Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:11:32.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conceptualizing Chinese Diasporas, 1842 to 1949

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Adam McKeown
Get access

Extract

Each of these epigrams is from an exemplary work of primary research. While not entirely exclusive—potential for overlap appears in the ideas of “mutual development” and “transfer” of culture—they each exemplify different research agendas that result in competing narratives of Chinese migration. Sucheng Chan's work is part of a larger project of contemporary Asian American studies to incorporate Chinese as important actors in American history. It emphasizes the adaptations of Chinese social organization in the United States, and explains them as necessary and unprecedented responses to unfamiliar challenges. Although Chan pays more attention than many Asian American historians to Chinese nationalism, transnational families, and continued links to China, she does not follow the implications of these descriptions so far as to reformulate her narrative of migration as a monodirectional relocation followed by locally conditioned transformation (see also S. Chan 1991, 63–66,96–97; 1990). In their most extremely America-centered versions, Asian American histories have treated these extra-American phenomena as little more than byproducts of exclusion and racism, and denounced the idea of the temporary Chinese sojourner as an orientalist construction (A. Chan 1981).

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , May 1999 , pp. 306 - 337
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Adams, Romanzo. 1937. Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Bonacich, Edna, and Cheng, Lucie, eds. 1984. Labor Immigration under Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Carstens, Sharon. 1993. “Chinese Culture and Polity in Nineteenth-Century Malaya: The Case of Yap Ah Loy.” In “Secret Societies” Reconsidered, edited by Ownby, David and Heidhues, Mary Somers. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Chan, Anthony. 1981. “‘Orientalism’ and Image Making: The Sojourner in Canadian History.” Journal of Ethnic Studies 9: 37–46.Google Scholar
Chan, Sucheng. 1986. This Bittersweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Sucheng. 1990. “European and Asian Immigration into the United States in Comparative Perspective, 1820s to 1920s.” In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology and Politics, edited by Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Sucheng. 1991. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History. New York: Twayne.Google Scholar
Chang, Ching Chieh. 1956. “The Chinese in Latin America: A Preliminary Geographical Survey with Special Reference to Cuba and Jamaica.” Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Chen, Ifu. n.d. “Chinatown of Chicago.” Ernest Burgess Papers, box 128, file 8. Regenstein Library Special Collections. University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ta, Chen. 1923. Chinese Migrations, with Special Reference to Labor Conditions. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Ta, Chen. 1940. Emigrant Communities in South China. Edited by Lasker, Bruno. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations.Google Scholar
Chicago Chinese Case Files. National Archives, Great Lakes Region, Chicago.Google Scholar
Chirot, Daniel, and Reid, Anthony. 1997. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1994. “Diasporas.” Cultural Anthropology 9: 302–38.Google Scholar
Cloud, Patricia, and Galenson, David. 1987. “Chinese Immigration and Contract Labor in the Late Nineteenth Century.” Explorations in Economic History 24: 22–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1997a. “Diasporas, the Nation-State and Globalisation.” In Global History and Migrations, edited by Gungwu, Wang. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1997b. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Constable, Nicole. 1994. Christian Souls and Chinese Spirits. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Coppel, Charles. 1981. “The Origins of Confucianism as an Organized Religion in Java, 1900–1923.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12: 179–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, Jennifer. 1993. Fields from the Sea: Chinese Junk Trade with Siam during the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, Jennifer, and Gungwu, Wang, eds. 1988. Changing Identities of the Southeast Asian Chinese Since World War II. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Dirlik, Arif. 1996. “Asians on the Rim: Transnational Capital and Local Community in the Making of Contemporary Asian America.” Amerasia Journal 22: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, John. 1932. “A Night in Chinatown.” The Chicago Visitor 4.5: 14.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit. 1997a. “Nationalists among Transnationals: Overseas Chinese and the Idea of China, 1900–1911.” In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit. 1997b. “Transnationalism and the Predicament of Sovereignty: China, 1900–1945.” American Historical Review 102: 1030–51.Google Scholar
Fan, Ting-chiu. 1926. “Chinese Residents in Chicago.” M.A. thesis, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Faure, David. 1989. The Rural Economy of Pre-Liberation China. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freedman, Maurice. 1957. Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Gates, Hill. 1996. China's Motor: A Thousand Years of Petty Capitalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gilroy, Paul. 1993. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Glick, Clarence. 1980. Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center.Google Scholar
Godley, Michael. 1982. The Mandarin Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernization of China, 1893–1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 1995. “The Locality as Microcosm of the Nation? Native Place Networks and Early Urban Nationalism in China.” Modern China 21: 387–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Stuart. 1994. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” In Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, edited by Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Gary. 1977. “Ethnicity and Regionalism: Some Factors Influencing Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia.” Ethnicity 4: 331–51.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Gary. 1996. “Overseas Chinese Capitalism.” In Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons, edited by Wei-ming, Tu. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Gary, and Waters, Tony. 1997. “Ethnicity and Capitalist Development: The Changing Role of the Chinese in Thailand.” In Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe, edited by Chirot, Daniel and Reid, Anthony. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Heidhues, Mary Somers. 1992. Bangka Tin and Mentok Pepper: Chinese Settlement on an Indonesian Island. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Heidhues, Mary Somers. 1996. “Chinese Settlements in Rural Southeast Asia.” In Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, edited by Reid, Anthony. St. Leonards, Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia and Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles. 1988. “Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia: Alternative Perspectives.” Changing Identities of the Southeast Asian Chinese Since World War II, edited by Cushman, Jennifer and Gungwu, Wang. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Hsu, Madeline. 1996. “Living Abroad and Faring Well: Migration and Transnationalism in Taishan County, Guangdong, 1904–1939.” Ph.D. diss., Yale University.Google Scholar
Jianchun, Huang. 1993. WanQing XinMa Huaqiao dui Guojia Rentong zhi Yanjiu [A Study of Overseas Chinese Identity Problem: The Malaya Chinese and Late Ch'ing Government]. Taibei: The Society of Overseas Chinese Studies.Google Scholar
Sande, Huang. 1936. Hongmen Geming Shi [Revolutionary History of the Hongmen]. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. 1993. “Chinese Coolie Labour in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labour or Neo-Slavery?” Slavery and Abolition 14: 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, James C. 1968. Planters and Speculators: Chinese and European Agricultural Enterprise in Malaya, 1786–1921. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.Google Scholar
Tejapira, Kasian. 1997. “Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism.” In Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe, edited by Chirot, Daniel and Reid, Anthony. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Aisha. 1995. “Homeland, Motherland: Authenticity, Legitimacy, and Ideologies of Place among Muslims in Trinidad.” In Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora, edited by van der Veer, Peter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
King, Anthony, ed. 1997 [1991]. Culture, Globalization, and the World-System: Contemporary Conditions for the Representation of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kotkin, Joel. 1992. Tribes: How Race, Religion and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Kulp, Daniel. 1966 [1925]. Country Life in South China: The Sociology of Familism. Taipei: Ching-Wu Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Lausent, Isabelle. 1983. Acos: Pequeña Propiedad, Podery Economia de Mercado. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Yun, Leong Gor. 1936. Chinatown Inside Out. New York: Barrows Mussey.Google Scholar
Leong, Sow-Theng. 1997. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors, edited by Wright, Tim. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lever Tracy, Constance, and Ip, David. 1996. “Diaspora Capitalism and the Homeland: Australian Chinese Networks into China.” Diaspora 5: 239–73.Google Scholar
Jinming, Li. 1996. “Wu Kou Tong Shang Hou Cong Xiamen Chu Yang de Huagong [Laborers Emigrating from Xiamen after the Opening of the Five Treaty Ports]. Huaqiao Huaren Lishi Yanjiu (Spring): 74–80.Google Scholar
Lin, Alfred. 1997. The Rural Economy of Guangdong, 1870–1937: A Study of the Agrarian Crisis and its Origins in Southernmost China. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Haiming, Liu. 1992. “The Trans-Pacific Family: A Case Study of Sam Chang's Family History.” Amerasia Journal 18: 1–34.Google Scholar
Zuoren, Liu. 1959. “Jinshanzhuang de Yanjiu” [Research on Golden Mountain Firms]. Zhongguo jingji 101: 20–22.Google Scholar
Look Lai, Walton. 1993. Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar: Chinese and Indian Migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ma, L. Eve Armentrout. 1984. “Fellow-Regional Associations in the Ch'ing Dynasty: Organizations in Flux for Mobile People.” Modern Asian Studies 18: 307–30.Google Scholar
Ma, L. Eve Armentrout. 1990. Revolutionaries, Monarchists and Chinatowns. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
McKee, Delber. 1977. Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy 1900–1906. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
McKeown, Adam. 1996. “Inmigración china al Perú, 1904–1937: Exclusión y negociación,” Histórica 20: 59–91.Google Scholar
McKeown, Adam. 1997. “Chinese Migrants among Ghosts: Chicago, Peru and Hawaii in the Early Twentieth Century.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
McKeown, Adam. forthcoming. “Transnational Chinese Families and American Exclusion, 1875–1943.' 'Journal of American Ethnic History.Google Scholar
Mei, June. 1979. “Socioeconomic Origins of Emigration: Guangdong to California, 1850–1882.” Modern China 5: 463–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Katharyn E. 1997. “Transnational Citizens: Constituting the Cultural Citizen in the Era of Pacific Rim Capital.” In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Murray, Dian. 1993. The Origin of the Tiandihui (Heaven and Earth Society). Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Nonini, Donald, and Ong, Aihwa. 1997. “Chinese Transnationalism as an Alternative Modernity.” In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1993. “On the Edges of Empires: Flexible Citizenship among Chinese in Diaspora.” Positions 1: 745–77.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1997. “Chinese Modernities: Narratives of Nation and of Capitalism.” In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ownby, David, and Heidhues, Mary Somers, eds. 1993. “Secret Societies” Reconsidered. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Pann, Lynn. 1990. Sons of the Yellow Emperor. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Ying, Pei. 1994. “Huaqiao Hunyin Jiating Xingtai Chutan” [Preliminary Investigations on the Marriage and Family Patterns of Overseas Chinese]. Huaqiao Huaren Lishi Yanjiu (Spring): 41–45.Google Scholar
Redding, G. Gordon. 1990. The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Craig. 1996. “Tycoons and Warlords: Modern Thai Social Formations and Chinese Historical Romance.” In Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, edited by Reid, Anthony. St. Leonards, Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia and Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Richardson, Peter. 1982. Chinese Mine Labour in the Transvaal. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Robertson, Roland. 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Rodriguez Pastor, Humberto. 1989. Hijos del Celeste Imperio en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Apoyo Agrario.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 1991. “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return.” Diaspora 1: 83–4.Google Scholar
Salmon, Claudine. 1996. “Ancestral Halls, Funeral Associations, and Attempts at Resinicization in Nineteenth-Century Netherlands India.” In Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, edited by Reid, Anthony. St. Leonards, Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia and Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Sinn, Elizabeth. 1995a. “Emigration from Hong Kong before 1941: General Trends.” In Emigration from Hong Kong: Tendencies and Impacts, edited by Skeldon, Ronald. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Sinn, Elizabeth. 1995b. “Emigration from Hong Kong before 1941: Organization and Impact.” In Emigration from Hong Kong: Tendencies and Impacts, edited by Skeldon, Ronald. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Siu, Paul. 1952. “The Sojourner,” American Journal of Sociology 58: 34–44.Google Scholar
Siu, Paul. 1987. The Chinese Laundryman: A Study of Social Isolation, edited by Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Siu, Paul. n.d.a. “Chinese Family in Chicago.” Ernest Burgess Papers, box 138, file 8. Regenstein Library Special Collections. University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Siu, Paul. n.d.b. “Some Types of Chinese Family in America.” Ernest Burgess Papers, box 137, file 2. Regenstein Library Special Collections. University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Skeldon, Ronald. 1994. “Hong Kong in an International Migration System: In Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Overseas Chinese, edited by Skeldon, Ronald. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1957. Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1976. “Mobility Strategies in Late Imperial China: A Regional Systems Analysis.” In Regional Analysis, v. I, Economic Systems, edited by Smith, Carol A.. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1996. “Creolized Chinese Societies in Southeast Asia.” In Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, edited by Reid, Anthony. St. Leonards, Australia: Asian Studies Association of Australia and Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Stewart, Watt. 1951. Chinese Bondage in Peru: A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849–1874. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Suryadinata, Leo, ed. 1997. Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Beng, Tan Chee. 1988. The Baba of Melaka. Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications.Google Scholar
Beng, Tan Chee. 1997. “Comments by Tan Chee Beng on 'Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia.” In Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians, edited by Suryadinata, Leo. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Thistlewaite, Frank. 1964. “Migration from Europe Overseas in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” In Population Movements in Modern European History, edited by Moller, Herbert. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1990. “Transplanted Networks.” In Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology and Politics, edited by Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tololyan, Kachig. 1996. “Rethinking Diaspora(s): Stateless Power in the Transnational Moment.” Diaspora 5: 3–36.Google Scholar
Trocki, Carl. 1979. Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of johore and Singapore, 1784–1885. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Trocki, Carl. 1990. Opium and Empire: Chinese Society in Colonial Singapore, 1800–1910. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Trocki, Carl. 1997. “Boundaries and Transgressions: Chinese Enterprise in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Southeast Asia.” In Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Nonini, Donald. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. 1976. “Reaction to Exclusion: The Boycott of 1905 and Chinese National Awakening.” The Historian 39: 95–110.Google Scholar
Wei-Ming, Tu, ed. 1991. The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic. 1966. Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839é1861. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gungwu, Wang. 1991. China and the Chinese Overseas. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wang, L. Ling-Chi. 1995. “The Structure of Dual Domination: Toward a Paradigm for the Study of the Chinese Diaspora in the United States.” Amerasia Journal 21: 149–69.Google Scholar
Sing-wu, Wang. 1978. The Organization of Chinese Emigration, 1848–1888. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, Inc.Google Scholar
Peng, Wang Tai. 1994. The Origins of the Chinese Kongsi. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Pelanduk.Google Scholar
Watson, James L. 1975. Emigration and the Chinese Lineage. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Lea. 1960. Overseas Chinese Nationalism: The Genesis of the Pan-Chinese Movement in Indonesia. Cambridge: The Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Wilson, Margaret Gibbons. 1969. “Concentration and Dispersal of the Chinese Population of Chicago.” M.A. thesis, University of Chicago School of Education.Google Scholar
Wong, Sau-Ling C. 1995. “Denationalization Reconsidered: Asian American Cultural Criticism at a Theoretical Crossroads.” Amerasia Journal 21: 1–28.Google Scholar
Woon, Yuen-Fong. 1984a. “An Emigrant Community in the Ssu-yi Area, Southeastern China, 1855–1949.” Modern Asian Studies 19: 273–308.Google Scholar
Woon, Yuen-Fong. 1984b. Social Organization in South China, 1911–1949. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Wyman, Mark. 1993. Round-Trip to America: The Immigrants Return to Europe, 1880–1930. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Chenghua, Xia. 1992. Jindai Guangdong Sheng Qiaohui Yanjiu (1862–1949)—Yi Guang, Chao, Mei, Qiong Diqu wei Lie [Research on Overseas Remittances to Guangdong Province in the Modern Era (1862–1949)—Using the Guangzhou, Chaozhou, Meixian and Hainan Regions as Examples]. Singapore: Singapore South Seas Society.Google Scholar
Yingming, Xie. 1984. “Lu Mei Zayi” [Miscellaneous Recollections of Sojourning in America]. In Huaqiao Yuan Sang Lu [Stories of Overseas Chinese]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yu, Renqiu. 1983. “Chinese American Contributions to the Educational Development of Toisan, 1920–40.” Amerasia Journal 10: 47–72.Google Scholar
Yu, Renqiu. 1992. To Save China, To Save Ourselves. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Zo, Kil-young. 1978. Chinese Emigration into the United States, 1850–1880. New York: Arno Press.Google Scholar