Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-26T01:26:05.887Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Forms Culture Takes: A State-of-the-Field Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

John R. Bowen
Get access

Extract

If each world region has its own style of anthropological analysis, then surely Southeast Asia has come to be the place where interpretive approaches to culture have reigned, whether in anthropology, history, or politics. Interpretive anthropologists, drawing largely on Boas and Weber, analyze culture into publicly accessible forms and the interpretations different actors give those forms. Despite recent criticisms by political economists as well as postmodernists, this approach continues to guide much of the current research by anthropologists working in Southeast Asia.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 54 , Issue 4 , November 1995 , pp. 1047 - 1078
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Abdullah, Taufik. 1971. Schools and Politics: The Kaum Muda Movement in West Sumatra (1927-1933). Ithaca: Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project.Google Scholar
Ackerman, Susan E., and Lee, Raymond L. M.. 1988. Heaven in Transition: Non-Muslim Religious Innovation and Ethnic Identity in Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Leila. 1992. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1990. “Analytical Debates; Understanding the Relative Autonomy of Culture.” In Alexander, Jeffrey C. and Seidman, Steven, eds., Culture and Society: Contemporary Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. 1987. Introduction to Southeast Asian Tribal Groups and Ethnic Minorities, by Cultural Survival. Cambridge, Mass.: Cultural Survival Report 22.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. 1990 [1984]. “Sembah-Sumpah: The Politics of Language and Javanese Culture.” In Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, by Benedict R.O'G. Anderson. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Antoun, Richard. 1989. Muslim Preacher in the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Jane Monnig. 1983. “Religions in Dialogue: The Construction of an Indonesian Minority Religion.” American Ethnologist 10:684–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Jane Monnig. 1987. “The Effectiveness of Shamans in an Indonesian Ritual.” American Anthropologist 89:342–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Jane Monnig. 1989. The Art and Politics of Wana Shamanship. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Jane Monnig, and Errington, Shelley, eds. 1990. Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Banks, David J. 1987. From Class to Culture: Social Conscience in Malay Novels since Independence. New Haven: Yale Southeast Asia Studies, No. 29.Google Scholar
Banks, David J. 1990. “Resurgent Islam and Malay Rural Culture: Malay Novelists and the Invention of Culture.” American Ethnologist 17:531–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barraud, C. and Platenkamp, J. D. M.. 1990. “Rituals and the Comparison of Societies.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 146:103–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barth, Fredrik. 1993. Balinese Worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bateson, Gregory, and Mead, Margaret. 1942. Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard, and Briggs, Charles L.. 1990. “Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 19:59–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayly, C. A. 1993. “Indian Ecumene and British Public, 1780-1880.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Bentley, G. Carter. 1987. “Ethnicity and Practice.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:24–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, John R. 1986. “On the Political Construction of Tradition: Gotong Royong in Indonesia.” Journal of Asian Studies 45(3):545–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, John R. 1991. Sumatran Politics and Poetics: Gayo History, 1900-1989. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, John R. 1993. Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldarola, Victor J. 1994. Reception as Cultural Experience: Mass Media and Muslim Orthodoxy in Outer Indonesia. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig, ed. 1992. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Mit Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1983. “On Ethnographic Authority.” Representations 1:118–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cultural, Survival. 1987. Southeast Asian Tribal Groups and Ethnic Minorities. Cambridge, Ma: Cultural Survival Report 22.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Clark E. 1964. “Order in the Atoni House.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 120:34–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBernardi, Jean. 1994. “Historical Allusion and the Defense of Identity: Malaysian Chinese Popular Religion.” In Keyes, Charles F., Kendall, Laurel, and Hardacre, Helen, eds., Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. 1980. “Islamic Education and Traditional Ideology on Java.” In Fox, James J., et al. , eds., Indonesia: Australian Perspectives. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Dove, Michael, ed. 1988. The Real and Imagined Role of Culture in Development: Case Studies from Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumont, Jean-Paul. 1992. Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, Nancy. 1988. “Siren Song: Negotiating Gender Images in a Rural Shan Village.” In Eberhardt, Nancy, ed., Gender, Power, and the Construction of the Moral Order: Studies from the Thai Periphery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monograph 4.Google Scholar
Ebihara, May. 1990. “Revolution and Reformulation in Kampuchean Village Culture.” In Ablin, David A. and Hood, Marlowe, eds., The Cambodian Agony. Armonk, N.Y., and London: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Eder, James F. 1987. On the Road to Tribal Extinction: Depopulation, Deculturation, and Adaptive Well-being among the Batak of the Philippines. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellen, Roy F. 1983. “Social Theory, Ethnography and the Understanding of Practical Islam in South-East Asia.” In Hooker, M. B., ed., Islam in South-East Asia. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Embree, John F. 1950. “Thailand—A Loosely Structured Social System.” American Anthropologist 52:181–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, David M. 1978. Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court: The Interaction of Formal and Informal Systems of Justice. Tucson: Association of Asian Studies Monograph Series, University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph. 1986. “Continuity and Change in Indonesian Language Development.” Journal of Asian Studies 45:329–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph. 1989. Structure and Style in Javanese. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Errington, Shelly. 1989. Meaning and Power in a Southeast Asian Realm. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Grant. 1990. Lao Peasants under Socialism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fegan, Brian. 1989. “The Philippines: Agrarian Stagnation Under a Decaying Regime.” In Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew, and White, Benjamin, eds., Agrarian Transformations: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Forth, Gregory. 1991. Place and Space in Eastern Indonesia. Canterbury: University of Kent, Centre of South-East Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 16.Google Scholar
Fox, James J. ed. 1980. The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, James J. 1988a. Introduction to Fox, James J., ed., To Speak in Pairs: Essays on the Ritual Languages of Eastern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, James J. 1988b. Origin, Descent, and Precedence in the Study of Austronesian Societies. Lecture delivered at Leiden University, 17 March 1988.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The Religion of Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Agricultural Involution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1966a. “Religion as a Cultural System.” In Banton, Michael, ed., Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1966b. Person, Time, and Conduct in Bali: An Essay in Cultural Analysis. New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Program, Cultural Report Series, #14..Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1972. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” Daedalus 101:1–37.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1980. Negara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. “Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective.” In C. Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Geertz, Hildred. 1991. “A Theatre of Cruelty: The Contexts of a Topáng Performance.” In Geertz, Hildred, ed., State and Society in Bali: Historical, Textual and Anthropological Approaches. Leiden: Kitlv Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Kenneth M. 1991. “Headhunting, History, and Exchange in Upland Sulawesi.” Journal of Asian Studies 50:536–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, Kenneth M. 1993. “Lyric, History, and Allegory, or the End of Headhunting Ritual in Upland Sulawesi.” American Ethnologist 20:696–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Thomas. 1986. Sacrifice and Sharing in the Philippine Highlands: Religion and Society among the Buid of Mindoro. London, Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1968. Introduction to Goody, J., ed., Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, Christine E. 1991. “Hegemonic Images: Language and Silence in the Royal Thai Polity.” Man 26:43–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, Jurgen. [1962] 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Translated by T. Burger. Cambridge: Mit Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Kenneth R., and Whitmore, John K., eds. 1976. Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft. Ann Arbor: Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, no. 11.Google Scholar
Hanks, Lucien. 1966. “The Corporation and the Entourage: A Comparison of Thai and American Social Organization.” Catalyst 2:55–63.Google Scholar
Hart, Gillian. 1986. Power, Labor, and Livelihood: Processes of Change in Rural Java. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Gillian. 1989. “Agrarian Change in the Context of State Patronage.” In Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew, and White, Benjamin, eds., Agrarian Transformations: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Heider, Karl G. 1991. Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping Three Cultures of Emotion in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine-Geldern, Robert. 1956. Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper no. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1985. Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1987. “Islamizing Java? Religion and Politics in Rural East Java.” Journal of Asian Studies 46:533–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1990. The Political Economy of Mountain Java: An Interpretive History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1993. “Introduction: World Building and the Rationality of Conversion.” In Hefner, Robert W., ed., Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1994. “Reimagined Community: A Social History of Muslim Education in Pasuruan, East Java.” In Keyes, Charles F., Kendall, Laurell, and Hardacre, Helen, eds., Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Hobart, Mark. 1986. “Thinker, Thespian, Soldier, Slave? Assumptions about Human Nature in the Study of Balinese Society.” In Hobart, Mark and Taylor, Robert H., eds., Context, Meaning, and Power in Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Studies on Southeast Asia.Google Scholar
Holmberg, David H. 1989. Order in Paradox: Myth, Ritual, and Exchange among Nepal's Tamang. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Horvatich, Patricia, n.d. The Parang Sabil of Yusop Dais and the Politics of Identity in the Southern Philippines. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Hoskins, Janet. 1987. “The Headhunter as Hero: Local Traditions and their Reinterpretation in National History.” American Ethnologist 14:605–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hüsken, Frans. 1991. “Power, Property and Parentage in a Central Javanese Village.” In Hiisken, Frans and Kemp, Jeremy, eds., Cognation and Social Organization in Southeast Asia. Leiden: Kitlv Press.Google Scholar
Hyden, Goran. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa: Under development and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ileto, Reynaldo Clemena. 1979. Payson and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840–1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Neil L. 1993. Understanding Vietnam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Sidney. 1991. “The Javanese Pesantren: Between Elite and Peasantry.” In Keyes, Charles, ed., Reshaping Local Worlds: Formal Education and Cultural Change in Rural Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph 36.Google Scholar
Josselin De Jong, P.E. de. 1964. “Marcel Mauss et les origines de l'anthropologie structurale hollandaise.” I'Homme 12:62–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Just, Peter. 1990. “Dead Goats and Broken Betrothals: Liability and Equity in Dou Donggo Law.” American Ethnologist 17:75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, Joel S. 1992. “Class, Ethnicity and Diversity: Some Remarks on Malay Culture in Malaysia,” In Kahn, Joel S. and Wah, Francis Loh Kok, eds., Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Kammerer, Cornelia Ann. 1988a. “Shifting Gender Asymmetries Among Akha of Northern Thailand.” In Eberhardt, Nancy, ed., Gender, Power, and the onstruction of the Moral Order: Studies from the Thai Periphery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monograph 4.Google Scholar
Kammerer, Cornelia Ann. 1988b. “Territorial Imperatives: Akha Ethnic Identity and Thailand's National Integration.” In Guidieri, Remo, et al. , eds., Ethnicities and Nations. Houston: The Rothko Chapel.Google Scholar
Kammerer, Cornelia Ann. 1990. “Customs and Christian Conversion among Akha Highlanders of Burma and Thailand.” American Ethnologist 17:277–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karim, Wazir Jahan. 1992. Women and Culture: Between Malay Adat and Islam. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Keeler, Ward. 1985. “Villagers and the Exemplary Center in Java.” Indonesia 39:111–0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeler, Ward. 1987. Javanese Shadow Plays, Javanese Selves. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keeler, Ward. 1992. “Release from Kala's Grip: Ritual Uses of Shadow Plays in Java and Bali.” Indonesia 54:1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. 1990. Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kessler, Clive S. 1978. Islam and Politics in a Malay State: Kelantan 1838-1969. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1984. “Mother or Mistress but Never a Monk: Buddhist Notions of Female Gender in Rural Thailand.” American Ethnologist 11:223–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1986. “Ambiguous Gender: Male Initiation in a Buddhist Society.” In Bynum, Caroline Walker, Harrell, Stevan, and Richman, Paula, eds., Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1987. Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-state. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1991. “The Proposed World of the School: Thai Villagers' Entry into a Bureaucratic State System.” In Keyes, Charles, ed., Reshaping Local Worlds: Formal Education and Cultural Change in Rural Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph 36.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1993a. “Buddhist Economics and Buddhist Fundamentalisms in Burma and Thailand.” In Marty, Martin E. and Appleby, R. Scott, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1993b. “Why the Thai Are Not Christians: Buddhist and Christian Conversion in Thailand.” In Hefner, Robert, ed., Conversion to Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F., ed. 1979. Ethnic Adaptation and Identity: The Karen on the Thai Frontier with Burma. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F., ed. 1991. Reshaping Local Worlds: Formal Education and Cultural Change in Rural Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph 36.Google Scholar
Kipp, Rita Smith. 1990. The Early Years of a Dutch Colonial Mission: The Karo Field. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kipp, Rita Smith. 1993. Dissociated Identities: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in an Indonesian Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kipp, Rita Smith, and Rodgers, Susan. 1987. “Indonesian Religions in Transition.” Introduction to Kipp, Rita Smith and Rodgers, Susan, eds., Indonesian Religions in Transition. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Kirsch, A. Thomas. 1973. Feasting and Social Oscillation: Religion and Society in Upland Southeast Asia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsch, A. Thomas. 1977. “Complexity in the Thai Religious System: An Interpretation.” Journal of Asian Studies 36:241–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsch, A. Thomas. 1985. “Text and Context: Buddhist Sex Roles/Culture of Gender Revisited.” American Ethnologist 12:302–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koentjaraningrat, ed. 1967. Villages in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kuipers, Joel. 1986. “Talking About Troubles: Gender Differences in Weyewa Speech Use.” American Ethnologist 13:448–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuipers, Joel. 1990. Power in Performance: The Creation of Textual Authority in Weyewa Ritual Speech. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laderman, Carol. 1991. Taming the Wind of Desire: Psychology, Medicine, and Aesthetics in Malay Shamanistic Performance. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lande, Carl H. 1965. Leaders, Factions, and Parties: The Structure of Philippine Politics. New Haven: Southeast Asian Studies, Yale University.Google Scholar
Lansing, J. Stephen. 1991. Priests and Programmers. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Leach, E. R. 1964. Political Systems of Highland Burma. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Lehman, F. K. 1979. “Who Are the Karen, and If So, Why? Karen Ethnohistory and a Formal Theory of Ethnicity.” In Keyes, Charles F., ed., Ethnic Adaptation and Identity. Philadelphia: Ishi Pres.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. [1949] 1963. “The Effectiveness of Symbols.” In Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Loh Kok Wah, Francis. 1992. “Modernisation, Cultural Revival and Counter-Hegemony: The Kadazans of Sabah in the 1980s.” In Kahn, Joel S. and Wah, Francis Loh Kok, eds., Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Luong, Hy van. 1988. “Discursive Practices and Power Structure: Person-Referring Forms and Sociopolitical Struggles in Colonial Vietnam.” American Ethnologist 15:239–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luong, Hy van. 1989. “Vietnamese Kinship: Structural Principles and the Socialist Transformation in Northern Vietnam.” Journal of Asian Studies 48:741–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Frank, ed. 1968. Four Readings on Philippine Values. Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University.Google Scholar
McAllister, Carol. 1990. “Women and Feasting: Ritual Exchange, Capitalism, and Islamic Revival in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.” Research in Economic Anthropology 12:23–51.Google Scholar
McCoy, Alfred W. 1993. “‘An Anarchy of Families’: The Historiography of State and Family in the Philippines.” In McCoy, Alfred W., ed., An Anarchy of Families: State and Family in the Philippines. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
McKenna, Thomas M. n.d. Appreciating Islam in the Muslim Philippines: Authority, Experience, and Identity in Cotabato. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
McLellan, Susan. 1986. “Reciprocity and Labour Relations in Rural Kedah.” In Koninck, R. de and Nadeau, J., eds., Ressources, Problèmes et Défis de L'Asie du Sud- Est. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval.Google Scholar
Macleod, Arlene Elowe. 1991. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mertz, Elizabeth and Parmentier, Richard J., eds. 1985. Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives. Orlando: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Millar, Susan B. 1983. “On Interpreting Gender in Bugis Society.” American Ethnologist 10:477–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, Anthony C. 1982. Kerajaan: Malay Political Culture on the Eve of Colonial Rule. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Moerman, Michael. 1965. “Ethnic Identity in a Complex Civilization: Who Are the Lue?” American Anthropologist 67:1215–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mojares, Resil B. 1985. Theater in Society, Society in Theater: Social History of a Cebuano Village, 1840–1940. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar
Mojares, Resil B. 1991. Talking Politics: the Komentaryo on Philippine Radio. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Muecke, Marjorie A. 1992. “Mother Sold Food, Daughter Sells Her Body: the Cultural Continuity of Prostitution.” Social Science and Medicine 35:891–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagata, Judith. 1981. “In Defense of Ethnic Boundaries: The Changing Myths and Charters of Malay Identity.” In Keyes, Charles F., ed., Ethnic Change. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Nagata, Judith. 1984. The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Modern Religious Radicals and Their Roots. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Mitsuo. 1983. The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree. Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney. 1957. “Circulating Connubium in Eastern Sumba: a literary analysis.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 113:168–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ness, Sally Ann. 1992. Body, Movement, and Culture: Kinesthetic and Visual Symbolism in a Philippine Community. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, Richard A. 1981. “Law as Indigenous Social Theory: A Siamese Tai Case.” American Ethnologist 8:223–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1987. Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: Suny University Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1990. “State Versus Islam: Malay Families, Women's Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia.” American Ethnologist 17:258–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortner, Sherry. 1978. Sherpas through Their Rituals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, James L. 1968. Rites of Modernization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Peacock, James L. 1978a. Purifying the Faith: The Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesian Islam. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings.Google Scholar
Peacock, James L. 1978b. Muslim Puritans: Reformist Psychology in Southeast Asian Islam. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1988a. A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property, and Social History Among the Malays of Rembau. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1988b. “Poisoning, Sorcery, and Healing Rituals in Negeri Sembilan.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 144:132–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletz, Michael G. 1993. “Sacred Texts and Dangerous Words: The Politics of Law and Cultural Rationalization in Malaysia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35:66–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pemberton, John. 1994. On the Subject of “Java.” Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafael, Vincent. 1987. “Confession, Conversion, and Reciprocity in Early Tagalog Colonial Society.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:320–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajah, Ananda. 1990. “Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Nation-State: The Karen in Burma and Thailand.” In Wijeyewardene, Gehan, ed., Ethnic Groups across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert. 1956. Peasant Society and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony J. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1430-1680. Vol. 1: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Susan. 1986. “Batak Tape Cassette Kinship: Constructing Kinship Through the Indonesian National Mass Media,” American Ethnologist 13:23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, Susan. 1991. “The Ethnic Culture Page in Medan Journalism.” Indonesia 51:83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle. 1980. Knowledge and Passion: Ilongot Notions of Self and Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle. 1984. “Words That are Moving: The Social Meanings of Ilongot Verbal Art.” In Brenneis, Don L. and Myers, Fred, eds., Dangerous Words: Language and Politics in the Pacific. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1980. Ilongot Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society and History. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosaldo, Renato. 1984. “Grief and the Headhunter's Rage: On the Cultural Force of Emotions.” In Bruner, Edward, ed., Text, Play, and Story: The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society.Google Scholar
Russell, Susan D., ed. 1989. Ritual, Power, and Economy: Upland-Lowland Contrasts in Mainland Southeast Asia. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 14.Google Scholar
Russell, Susan D. and Cunningham, Clark E., eds. 1989. Changing Lives, Changing Rites: Ritual and Social Dynamics in Philippine and Indonesian Uplands Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Michigan Studies of South and Southeast Asian Studies, No. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall. 1981. Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review 66:91–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya K. 1990. “Gender and Cooperative Conflicts” In Tinker, Irene, ed., Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shamsul, A. B. 1994. “Religion and Ethnic Politics in Malaysia: The Significance of the Islamic Resurgence Phenomenon.” In Keyes, Charles F., Kendall, Laurell, and Hardacre, Helen, eds., Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, James T. 1969. The Rope of God. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, James T. 1986. Solo in the New Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Milton. 1964. “The Social Organization of Indian Civilization.” Diogène 45:84–119.Google Scholar
Smith, Martin. 1991. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Smith-Hefner, Nancy J. 1989. “A Social History of Language Change in Highland East Java.” Journal of Asian Studies 48:257–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiro, Melford E. 1992. “The Internalization of a Burmese Gender Ideology.” In Anthropological Other or Burmese Brother? Studies in Cultural Analysis, by Melford E. Spiro. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.Google Scholar
Steedly, Mary M. 1993. Hanging Without a Rope. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stivens, Maila K., ed. 1991. Why Gender Matters in Southeast Asian Politics. Clayton, Australia: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Papers on Southeast Asia, No. 23.Google Scholar
Stocking, George W. Jr., ed. 1989. Romantic Motives: Essays on Anthropological Sensibility. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1977. “Rice Harvesting in Kali Loro: A Study of Class and Labor in Rural Java.” American Ethnologist 4:678–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura. 1985. “Perceptions of Protest: Denning the Dangerous in Colonial Sumatra.” American Ethnologist 12:642–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, Amin. 1987. A Full Hearing: Orality and Literacy in the Malay World. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J. 1969. “Animals are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit.” Ethnology 8:423–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tambiah, S. J. 1970. Buddhism and Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanabe, Shigeharu. 1991. “Spirits, Power, and the Discourse of Female Gender: The Phi Meng Cult in Northern Thailand.” In Chitakasem, M. and Turton, A., eds., Thai Constructions of Knowledge. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar
Tapp, Nicholas. 1989. Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 1989. “Explanation and Practical Reason.” Helsinki: Wider Working Papers, No. 72.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. L. 1993. Forest Monks and the Nation-State: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Tooker, Deborah E. 1992. “Identity Systems of Highland Burma: ‘Belief, Akha zan, and a Critique of Interiorized Notions of Ethno-religious Identity.” Man (N.S.) 27:799–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaput. 1990. “Gender and Performance in Meratus Dispute Settlement.” In Atkinson, Jane Monnig and Errington, Shelley, eds., Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaput. 1993. In The Realm of the Diamond Queen. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Turton, Andrew. 1989. “Local Powers and Rural Differentiation.” In Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew, and White, Benjamin, eds., Agrarian Transformations: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Urban, Greg. 1991. A Discourse-Centered Approach to Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Van Esterik, Penny, ed. 1982. Women of Southeast Asia. De Kalb: Northern Illinois University, Monograph Series on Southeast Asia, Occasional Paper No. 9.Google Scholar
Van Esterik, Penny and Esterik, John Van, eds. 1992. Gender and Development in Southeast Asia. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Volkman, Toby Alice. 1985. Feasts of Honor: Ritual and Change in the Toraja Highlands. Urbana: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Volkman, Toby Alice. 1990. “Visions and Revisions: Toraja Culture and the Tourist Gaze.” American Ethnologist 17:91–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, Carol. 1991. “Adat and Dinas: Village and State in Contemporary Bali.” In Geertz, Hildred, ed., State and Society in Bali: Historical, Textual and Anthropological Approaches. Leiden: Kitlv Press.Google Scholar
Watson, C. W., and Ellen, Roy, eds. 1993. Understanding Witchcraft and Sorcery in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellenkamp, Jane C. 1988. “Notions of Grief and Cathersis Among the Toraja.” American Ethnologist 15:486–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whyte, Martin King. 1978. The Status of Women in Preindustrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wijeyewardene, Gehan. 1990. “Thailand and the Tai: Versions of Ethnic Identity.” In Wijeyewardene, Gehan, ed., Ethnic Groups across National Boundariesin Mainland Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikan, Unni. 1990. Managing Turbulent Hearts: a Balinese Formula for Living. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Diane L. 1992. Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wolters, Willem. 1983. Politics, Patronage and Class Conflict in Central Luzon. The Hague: Institute of Social Studies.Google Scholar
Woodward, Mark R. 1989. Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Yampolsky, Philip. 1989. “Had Yang Luka, an Indonesian Hit.” Indonesia 47:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar