Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T05:23:11.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social Mobility, Popular Ideology, and Collective Violence in Modern Sri Lanka

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

John D. Rogers
Get access

Extract

Riots, rebellions, and other disturbances have broken out periodically in most parts of South Asia in modern times. Both early resistance to British rule and the religious and nationalist violence of the later colonial period have attracted a good deal of attention from scholars. One of the general trends apparent from this research is the weakening of distinctions among “communal,” “economic,” and “political” disturbances, and detailed studies have emphasized the ambiguity of most riots. Ostensibly religious affrays often reflected more general social and economic tensions, while the expression of economic grievances was often channeled by cultural or political beliefs.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , August 1987 , pp. 583 - 602
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Ali, Ameer. 1981. “The 1915 Racial Riots in Ceylon (Sri Lanka): A Reappraisal of Its Causes.” South Asia 4:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alles, A. C. 1979. Insurgency—1971. 3d. ed. Colombo: Mervyn Mendis.Google Scholar
Amunugama, Sarath, and Meyer, Éric. 1984. “Remarques sur la violence dans l'idéologie bouddhique et la pratique sociale à Sri Lanka (Ceylan).” Études rurales 95–96:47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayly, C. A. 1985. “The Pre-history of ‘Communalism’? Religious Conflict in India, 1700–1860.” Modern Asian Studies 19:177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackton, Charles. 1970. “The Action Phase of the 1915 Riots.” Journal of Asian Studies 29:235–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudens, Robrecht. 1979. Catholic Missionaries in a British Colony: Successes and Failures in Ceylon, 1796–1893. Immensee: Nouvelle revue de science missionnaire.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1883. Sessional Paper 4 of 1883. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1916. Sessional Paper 16 of 1916. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1940. Administration Report of the Inspector-General of Police. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1954. Administration Report of the Inspector-General of Police. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1956. Administration Report of the Inspector-General of Police. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon, . 1957. Administration Report of the Inspector-General of Police. Colombo: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ceylon Catholic Messenger. 1889.Google Scholar
Crawford, H. L. MS diary. Department of National Archives, Colombo 35/7.Google Scholar
Denham, E. B. 1912. Ceylon at the Census of 1911, Being the Review of the Results of the Census of 1911. Colombo: H. C. Cottle.Google Scholar
Dep, A. C. 1969. A History of the Ceylon Police. Vol. 2, 1866–1913. Colombo: Times of Ceylon.Google Scholar
de Silva, C. R. 1979. “The Impact of Nationalism on Education: The Schools Takeover (1961) and the University Admissions Crisis, 1970–1975.” In Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Roberts, Michael, pp. 474–99. Colombo: Marga Institute.Google Scholar
de Silva, Colvin R. [1941] 1953. Ceylon Under the British Occupation, 1795–1833: Its Political, Administrative, and Economic Development. Vol. 1. Colombo: Colombo Apothecaries’ Company.Google Scholar
de Silva, K. M., ed. 1965. Letters on Ceylon, 1846–50: The Administration of Viscount Torrington and the “Rebellion” of 1848. Kandy and Colombo: K. V. G. de Silva and Sons.Google Scholar
de Silva, K. M.. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dissanayaka, T. D. S. A. 1983. The Agony of Sri Lanka : An In-depth Account of the Racial Riots of 1983 Colombo: Swastika.Google Scholar
Ferguson, John. 1903. Ceylon in 1903. Colombo: A. M. and J. Ferguson.Google Scholar
Freitag, Sandria. 1980. “Sacred Symbol as Mobilizing Ideology: The North Indian Search for a ‘Hindu’ Community.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22:597–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunawardana, R. A. L. H. 1979. “The People of the Lion: The Sinhala Identity and Ideology in History and Historiography.” Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 5:1–36.Google Scholar
Harischandra, Walisinha. 1908. The Sacred City of Anuradhapura. Colombo: The Author.Google Scholar
Haynes, Edward S. 1979. “Changing Patterns of Dispute Settlement in Eastern Rajputana During the Late Nineteenth Century.” Journal of Asian History 8:152–87.Google Scholar
Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar. 1986. “The Tamil ‘Tigers’ in Northern Sri Lanka: Origins, Factions, Programmes.” Internationales Asienforum 17:63–85.Google Scholar
International Herald Tribune. 1982.Google Scholar
Jayawardena, V. Kumari. 1972. The Rise of the Labor Movement in Ceylon. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Jayawardena, V. Kumari. 1984. “Ethnic Consciousness in Sri Lanka: Continuity and Change.” In Sri Lanka, the Ethnic Conflict: Myths, Realities, and Perspectives, ed. Committee for Rational Development, pp. 115–73. New Delhi: Navrang.Google Scholar
Jiggins, Janice. 1979. Caste and Family in the Politics of the Sinhalese, 1947–1976. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kanapathypillai, V. 1969. “Dutch Rule in Maritime Ceylon, 1766–1796.” Ph.D. diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Kannangara, A. P. 1984. “The Riots of 1915 in Sri Lanka: A Study in the Roots of Communal Violence.” Past and Present, no. 102:130–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearney, Robert N. 1967. Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kearney, Robert N. 1971. Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotalawele, D. A. 1967. “Agrarian Policies of the Dutch in South-west Ceylon, 1743–1767.” Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis (A. A. G.) Bijdragen 14:3–33.Google Scholar
Kotalawele, D. A. 1968. “The Dutch in Ceylon, 1743–1766.” Ph.D. diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Lakminipahana. 1901–1903.Google Scholar
Lerski, George J. 1968. Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon: A Documentary History of the Lanka Samaj Samaja Party, 1935–1942. Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace.Google Scholar
McLane, John R. 1977. Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Malalgoda, Kitsiri. 1970. “Millennialism in Relation to Buddhism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 12:424–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malalgoda, Kitsiri. 1976. Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manor, James, ed. 1984. Sri Lanka in Change and Crisis. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
ManorJames, ed James, ed. 1988. The Expedient Utopian: Bandaranaike and Ceylon. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, Éric. 1982. “Bourgoisie et société rural à Sri Lanka (1880–1940).” Purusārtha 4:207–25.Google Scholar
Meyer, Éric. 1983. “The Plantation System in British Ceylon: Involution or Evolution?” In Rural South Asia: Linkages, Change, and Development, ed. Robb, Peter, pp. 23–46. London: Curzon Press.Google Scholar
Mills, Lennox A. 1933. Ceylon Under British Rule, 1796–1932. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nissan, Elizabeth. 1985. “The Sacred City of Anuradhapura: Aspects of Sinhalese Buddhism and Nationhood.” Ph.D. diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Oberst, Robert. 1985. “Democracy and the Persistence of Westernized Elite Dominance in Sri Lanka.” Asian Survey 25:760–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obeyesekere, Gananath. 1974. “Some Comments on the Social Backgrounds of the April 1971 Insurgency in Sri Lanka (Ceylon).” Journal of Asian Studies 33:367–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obeyesekere, Gananath. 1976. “Personal Identity and Cultural Crisis: The Case of Anagārika Dharmapala of Sri Lanka.” In The Biographical Process: Studies in the History and Psychology of Religion, ed. Reynolds, Frank E. and Capps, Donald, pp. 221–52. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obeyesekere, Gananath 1984. “The Origins and Institutionalisation of Political Violence.” In Sri Lanka in Change and Crisis, ed. Manor, James, pp. 153–74. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Pandey, Gyan. 1983. “Rallying Round the Cow: Sectarian Strife in the Bhojpuri Region, c. 1888–1917.” In Subaltern Studies 2: Writings on South Asian History, ed. Guha, Ranajit, pp. 60–129. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paulusz, J. H. O. 1953. “The Outbreak of the Kandyan-Dutch War of 1761 and the Great Rebellion: Secret Minutes of the Dutch Political Council.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch), n.s., 3:29–52.Google Scholar
Peebles, Patrick. 1973. “The Transformation of a Colonial Elite: The Mudaliyars of Nineteenth-Century Ceylon.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Peebles, Patrick. 1983. “Democracy and Violence in Sri Lanka.” Universities Field Staff International Reports, no. 23:1–14.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, Bryan. 1984. “Fourth-World Colonialism, Indigenous Minorities, and Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 16:15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piyadasa, L. 1984. Sri Lanka: The Holocaust and After. London: Marram Books.Google Scholar
Public Record Office, London. MS Series CO 54.Google Scholar
Robb, Peter. 1986. “The Challenge of Gau Mata: British Policy and Religious Change in India, 1880–1916.” Modern Asian Studies 20:285–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1979a. “Elite Formations and Elites, 1832–1931.” In Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Roberts, Michael, pp. 153–213. Colombo: Marga Institute.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1979b. “Nationalism in Economic and Social Thought, 1915–1945.” In Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Roberts, Michael, pp. 386–419. Colombo: Marga Institute.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1979c. “Problems of Collective Identity in a Multi-ethnic Society: Sectional Nationalism vs. Ceylonese Nationalism, 1900–1940.” In Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Roberts, Michael, pp. 337–60. Colombo: Marga Institute.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1981. “Hobgoblins, Low-Country Sinhalese Plotters, or Local Elite Chauvinists? Directions and Patterns in the 1915 Communal Riots.” Sri Lanka Journal of the Social Sciences 4:83–126.Google Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1982. Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: The Rise of a Karāva Elite in Sri Lanka, 1500–1931. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Michael. 1985. “‘I Shall Have You Slippered’: The General and the Particular in an Historical Conjuncture.” Social Analysis, no. 17:17–48.Google Scholar
Rogers, John D. 1986. “The Expansion of Sacred Space and the Imperial Response: The Kalutara Bo-tree Agitation in Sri Lanka, 1891–97.” South Asia Research 6:27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, John D. ;1987a. Crime, Justice, and Society in Colonial Sri Lanka. London: Curzon Press; Riverdale, Md.: Riverdale Co.Google Scholar
Rogers, John D. 1987b. “The 1866 Grain Riots in Sri Lanka.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 29:493–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Jane. 1982. Communal Politics Under the Donoughmore Constitution, 1931–1947. Dehiwala: Tisara Prakasakayo.Google Scholar
Ryan, Bryce. 1953. Caste in Modern Ceylon: The Sinhalese System in Transition. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Samaraweera, Vijaya. 1977. “Land as ‘Patrimony': Nationalist Response to Immigrant Labour Demands for Land in the Early-Twentieth-Century Sri Lanka.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 14:341–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samaraweera, Vijaya. 1979. “The Muslim Revivalist Movement, 1880–1915.” In Collective Identities, Nationalisms, and Protest in Modern Sri Lanka, ed. Roberts, Michael, pp. 243–76. Colombo: Marga Institute.Google Scholar
Samaraweera, Vijaya. 1981. “Land, Labor, Capital, and Sectional Interests in the National Politics of Sri Lanka.” Modern Asian Studies 15:127–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarasavi Sandarasa. 1889–1903.Google Scholar
Seneviratne, H. L. 1978. “Religion and the Legitimacy of Power in the Kandyan Kingdom.” In Religion and the Legitimation of Power in Sri Lanka, ed. Smith, Bardwell L., pp. 177–87. Chambersburg: Anima Books.Google Scholar
Smith, Donald E. 1979. “Religion, Politics, and the Myth of Reconquest.” In Modern Sri Lanka: A Society in Transition, ed. Fernando, Tissa and Kearney, Robert N., pp. 83–99. Syracuse: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Stirrat, R. L. 1982. “Caste Conundrums: Views of Caste in a Sinhalese Catholic Fishing Village.” In Caste Ideology and Interaction, ed. McGilvray, Dennis B., pp. 8–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stirrat, R. L. 1984. “The Riots and the Roman Catholic Church in Historical Perspective.” In Sri Lanka in Change and Crisis, ed. Manor, James, pp. 196–213. New York: St. Martin's.Google Scholar
Sumathipala, K. H. M. 1969–1970. “The Kotahena Riots and Their Repercussions.” Ceylon Historical Journal 19:65–81.Google Scholar
Weerawardana, I. D. S. 1960. Ceylon General Election, 1956. Colombo: M. D. Gunasena.Google Scholar
Wickremeratne, L. A. 1969. “Religion, Nationalism, and Social Change in Ceylon, 1865–1885.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, no. 2:123–50.Google Scholar
Wickremeratne, Upali C. 1964. “The British Administration of the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon, 1796–1802.” Ph.D. diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam. 1979. Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947–1979. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wriggins, W. Howard. 1960. Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Anand A. 1979. “The Agrarian Origins of Crime: A Study of Riots in Saran District, India, 1886–1920.” Journal of Social History 13:289–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Anand A. 1980. “Sacred Symbol and Sacred Space in Rural India: Community Mobilization in the ‘Anti-Cow Killing’ Riot of 1893.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22:576–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar