Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire Journal. Part IV: 60–63.Google Scholar
Hubback, Theodore R. 1926. “Conservation of Malayan Fauna.“Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire Journal. Part VI: 35–41.Google Scholar
Hugenholtz, W. R. 1994. “The Land Rent Question and Its Solution, 1850–192O.” In The Late Colonial State in Indonesia, edited by Cribb, Robert. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
Ingram, J. C. 1971. Economic Change in Thailand, 1850–1970. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, James C. 1968. Planters and Speculators: Chinese and European Agriculture Enterprise in Malaya, 1786–1921. Singapore and Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, James C. 1970. Chinese in the Western Borneo Goldfelds: A Study in Cultural Geography. Hull: University of Hull.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Susan Kay. 1990. “Malaysia.” In International Handbook of National Parks and Native Reserves, edited by Allin, Craig. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Jessup, Timothy, and Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1986. “Minor Forest Products as Common Property Resources in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.” In Proceedings, Conference on Common Property Resources. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Jordens, J. H. G. 1858. “Over de voorziening in de beheofte aan masthout in Nederland uit Nederlandsch-Indie” [About predicting the needs in the Netherlands for mast timber from the Netherlands Indies]. Tijdschrjft voor Nijverheid in Nederlandsch-Indie 4: 385–96.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joel S. 1999. “Culturalising the Uplands.” In Transforming the Indonesian Uplands: Marginality, Power, and Production, edited by Li, Tania Murray. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Kano, Hiroyoshi. 1984. “Sistem Pemilikan Tanah dan Masyarakat Desa di Jawa pada Abad” [Land tenure systems and village society in Java in the nineteenth century]. In Dua Abad Penguasaan Tanah: Pola Penguasaan Tanah Pertanian di Jawa dari Masa ke Masa, edited by Sudiono, M. P., Tjondronegoro, , and Wiradi, Gunawan. Jakarta: Gramedia.Google Scholar
Kaur, Amarjit. 1998a. “A History of Forestry in Sarawak.” In Modern Asian Studies 32: 117–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaur, Amarjit. 1998b. Economic Change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellagher, G. B. 1934. The Laws of the State of Kedah. Volume III. Kedah: Kedah Government Press.Google Scholar
Kerbert, H. J. 1914. “De Behoefte Aan Dwarsliggers In De Tropen” [The demand for railway sleepers in the Tropics]. Tectona 7: 434–38Google Scholar
King, S. N., comp. 1939. Supplement to the Rules, Regulations, and Notifications Made under the Kedah Enactments. Kedah: Kedah Government Press.Google Scholar
Komer, R. W. 1972. The Malayan Emergency in Retrospect: Organization of a Successful Counter-Insurgency Effort. Santa Monica, Cal.: Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Kratoska, P. H. 1985. “The Peripatetic Peasant and Land Tenure in British Malaya.“Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16 (1): 16–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, E. R. [1948] 1970. “Social Science Research in Sarawak: A Report on the Possibilities of a Social Economic Survey of Sarawak Presented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council.” London: His Majesty's Stationary Office for the Colonial Office. Reprint New York: Johnson Reprint Collection.Google Scholar
Leary, John. 1995. Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960. Athens: Monographs in International Studies, Ohio University Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
Leigh, Michael. 1998. “The Political Economy of Logging in Sarawak.” In Environmental Politics in Southeast Asia, edited by Hirsch, Philip and Warren, Carol. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lev, Daniel. 1985. “Colonial Law and the Genesis of the Indonesian State.” Indonesia 40 (October): 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Tania Murray. 1996. “Household Formation, Private Property, and the State.” Sojourn 11(2): 259–87.Google Scholar
Li, Tania Murray. ed. 1999a. Transforming the Indonesian Uplands: Marginality, Power, and Production. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Li, Tania Murray. 1999b. “Compromising Power: Development, Culture, and Rule in Indonesia.” Cultural Anthropology 14 (3): 295–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindblad, J. Thomas. 1988. Between Dayak and Dutch: The Economic History of Southeast Kalimantan, 1880–1942. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
Lowe, Hugh. 1848. “Sarawak: Its Inhabitants and Productions.” London: Richard Bentley.Google Scholar
Lynch, O., and Talbott, K., 1995. Balancing Acts: Community-Based Forest Management and National Law in Asia and the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Lysa, Hong. 1984. Thailand in the Nineteenth Century: Evolution of the Economy and Society. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, John M. 1990. The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1997. Citizen and Subject: Decentralized Despotism and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, W. E. 1884. “The Law and Customs of the Malays with Reference to the Tenure of Land.” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 13 (75): 220.Google Scholar
Mcvey, Ruth T. 1965. The Rise of Indonesian Communism. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meade, J. P. 1940. Report on Forest Administration in Malaya, Including Brunei, for the Year 1939. British Colonial Office.Google Scholar
Medway, Lord. 1958. “Birds’ Nesting among the Land Dayaks.” Sarawak Museum Journal 8(11) (New Series) No. 26 (Old Series): 465–69.Google Scholar
Meek, C. K. 1939. Land Law and Custom in the Colonies. London: Oxford University Press; New York: G. Cumberlege.Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mekvichai, B. 1988. “The Teak Industry in Northern Thailand: The Role of a Natural Resource-Based Export Economy in Regional Development.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Menzies, Nicholas Kay. 1992. “Strategic Space: Exclusion and Inclusion in Wildland Policies in Late Imperial China.” Modern Asian Studies 26 (4): 719–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, S. E. 1988. “Legal Pluralism.” Law and Society Review 22 (5): 869–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moertono, Soemarsaid. 1981. State and Statecraft in Old Java: A Study of the Later Mataram Period, 16th to 19th Century. Cornell Modern Indonesian Project Monograph Series, Publication No 43. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Mooney, , 1989. “Sarawak under the Torrens System.” In The Malaysian Torrens System, edited by Buang, Sellah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Google Scholar
Moore, Sally Falk. 1986. Social Facts and Fabrications: “Customary” Law on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nartsupha, Chatthip, and Prasartset, Suthy. 1981. The Political Economy of Siam, 1851–1910. Bangkok: Social Science Association of Thailand.Google Scholar
Neumann, Roderick. 1996. “Ways of Seeing Africa: Colonial Recasting of African Society and Landscape in Serengeti National Park.” Ecumene 2: 149–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, Roderick. 1998. Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Oberman, J., 1938. “Algemeene Memorie: Westerafdeeling Van Borneo” [General memories: the western district of Borneo]. Manuscript held at KIT Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Oever, H. Ten. 1910. “Jaarlijks Benoodigde Howveelheid Dwarsliggers in Nederlandsch-Indie” [Annual quantity of sleepers required in the Netherlands Indies]. Tectona 3:185–87.Google Scholar
Onghokham, , 1975. “The Residency of Madiun: Priyayi and Peasant in the Nineteenth Century.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Padoch, Christine, and Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1996. Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation and Development. Kuala Lampur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Palte, Jan. 1983. The Development of Java's Rural Uplands in Response to Population Growth. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.Google Scholar
Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1983a. “Markets and Merchants: The Forest Products Trade of East Kalimantan in Historical Perspective.” Master's thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1983b. “Networking in the Commons: A Tragedy for Rattan?” Indonesia 35 (April): 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1992. Rich Forests, Poor People: Resource Control and Resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peluso, Nancy Lee, Vandergeest, Peter, and Potter, Lesley. 1995. “Social Aspects of Forestry in Southeast Asia: A Review of Trends in the Scholarly Literature.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26 (1): 196–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendleton, Robert L., with the assistance of Kingsbury, Robert C. and othets. 1962. Thailand, Aspects of Landscape and Life. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce.Google Scholar
Pigeaud, Thomas G. 1962. Java in the 14th Century. Vol. 4. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Porter, A. F. 1967. Land Administration in Sarawak: An Account of the Development of Land Administration in Sarawak from the Rule of Rajah James Brooke to the Present Time (1841–1967). London: A. K. Portet.Google Scholar
Potter, Lesley. 1988. “Indigenes and Colonizers: Dutch Forest Policy in South and East Borneo (Kalimantan), 1900 to 1950.” In Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Asia, Australasia, and Oceania, edited by Dargavel, John, Dixon, Kay, and Semple, Noel. Canberra: Centre for Regional and Environmental Studies.Google Scholar
Potter, Lesley. 1996. “Forest Degradation, Deforestation, and Reforestation In Kalimantan: Towards a Sustainable Land Use?” In Borneo in Transition: People, Forests, Conservation, and Development, edited by Padoch, C. and Peluso, N.L.. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rachagan, S. Sothi. 1990. “Constitutional and Statutory Provisions Governing the Orang Asli.” In Tribal Peoples and Development in Southeast Asia, edited by Ghee, Lim Teck and Gomes, Alberto G.. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya.Google Scholar
SirRaffles, T. S. [1817] 1965. The History of Java. Reprint London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rajan, Ravi. 1997. “Imperial Environmentalism or Environmental Imperialism? The Agendas and Ideologies of Natural Resource Management in British India, 1850–1900.” In Nature and the Orient, edited by Grove, R. et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
TerryRambo, A. Rambo, A.. 1988. “People of the Forest.” In Malaysia, edited by Earl, of Cranbrook, . Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680. Vol I: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1993. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680, Vol. II: Expansion and Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, A. 1962. Land Law and Adat in Sarawak. Kuching: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Roosendael, J. Van. 1928. “De Dunning der Djatibosschen” [The thinning of the teak forests]. Tectona 21: 803–40.Google Scholar
Rose, Carol. 1994. Property and Persuasion: Essays on the History, Theory, and Rhetoric of Ownership. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ruhle, G. 1964. “Advisory Report on a National Park System for Thailand.” Special Publication No. 17. Bronx: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection.Google Scholar
Rush, James R. 1990. Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Saberwal, Vasant. 1999. Pastoral Politics: Shepherds, Bureaucrats, and Conservation in the Western Himalaya. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sarawak Forest Reports. Kuching.Google Scholar
Sarawak Gazette. Kuching.Google Scholar
Scott, David. 1995. “Colonial Governmentality.” Social Text 43: 191–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sellato, Bernard. 1994. Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sihombing, Judith. 1989. “Land Law in the Federated Malay States until 1928.” In Malaysian Torrens System, edited by Buang, Salleh. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.Google Scholar
Sioh, Maureen. 1998. “Authorizing the Malaysian Rainforest: Configuring Space, Contesting Claims, and Conquering Imaginaries.” Ecumene 5 (2): 144–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivaramakrishnan, K. 1997. “A Limited Forest Conservancy in Southwest Bengal, 1864–1912.” Journal of Asian Studies 56 (1): 75–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivaramakrishnan, K. 1999. Modern Forests: State-Making and Environmental Change in Eastern Colonial India. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, David. 1989. “Territorial Power and the Peripheral State.” Development and Change 20 (3): 501–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smythies, . 1961. “A History of Forestry in Sarawak.” Sarawak Gazette 30 (September): 167–71.Google Scholar
Sompop, Manurungsan. 1989. Economic Development of Thailand, 1850–1950. Chulalongkorn University: Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. E. 1966. Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Spoon, W. 1944. “Vaten uit Indisch Hout.” [Vats made of Indonesian wood] Berichten van de Afdeling Handelsmuseum van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen 197. Hout. 24: 17–25.Google Scholar
Spurway, B. J. C. 1937. “Shifting Cultivation in Sarawak.” Malayan Forester 6: 125.Google Scholar
Staatsblad. Batavia: G. Kolff, 1887–1931.Google Scholar
Steinberg, David Joel, ed. 1987. In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1997. “Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Cooper, Frederick and Stoler, Ann Laura. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1995. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura, and Cooper, Frederick. 1997. “Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda.” In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Cooper, Frederick and Stoler, Ann Laura. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Strong, T. A. 1932. “The Sakai and Shifting Cultivation.” The Malayan Forester 1 (6): 243–46.Google Scholar
Sturgeon, Janet. 2000. “Practices on the Periphery: Marginality, Border Powers and Land Use in China and Thailand.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. 1968. A Question of Class: Capital, the State, and Uneven Development in Malaya. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Tamanaha, Brian. 1993. “The Folly of the Social Scientific Concept of Legal Pluralism.” Journal of Law and Society 20 (2): 192–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, C. Neal, and Vallinder, Torbjorn. 1995. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Thirawat, Sukhum. 1955. Brief Information on Forestry Information in Thailand. Bangkok: Royal Forest Department Bulletin No. R. 17.Google Scholar
Winichakul, Thongchai. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Tjondronegoro, M. P. 1984. “Pendahuluan” [Introduction] In Dua Abad Penguasaan Tanah: Pola Penguasaan Tanah Pertanian dijawa daari Masa ke Masa, edited by Tjondronegoro, M. P. and Wiradi, Gunawan. Jakarta: Gramedia.Google Scholar
Troup, R. S. 1940. Colonial Forest Administration. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, Richard, and Richards, John. 1983. Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth Century World Economy. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Vandergeest, Peter. 1991. “Gifts and Rights: Cautionary Notes on Community Self-help in Thailand.” In Development and Change. 22: 421–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandergeest, Peter. 1996. “Territorialization of Forest Rights in Thailand.” Society and Natural Resources 9: 159–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandergeest, Peter. n.d. “Racialization of Forest Access in Siam and the Malay States.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Vandergeest, Peter, and Peluso, Nancy Lee. 1995. “Territorialization and State Power in Thailand.” Theory and Society 24 (3): 385–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandergeest, Peter, and Peluso, Nancy Lee. n.d. “Empires of Forestry in Southeast Asia.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Van Vollenhoven, C. 1909. “Miskenningen van het Adatrecht” [Misunderstanding customary law]. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Van Vollenhoven, C. 1918. Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch Indie [The customary law of the Netherlands Indies]. Vol. I. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Van Vollenhoven, C. 1925 “De Indonesier en zijn grond” [The Indonesian and his land]. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Google Scholar
Voules, A.B., comp., 1921. The Laws of the Federated Malay States, 1877–1920. London: Hazell, Watson & Viney.Google Scholar
Wallace, Alfred Russel. 1869. The Malay Archipelago: Land of the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Wharton, C.H. 1968. “Man, Fire, and Wild Cattle in Southeast Asia.” In Proceedings, Annual Tall Timbers Conference. Tallahassee: Tall Timbers Research Station.Google Scholar
Wildlife Commission of Malaya. 1932. Report of the Wildlife Commission. 3 vol. Singapore: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Wilson, Constance C. 1983. Thailand: A Handbook of Historical Statistics. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar
Wind Hzn, R. 1928. “Djatihout als Locomotiefbrandstof” [Teakwood as locomotive fuel]. Tectona 21: 429–506.Google Scholar
Wolters, O. W. 1970. Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of the Origins ofSrivijaya. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, D. S. Y. 1975. Tenure and Land Dealings in the Malay States. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Wyatt-Smith, J. 1958. “Shifting Cultivation in Malaya.” Malayan Forester 21: 139–155.Google Scholar
Mahmud, Zaharah Binti Haji. 1979. “The Evolution of Population and Settlement in the State of Kedah.” In Essays on Linguistic, Cultural and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Malaysian State of Kedah edited by Omar, Asmah Haji, Darulman, . Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya.Google Scholar
Zahir, Tan Sri Datuk Mohamed. 1989. “Land Laws in the Unfederated Malay States to 1966.” In The Centenary of the Torrens System in Malaysia edited by Datuk, Tan Sri ProfessorIbrahim, Ahmad and Sihombing, Judith. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Law Journal.Google Scholar
Zawawi, Wan. 1995. “Regional Development in Rural Malaysia and the Tribal Question.” Occasional Paper No. 28. University of Hull: Centre for South-East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Zerner, Charles. 1990. “Through a Green Lens: The Construction of Customary Environmental Law and Community in Indonesia's Maluku Islands.” Law and Society Review 28 (5): 1081–121.Google Scholar
Zwart, W. 1923. “Over Brandhout en Brandhoutpolitiek op Java” [About fuelwood and fuelwood policies in Java]. Koloniale Studien (Part 2): 425–40.Google Scholar
Zwart, W. 1938. “Uit de boschgeschiedenis van Java en Madoera. Over de scheepsbouw en scheepsbouwhout ten tijde van de Compagnie” [Forest history of Java and Madura. Ship bows and ship bow-timber in the time of the Company]. Tectona 31: 78–98.Google Scholar