Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T12:05:39.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Sixpenny Entry to Five Shilling Subscription: Charting Cathedral Outreach and Friends’ Associations in the 1920s and 1930s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2011

Abstract

All Anglican cathedrals in England have formal associations of Friends (like other institutions in the heritage sector). The majority arose in the 1920s/30s, a period that coincided with the gradual development of a focused outreach strategy by cathedrals, and the abandonment of sixpenny entrance fees. By analysing Letters to the Editor and news reports in The Times, this article explores the origins of cathedral Friends’ associations. The sources illustrate the benefits of Friendship for both sides of the dyad: for the cathedrals, primarily the five shilling subscriptions and the creation of an informed supporter base; and for the members, mainly esoteric benefits. It is also demonstrated that, in the north, Friends’ gifts directly replaced cathedral/diocesan resources being deployed for social welfare. A particular value in focusing on the history of the cathedral Friends’ movement is that it highlights the history of the cathedrals themselves in this difficult inter-war period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Journal of Anglican Studies Trust 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1.

Judith A. Muskett, Theology & Religious Studies, York St John University, Lord Mayor's Walk, York, YO31 7EX, UK.

References

2. ‘Friends of the Bodleian’, The Times (16 June 1925), p. 17, col. E.

3. Slater, A., ‘An Audit of Friends Schemes at UK Heritage Sites’, International Journal of Heritage Studies 9.4 (2003), pp. 357373CrossRefGoogle Scholar (357).

4. See, for example: Heaton, D., Museums among Friends: The Wider Museum Community (London: HMSO, 1992)Google Scholar; Raymond, C., Members Matter: Making the Most of your Membership Scheme (London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1992)Google Scholar; Hayes, D. and Slater, A., ‘From “Social Club” to “Integrated Membership Scheme”: Developing Membership Schemes Strategically’, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 8.1 (2003), pp. 5975CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Slater, ‘An Audit of Friends Schemes’; Slater, A., ‘Revisiting Membership Scheme Typologies in Museums and Galleries’, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 9.3 (2004), pp. 238260CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5. Churchill, J.H. and Webster, A., ‘From Close to Open: A Future for the Past’ in D. Marcombe and C.S. Knighton (eds.), Close Encounters: English Cathedrals and Society since 1540. Studies in Local and Regional History, No. 3 (Nottingham: University of Nottingham Department of Adult Education, 1991), pp. 161184Google Scholar; Archbishops’ Commission on Cathedrals, Heritage and Renewal (London: Church House, 1994)Google Scholar.

6. Beeson, T., The Deans (London: SCM Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

7. Muskett, J.A., ‘Cathedrals Making Friends: The Significance of Today's Friends’ Associations for the Anglican Cathedrals in England’ (forthcoming)Google Scholar.

8. Muskett, J.A., ‘Deferential or Dazzled? Rural Cathedral Friends’ Associations and their Royal Patronage, Past and Present’, Rural Theology (in press)Google Scholar.

10. The Times Archive is a searchable database of the newspaper from the year of its launch (1785) to 1985. Every page of The Times has been scanned and digitized, thus permitting searches to be made by keyword and date. See http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/. Gratitude is expressed to The Times for permission to reproduce material over which it holds the copyright.

11. See ‘Of the Relation between Public Associations and the Newspapers’, in A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America: Specially Edited and Abridged for the Modern Reader by Richard D. Heffner (New York: New American Library, 1956), pp. 202–205.

12. Merrill, J.C. and Fisher, H.A., The World's Great Dailies: Profiles of Fifty Newspapers (New York: Hastings House, 1980), p. 320Google Scholar.

13. Merrill, and Fisher, , The World's Great Dailies, p. 322Google Scholar.

14. C. Algar, British Library Newspapers, personal communication, 6 July 2010.

15. Searches were made by keywords (cathedral, Friends; and also place names) and known foundation dates of the Friends’ associations.

16. Olechnowicz, A., ‘ “A Jealous Hatred”: Royal Popularity and Social Inequality’, in A. Olechnowicz (ed.), The Monarchy and the British Nation 1780 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 280314Google Scholar (283).

17. Merrill, and Fisher, , The World's Great Dailies, p. 329Google Scholar.

18. Merrill, and Fisher, , The World's Great Dailies, p. 320Google Scholar.

19. As reported by Slater, ‘An Audit of Friends Schemes’, and Heaton, Museums among Friends.

20. Fitzwilliam Museum, ‘Brief History of the Friends’ (Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 2010). Available from: http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/support/friends/briefhistory.html (accessed 31 May 2010)Google Scholar.

21. Société des Amis du Louvre, ‘Accueil’ (Paris: The Louvre, 2010). Available from: http://www.amisdulouvre.fr (accessed 31 May 2010).

22. Fitzwilliam Museum, ‘Brief History of the Friends’.

23. Fitzwilliam Museum, ‘Brief History of the Friends’.

24. Bodleian Library, ‘About the Friends’ (Oxford: University of Oxford, 2010). Available from: http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley/friends/about (accessed 31 May 2010).

25. ‘Friends of the Bodleian’, The Times (16 June 1925), p. 17, col. E.

26. ‘Friends of the Bodleian’, The Times.

27. ‘Friends of the Old Ashmolean’, The Times (4 May 1928), p. 23, col. D.

28. ‘Friends of the National Libraries’, The Times (23 October 1929), p. 26, col. D.

29. Lloyd, R., The Church of England, 1900–65 (London: SCM Press, 1966), p. 243Google Scholar.

30. Brown, C.G., Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2006), p. 153Google Scholar.

31. Hastings, A., A History of English Christianity 1920–1985 (London: Fount Paperbacks, 1987), p. 244Google Scholar.

32. Hastings, , A History of English Christianity, p. 245Google Scholar.

33. Hastings, , A History of English Christianity, p. 245Google Scholar.

34. Hylson-Smith, K., The Churches in England from Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II: Volume III, 1833–1998 (London: SCM Press, 1998), p. 169Google Scholar.

35. Hylson-Smith, , The Churches in England: Volume III, p. 169Google Scholar.

36. Edwards, D.L., The Cathedrals of Britain (Andover: Pitkin, 1989), p. 39Google Scholar.

37. Cited in Beeson, The Deans, p. 126.

38. Cited in Lloyd, , The Church of England, p. 387Google Scholar.

39. Crockford's Editor, Crockford's Prefaces: The Editor Looks Back (London: Oxford University Press, 1947), p. 50Google Scholar.

40. Crockford's Editor, Crockford's Prefaces, p. 83Google Scholar.

41. Crockford's Editor, Crockford's Prefaces, p. 83Google Scholar.

42. Lloyd, , The Church of England, p. 388Google Scholar.

43. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1882–96.

44. Dean of Chester, 1920–37.

45. Lloyd, , The Church of England, pp. 388–392Google Scholar.

46. Edwards, , The Cathedrals of Britain, p. 40; Beeson, The Deans, p. 127Google Scholar.

47. Lloyd, The Church of England, p. 397.

48. ‘A Cathedral in Use: New Methods at Chester’, The Times (31 July 1924), p. 15, col. E.

49. Bennett, F.S.M., The Nature of a Cathedral (Chester: Phillipson and Golder Limited; London and Oxford: A.R. Mowbray & Co Limited, 1925)Google Scholar.

50. Davies, H., Worship and Theology in England. V. The Ecumenical Century, 1900–1965. VI. Crisis and Creativity, 1965–Present (Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans, 1996), p. 51Google Scholar.

51. Jasper, R.C.D., George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 36Google Scholar.

52. Beeson, , The Deans, p. 127; Lloyd, The Church of England, p. 397Google Scholar.

53. Lloyd, , The Church of England, pp. 392–97Google Scholar.

54. Lloyd, , The Church of England, p. 238Google Scholar.

55. Beeson, , The Deans, p. 126Google Scholar.

56. Moorman, J.R.H., A History of the Church of England (London: Adam & Charles Black, 3rd edn, 1973), p. 426Google Scholar.

57. Gostling, F.M., The Lure of English Cathedrals (Southern) (London: Mills & Boon, 2nd edn, 1925), p. 145Google Scholar.

58. Gostling, , The Lure of English Cathedrals, p. 187Google Scholar.

59. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 36Google Scholar.

60. Bell was not prepared to take a risk, and sought guarantors to cover any losses resulting from the experiment; however, no call was made on their generosity. See Jasper, George Bell, p. 38.

61. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 36Google Scholar.

62. Jasper, , George Bell, pp. 38–39Google Scholar.

63. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 38Google Scholar.

64. The Church Times, 28 March 1929, cited in Jasper, George Bell, p. 164.

65. The English Churchman, 4 April 1929, cited in Jasper, George Bell, p. 164.

66. ‘An Experiment at Bristol Cathedral’, The Times (24 August 1926), p. 13, col. B.

67. ‘St Alban's Abbey’, The Times (3 September 1924), p. 15, col. C; ‘A Cathedral in Use: Letter to the Editor’, The Times (31 July 1924), p. 8, col. E.

68. ‘A Cathedral in Use: Letter to the Editor’, The Times (31 July 1924).

69. Stranks, C.J., This Sumptuous Church: The Story of Durham Cathedral (London: SPCK, 1993), p. 99Google Scholar.

70. Davies, , Worship and Theology in England, p. 51Google Scholar.

71. Bennett, F.S.M., On Cathedrals in the Meantime (London: The Faith Press, 1928)Google Scholar.

72. See Beeson, , The Deans, p. 128Google Scholar.

73. Owen, D., English Philanthropy 1660–1960 (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 563CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

74. Owen, , English Philanthropy, p. 563Google Scholar.

75. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 40Google Scholar.

76. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 39Google Scholar.

77. ‘ “Friends” of the Cathedral: A New Society’, The Times (20 July 1927), p. 17, col. G.

78. ‘The Friends of York Minster’, The Times (19 May 1928), p. 16, col. C.

79. Underhill, F., ‘Cathedral at Rochester: An Association of Friends. Letter to the Editor’, The Times (8 February 1935), p. 10, col. CGoogle Scholar.

80. Leconfield, et al. , ‘Friends of Chichester Cathedral. To the Editor of The Times’, The Times (25 March 1939), p. 8Google Scholar, col. D.

81. To underscore the magnitude of this sum, it is worth noting that the estimated cost of building the entire cathedral in the new Diocese of Guildford was only £120,000 more (see Crockford's Editor, Crockford's Prefaces, p. 150Google Scholar).

82. Crockford's Editor, Crockford's Prefaces, p. 140Google Scholar.

83. Mitchell, R.A., ‘Friends of Lincoln. To the Editor of The Times’, The Times (31 July 1936), p. 15Google Scholar, col. F.

84. ‘Friends of Gloucester Cathedral: Urgent Fabric Repairs’, The Times (25 September 1936), p. 16, col. D.

85. Stranks, , This Sumptuous Church, p. 100Google Scholar.

86. Stranks, , This Sumptuous Church, pp. 99–100Google Scholar.

87. For example, in 1935, the Friends approved a plan to substitute a wooden lectern for a brass one designed by Gilbert Scott (at a cost of £700) and erected sixty years earlier, but which was regarded as ‘pretentious’ and unsuitable for its position in the cathedral (Stranks, This Sumptuous Church, p. 104). Only in 1977 was the use of ‘blunt and tendentious words’ on the front cover of the Friends’ annual report discontinued (see Stranks, , This Sumptuous Church, p. 100Google Scholar).

88. Stranks, , This Sumptuous Church, p. 101Google Scholar.

89. Jasper, , George Bell, p. 39Google Scholar.

90. According to The National Archives currency converter, available at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency (accessed on 22 December 2009).

91. Baldwin, J., The History of The Friends (2004), available from: http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/communities/thefriends/the-history-of-the-friends (accessed on 28 September 2009)Google Scholar.

92. ‘Friends of Norwich Cathedral: Gifts from the King and Queen’, The Times (3 February 1930), p. 9, col. D.

93. ‘Friends of Gloucester Cathedral: Urgent fabric repairs’, The Times (25 September 1936), p. 16, col. D.

94. Alington, C., ‘Friends of Durham Cathedral: A New Association Formed’, The Times (10 October 1933), p. 10Google Scholar, col. D.

95. ‘Friends of Cathedrals’, The Times (21 January 1937), p. 13, col. E.

96. Holtby, R.T. (ed.), Eric Milner-White: A Memorial (Chichester: Phillimore & Co, 1991), pp. 34Google Scholar.

97. Alington, ‘Friends of Durham Cathedral’.

98. Brown, , Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain, p. 148Google Scholar.

99. Lloyd, , The Church of England, pp. 399–401; ‘The Cathedral Pilgrimage: Disposal of the Fund’, The Times (7 July 1934), p. 9, col. E. In total, over £10,000 was raised. See ‘Cathedral Pilgrimage’, The Times (25 October 1934), p. 12Google Scholar. Col. F.

100. Lloyd, , The Church of England, p. 400Google Scholar.

101. ‘Friends of Carlisle Cathedral. Letter to the Editor’, The Times (6 July 1934), p. 10, col. D.

102. ‘Friends of Carlisle Cathedral. Letter to the Editor’, The Times (6 July 1934), p. 10, col. D.

103. Owen, , English Philanthropy, p. 528Google Scholar.

104. Morrish, P.S., ‘Parish-Church Cathedrals, 1836–1931: Some Problems and their Solution’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 49.3 (1998), pp. 434464CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

105. Sadgrove, M., ‘Cathedrals and Urban Life’, in S. Platten and C. Lewis (eds.), Dreaming Spires? Cathedrals in a New Age (London: SPCK, 2006), p. 95Google Scholar.

106. See Sadgrove, , ‘Cathedrals and Urban Life’, p. 85Google Scholar.

107. Sadgrove, , ‘Cathedrals and Urban Life’, pp. 93–94Google Scholar.

108. ‘Cathedrals and their Friends’, The Times (25 July 1931), p. 13, col. E.

109. ‘Cathedrals and their Friends’, The Times (25 July 1931), p. 13, col. E.

110. ‘Friends of Cathedrals’, The Times (21 January 1937), p. 13, col. E.

111. ‘Friends of Cathedrals: Fellowship of St Chad at Lichfield’, The Times (21 January 1937), p. 15, col. G.

112. De Tocqueville, Democracy in America.

113. See, for example, Williamson, P., ‘The Monarchy and Public Values 1910–1953 in A. Olechnowicz (ed.), The Monarchy and the British Nation 1780 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 223257Google Scholar.

114. Muskett, ‘Cathedrals Making Friends’.

115. See ‘Cathedral Charges for Admission’, The Times (2 August 1973), p. 2, col. A.

116. ‘Cathedral Charges for Admission’, The Times. Salisbury, the first, charged 10 pence for adult admission, in an experimental scheme.

117. Kennedy, J., ‘Conservation and Renewal’, in Platten and Lewis (eds.), Dreaming Spires?, pp. 115–28Google Scholar.

118. For the rationale, see, for example: English Tourist Board, English Cathedrals and Tourism: Problems and Opportunities (London: English Tourist Board, 1979), pp. 7 and 15Google Scholar; Archbishops’ Commission on Cathedrals, Heritage and Renewal (London: Church House Publishing, 1994), pp. 147150Google Scholar. For discussion, see, for example, Lewis, R., ‘Cathedrals and Tourism’, in I.M. MacKenzie (ed.), Cathedrals Now: Their Use and Place in Society (Norwich: Canterbury Press, 1996), pp. 2541Google Scholar; Field, F., ‘Why Cathedrals Matter: The Friends of Chester Cathedral Autumn Lecture, 22 October 2009’, in Friends of Chester Cathedral Newsletter, January 2010, pp. 4–5Google Scholar.

119. For example, 2011 adult entry to Canterbury Cathedral, £9 (compared with annual membership of The Friends, £22); entry to York Minster, £9 (Friends, £20); entry to St Paul's, London, £14.50 (Friends, £20).

120. Slater, A., ‘Strategies for Success’, Journal of Arts Marketing 19 (2005), pp. 1617Google Scholar.

121. Blackadder, L., ‘Influential Friends’, Journal of Arts Marketing 9 (2005), pp. 67Google Scholar.