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The Chimera of Privacy: Reading Self-Discipline in Japanese Diaries from the Second World War (1937–1945)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2009

Aaron William Moore
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Abstract

This article has two main goals for its examination of wartime diaries: (1) to argue against the idea that a diary's reliability is directly related to the degree of privacy that its author enjoyed, and (2) to suggest an alternate use for these texts by scholars—namely, the construction of the author's concept of self through acts of “self-discipline.” The article briefly outlines military diary writing and reportage in modern Japan, showing how “fact” and “truth” came to be understood in diaries. Through an examination of published and manuscript diaries, the article addresses theoretical premises such as “intended audience,” “private language,” and the nature of “privacy” itself. Finally, the article provides an alternative reading of diaries: The texts represent the author's attempt to construct a compelling and coherent subject position. Because diarists are involved in the construction of their identities, the article suggests that scholars use diaries to move beyond examinations of subjectivity solely reliant on disciplinary institutions.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , February 2009 , pp. 165 - 198
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2009

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References

List of References

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Kyoto: Ritsumeikan International Peace Museum [Ritsumeikan kokusai heiwa shiryōkan]:Google Scholar
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Unsigned, “Jūgun techō,” 1942.Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Di-16 juntuan silingbu zhenzhong riji”Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Fu(shi)zhang-chu,” “Di-10 jituanjun yu Zhejiang Yiwu dengdi zhenzhong riji.”Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Shanghai zuozhan riji.”Google Scholar
Quantico, Va.: United States Marine Corps Archives:Google Scholar
Griffith, Joseph, “Diary.”Google Scholar
Heggy, William. “Perpetual Date Book,” 1942–43, “Operator's Log,” 1943–45.Google Scholar
Rich, Stanley, “Addenda #1”Google Scholar
Serier, Thomas, “Diary of a U.S. Marine of World War II.”Google Scholar
Hagaki [Postcard]. 1942, February 2. Fukushima: Fukushima Prefectural Museum [Fukushima kenritsu hakubutsukan].Google Scholar
Jianshen hanjian-an [Investigating Cases Involving Traitors], discussion from August 29, 1946. Taipei, National Archives (Xingzhengyuan).Google Scholar
“Rōtarii: heitaigo.” 1949. Shūkan asashi, December 11.Google Scholar
Osaka International Peace Museum [Osaka kokusai heiwa shiryōkan, Peace Osaka]:Google Scholar
“Sōbetsu no ji,” 1939.Google Scholar
“Isho,” date unknown.Google Scholar
Ritsumeikan International Peace Museum:Google Scholar
Unsigned. “Gunjin no haha to ha,” 1942.Google Scholar
Yamana, Takasa. 1943. “Kamishibai: Kibidanko.”Google Scholar
Taipei: National Archives:Google Scholar
Hai, Zhong. 1938. “Yuexia zhenzhong fang zhanshi.” Wuhan ribao, October 16.Google Scholar
Li, Hong. 1938. “Yi feng weiji de jiaxin.” Xianbing zhoukan, June 1.Google Scholar
Azuma shirō-san no nankin saiban wo sasaeru kai, ed. 2001. Kagai to yurushi: Nankin daigyakusatsu to Azuma Shirō saiban [Injury and forgiveness: The Nanjing massacre and the Azuma Shiro trial]. Tokyo: Gendai shoten.Google Scholar
Barshay, Andrew E. 1988. State and Intellectual in Imperial Japan: The Public Man in Crisis. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batyaev, A. C., ed. 2005. Soldatskie pis 'ma. Saransk Typographia, “Krasnyi Oktyabr.”Google Scholar
Cook, Theodore, F., and Haruko Taya, Cook. 1992. Japan at War: An Oral History. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1985. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1963. Naissance de la clinique: Une archéologie du regard medical [The birth of the clinic: An archeology of medical perception]. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1975. Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison [Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Fowler, Edward. 1988. The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishōsetsu in Twentieth-Century Fiction. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, Tadatoshi. 2000. Heitachi no sensō: shuki, nikki, taikenki wo yomitoku [The soldiers' war: Reading diaries and records of war experience]. Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garros, Veronique, Korenevskaya, Natalia and Lahusen, Thomas eds. 1997. Intimacy and Terror: Soviet Diaries of the 1930s. Trans. Flath., Carol A.New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Halfin, Igal. 2003. Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Havens, , Thomas, R. H. 1978. Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hellbeck, Jochen. 2006. Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishikawa, Tatsuzō. 2003. Ikite iru heitai [Soldiers alive]. Trans. Cipris., ZeljkoHonolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Kasza, Gregory, J. 1988. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingu Shinnengo, Furoku. 1938. Shina jihen bidan buyūdan [Tales of heroism from the China incident]. Tokyo: Kingu shinnengoshi.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul, A. 1982. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kushner, Barak. 2006. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Laughlin, Charles A. 2002. Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1976. Thought Control in Prewar Japan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1983. Censorship in Imperial Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Aaron William. 2006. “The Peril of Self-Discipline: Chinese Nationalist, Japanese, and American Servicemen Record the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1937–1945.” PhD diss., Princeton University.Google Scholar
Moore, Aaron William. 2007. “Essential Ingredients of Truth: Soldiers' Diaries and the Asia-Pacific War.” Japan Focus. http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2506 [accessed October 1, 2008].Google Scholar
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 2005. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, David M. 2002. The Unhappy Soldier: Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Seraphim, Franziska. 2006. War, Memory, and Social Politics in Japan, 1945–2005. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Simmons, Cynthia, and Nina, Perlina. 2005. Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women's Diaries, Memoirs, and Documentary Prose. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by Anscombe, G. E. M. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. 2005. Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies: Selections from the Wartime Diaries of Ordinary Japanese. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Yoshimi, Yoshiaki. 1987. Kusa no ne no fashizumu: Nihon minshū no sensō taiken [Grassroots fascism: The Japanese people's experience of the Second World War]. Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shuppansha.Google Scholar
Young, Louise. 1999. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Azuma, Shirō. 1988. Wa ga Nankin Puratōn. Tokyo: Aoki Shoten.Google Scholar
Azuma, Shirō. 2005. Azuma Shirō nikki. Tokyo: Kumamoto shuppan bunka kaikan.Google Scholar
Azuma, Shirō. 1940–44. “Nikki.” Manuscript copy (personal collection).Google Scholar
Hamabe, Genbei [pseud.]. 1937. “Jinchū nisshi.” Shizuoka: Shizuoka Peace Museum [Shizuoka heiwa shiryōshitsu].Google Scholar
Hara, Kinosuke [pseud.]. 1942. “Tōyō nikki.” Kanoya: Kanoya Air Self-Defense Forces Museum [Kanoya kōkū jieitai shiryōkan].Google Scholar
Inozemtsev, Nikolai. 2005. Frontovoi dnevnik [Frontline diary]. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Kimura, Genzaemon. 1982. Nicchū sensō shussei nikki. Akita: Mumeisha shuppan.Google Scholar
Morita, Tatsuo [pseud.]. 1936. “Hanseiroku.” Sendai: Sendai Japanese History Museum [Sendai minzoku rekishi shiryōkan].Google Scholar
Nagatani, Masao. 1937. “Techō” [Pocket diary]. Takamatsu: Takamatsu City Peace Museum [Takamatsu-shi heiwa shiryōshitsu].Google Scholar
Nakamura, Tokurō. 1986. “Shūyōroku nisshi.” In Tennō heika no tame nari, ed. Wadatsumi-kai, . Tokyo: Komichi shobō.Google Scholar
Nishimoto, Masaharu. 2003. Yokaren nikki. Tokyo: Kumamoto Nichinichi Shimbun Bunka Sentā.Google Scholar
Noguchi, Fumio. 1982. Kaigun nikki: Saikakyūhei no kiroku. Tokyo: Bungei shunju.Google Scholar
Sakaguchi, Jirō [pseud.]. 1937–39. “Jūgun nikki.” Personal collection.Google Scholar
Stezhenskii, Vladimir. 2005. Soldatskii dnevnik: voennye stranitsy. Moscow: Argaph.Google Scholar
Tamon, Jirō. 1980. Nichiro sensō nikki. Tokyo: Saihō shobō.Google Scholar
Taniguchi, Kazuo [pseud.]. 1937–38. “Yasen byōin nisshi” [Field hospital diary]. Osaka: Osaka International Peace Museum [Osaka kokusai heiwa shiryōkan, Peace Osaka].Google Scholar
Tregaskis, Richard. 1943. Guadalcanal Diary. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Unsigned. 1937–38. “Di-3 dadui zhenzhong riji.” Taipei: Ministry of Defense Archives [Guofangbu shizheng bianyisuo].Google Scholar
Unsigned. 1944. “Seisen techō.” Iizuka: Soldiers' and Common Peoples' War Museum [Shomin heitai sensō shiryōkan].Google Scholar
Xie, Bingying. 1938. Xin congjun riji [A new war diary]. Wuhan: Xinma shudian.Google Scholar
Xie, Bingying 1981. “Kangzhan riji xinxu.” In Kangzhan riji. Taipei: Dongda tushu gongsi. [Composed in San Francisco, 1981].Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Kenji [pseud.]. 1937–38. “Jinchū nisshi.” Kōchi: A Peace Museum Grass Roots House [Kusa no ie heiwa shiryōkan].Google Scholar
Yamanaka, Sadao. 1981. “Jinchū nisshi.” In Shōwa sensō bungaku zenshū: Chūgoku he no shingeki, ed. Shōwa sensō, bungakukaiTokyo: Shūeisha.Google Scholar
Yu, Yanling. 1937. “Wo de shitian zhanzheng shenghuo.” Zhenzhong ribao [Field news], October 31.Google Scholar
Yu, Yanling. 1938. Zhanshi de shouji. Hankow: Ziqiang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Carlisle, Pa.: United States Military History Institute:Google Scholar
Gallion, George F., “Diary.”Google Scholar
Noonan, Ralph T, “Daily Desk Calendar for 1942” and untitled document, 1942–43.Google Scholar
Knoxville: James D. Hopkins, University of Tennessee Library:Google Scholar
Lee, Walter E, “Diary Excerpts.”Google Scholar
Miner, William, “Diary.”Google Scholar
Tramposch, Alfred, “War Area Service Corps Diary,” 1945.Google Scholar
Unsigned. “Service Diary,” 1944.Google Scholar
Kyoto: Ritsumeikan International Peace Museum [Ritsumeikan kokusai heiwa shiryōkan]:Google Scholar
Isamu, Kogura [pseud.]. “Kogura nikki.”Google Scholar
Masaki, Ueda [pseud.], “Hanseiroku.”Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Jūgun techō,” 1937.Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Jūgun techō,” 1942.Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Di-16 juntuan silingbu zhenzhong riji”Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Fu(shi)zhang-chu,” “Di-10 jituanjun yu Zhejiang Yiwu dengdi zhenzhong riji.”Google Scholar
Unsigned, “Shanghai zuozhan riji.”Google Scholar
Quantico, Va.: United States Marine Corps Archives:Google Scholar
Griffith, Joseph, “Diary.”Google Scholar
Heggy, William. “Perpetual Date Book,” 1942–43, “Operator's Log,” 1943–45.Google Scholar
Rich, Stanley, “Addenda #1”Google Scholar
Serier, Thomas, “Diary of a U.S. Marine of World War II.”Google Scholar
Hagaki [Postcard]. 1942, February 2. Fukushima: Fukushima Prefectural Museum [Fukushima kenritsu hakubutsukan].Google Scholar
Jianshen hanjian-an [Investigating Cases Involving Traitors], discussion from August 29, 1946. Taipei, National Archives (Xingzhengyuan).Google Scholar
“Rōtarii: heitaigo.” 1949. Shūkan asashi, December 11.Google Scholar
Osaka International Peace Museum [Osaka kokusai heiwa shiryōkan, Peace Osaka]:Google Scholar
“Sōbetsu no ji,” 1939.Google Scholar
“Isho,” date unknown.Google Scholar
Ritsumeikan International Peace Museum:Google Scholar
Unsigned. “Gunjin no haha to ha,” 1942.Google Scholar
Yamana, Takasa. 1943. “Kamishibai: Kibidanko.”Google Scholar
Taipei: National Archives:Google Scholar
Hai, Zhong. 1938. “Yuexia zhenzhong fang zhanshi.” Wuhan ribao, October 16.Google Scholar
Li, Hong. 1938. “Yi feng weiji de jiaxin.” Xianbing zhoukan, June 1.Google Scholar
Azuma shirō-san no nankin saiban wo sasaeru kai, ed. 2001. Kagai to yurushi: Nankin daigyakusatsu to Azuma Shirō saiban [Injury and forgiveness: The Nanjing massacre and the Azuma Shiro trial]. Tokyo: Gendai shoten.Google Scholar
Barshay, Andrew E. 1988. State and Intellectual in Imperial Japan: The Public Man in Crisis. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batyaev, A. C., ed. 2005. Soldatskie pis 'ma. Saransk Typographia, “Krasnyi Oktyabr.”Google Scholar
Cook, Theodore, F., and Haruko Taya, Cook. 1992. Japan at War: An Oral History. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1985. War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1963. Naissance de la clinique: Une archéologie du regard medical [The birth of the clinic: An archeology of medical perception]. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1975. Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison [Discipline and Punish: The birth of the Prison]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Fowler, Edward. 1988. The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishōsetsu in Twentieth-Century Fiction. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, Tadatoshi. 2000. Heitachi no sensō: shuki, nikki, taikenki wo yomitoku [The soldiers' war: Reading diaries and records of war experience]. Tokyo: Asahi shimbunsha.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garros, Veronique, Korenevskaya, Natalia and Lahusen, Thomas eds. 1997. Intimacy and Terror: Soviet Diaries of the 1930s. Trans. Flath., Carol A.New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Andrew. 1991. Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Halfin, Igal. 2003. Terror in My Soul: Communist Autobiographies on Trial. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Havens, , Thomas, R. H. 1978. Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Hellbeck, Jochen. 2006. Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishikawa, Tatsuzō. 2003. Ikite iru heitai [Soldiers alive]. Trans. Cipris., ZeljkoHonolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Kasza, Gregory, J. 1988. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918–1945. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingu Shinnengo, Furoku. 1938. Shina jihen bidan buyūdan [Tales of heroism from the China incident]. Tokyo: Kingu shinnengoshi.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul, A. 1982. Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kushner, Barak. 2006. The Thought War: Japanese Imperial Propaganda. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Laughlin, Charles A. 2002. Chinese Reportage: The Aesthetics of Historical Experience. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1976. Thought Control in Prewar Japan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1983. Censorship in Imperial Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Aaron William. 2006. “The Peril of Self-Discipline: Chinese Nationalist, Japanese, and American Servicemen Record the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1937–1945.” PhD diss., Princeton University.Google Scholar
Moore, Aaron William. 2007. “Essential Ingredients of Truth: Soldiers' Diaries and the Asia-Pacific War.” Japan Focus. http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2506 [accessed October 1, 2008].Google Scholar
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 2005. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, David M. 2002. The Unhappy Soldier: Hino Ashihei and Japanese World War II Literature. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Seraphim, Franziska. 2006. War, Memory, and Social Politics in Japan, 1945–2005. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Simmons, Cynthia, and Nina, Perlina. 2005. Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women's Diaries, Memoirs, and Documentary Prose. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by Anscombe, G. E. M. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yamashita, Samuel Hideo. 2005. Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies: Selections from the Wartime Diaries of Ordinary Japanese. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Yoshimi, Yoshiaki. 1987. Kusa no ne no fashizumu: Nihon minshū no sensō taiken [Grassroots fascism: The Japanese people's experience of the Second World War]. Tokyo: Tokyo daigaku shuppansha.Google Scholar
Young, Louise. 1999. Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar