Twenty-two field experiments in England, done between 1986 and 2000, tested the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizers on number of tubers and tuber yield in Solanum tuberosum. Applying P fertilizer resulted in statistically significant increases in tuber yield in six experiments and the optimal P application rate ranged from c. 90 to 180 kg P/ha. Statistically significant increases in yield in response to application of P fertilizers were found only in soils that contained < 26 mg Olsen-P/l (< Index 3) and appeared to be associated with increases in ground cover. Statistically significant increases in the number of tubers in response to application of P fertilizer were found only in soils that contained < 16 mg Olsen-P/l (< Index 2) and appeared to be associated with an increase in ground cover by the time of tuber initiation (c. 5–6 week after planting). Each tonne of tuber fresh-weight yield was, on average, associated with removal of 0·39 kg P but regression analysis showed that this value increased as soil Olsen-P increased. Re-analysis of published data showed that whilst the probability of a response to P fertilizer and the optimum P application rate may have been overestimated, some statistically significant responses to P fertilizer did occur when Olsen-P was > 26 mg/l. The absence of yield responses on P Index 3 soils found in the current experiments was attributed to increased use of irrigation that may have increased the availability of soil P. Re-interpretation of data from long-term experiments showed that the agronomic benefits of increasing soil P status by applying more P than is removed by harvested crop parts, are small. Since large P residues, estimated by Olsen-P or degree of soil P saturation, are associated with desorption of P and consequent loss to drainage water it is inadvisable to increase soil P above Index 3. For these reasons, no P fertilizer is recommended for Index 4 soils, an amount equivalent to replacement is recommended for Index 3 soils but up to 110–130 kg P/ha should be applied to Index 0 soils. Applications of foliar P had no effect on number of tubers or tuber yield and this practice cannot be recommended.

Experiments in three dry seasons (1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96) on a loamy medium sand at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire, England tested responses of green area, radiation interception, water uptake and above-ground dry matter growth of six wheat cultivars to irrigation. Cultivars differing in date of introduction (Haven 1987, Maris Huntsman 1969, Mercia 1983, Rialto 1991, Riband 1985 and Soissons 1989) were chosen for contrast in flowering time and maximum green area. Maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) exceeded 140 mm in all years, with large deficits (> 75 mm) from early June in 1994 and more prolonged large deficits in 1995 and 1996. Restricted water availability first affected canopy expansion at a SMD of 74 mm (50% available water capacity; AW), and canopy senescence at 95 mm (64% AW). Decreases in biomass at harvest were larger with prolonged droughts in 1995 and 1996 (424–562 g/m2) than in 1994 (222 g/m2). Compared in the two driest years, 1995 and 1996, the decrease in biomass was greater in Haven (599 g/m2) than in Maris Huntsman (420 g/m2) (P < 0·05). The better drought resistance of Maris Huntsman appeared to arise through its greater water use efficiency (WUE); 6·2 cf. 5·5–5·7 g/m2/mm. The susceptibility of Haven to drought was possibly due to restricted water uptake, depression of radiation use efficiency (RUE) and accelerated senescence. The cultivars differed in flowering by up to 9 days but date of flowering correlated poorly with biomass response to irrigation. Early flowering was, however, correlated with favourable distribution of seasonal water use with respect to the grain filling period. The maximum green area index (GAI) of cultivars varied from 4·4 to 5·3 (P < 0·01), but differences were countered by shifts in the extinction coefficient (K), such that season-long radiation interception varied little. Green area index maxima did not therefore relate to the pattern of growth or water use, and they were correlated poorly with the biomass responses. Cultivars did not differ in their maximum depth of water extraction; they all extracted water to 1·65 m depth in each year. It is concluded that early flowering and high WUE might offer scope for improving drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate, but that small maximum GAI seems less useful.

Experiments were conducted over the period 1987–94 at Cambridge University Farm and two other sites to examine the effect of various husbandry factors, particularly variety and irrigation regime, on rate, depth and density of rooting in potatoes. Maximum rooting depth ranged from 59 to 140 cm, indicating that potatoes can root to considerable depths and thereby have access to large volumes of water to satisfy the potential demand for water created by the atmospheric conditions and the size of the canopy. Root extension vertically through the soil profile was best described as a three-phase process: an initial rapid period lasting 3–5 weeks with growth rates c. 1·2 cm/day, a second period of slower growth (c. 0·8 cm/day), followed by cessation of root extension for the rest of the life of the crop. Variety had a major influence on the ultimate depth of rooting, primarily owing to variations in the length of the different periods of rooting rather than the rate in each period. It was observed that changes in the rate, or the cessation of root penetration were always preceded 4–9 days earlier by a change in the rate, or cessation, of leaf appearance. This feature should make it possible to characterize the duration of rooting of varieties through measurement of leaf emergence. Varieties which ceased leaf production early, such as Atlantic, were found to have a duration of root growth of c. 60 days, with Cara rooting for c. 30 days longer. Maximal total root length (TRL) and root length density (RLD) in the experiments reported were 16·9 km/m2 and 5·5 cm/cm3, respectively, similar to those found previously in potatoes and crops such as sugar beet, but considerably greater than many other vegetables. Rooting density decreased with depth, but the root systems were not as surface-oriented as many other studies have shown. When TRL was close to its maximum, the vertical distribution of RLD showed that between 40 and 73% was confined to the upper 30 cm, with irrigated crops possessing a greater proportion of their roots in the plough layer. Despite being planted in rows 70–91 cm apart, rooting systems were homogeneously distributed in a horizontal direction by c. 35 days after emergence, at which time the roots had reached a depth of c. 50 cm. Therefore, apart from a short period after emergence, the potato crop is capable of accessing considerable volumes of soil from which to extract water and nutrients. Ensuring that soil conditions are conducive to maximal rates of root growth should be the target for growers, since this will lead to a more efficient use of soil water and irrigation.

Data are presented on the effects of modern farming practices on soil as an agricultural resource in England and Wales (E&W), namely: nutrient status, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), heavy metal concentrations, and on soil erosion risk. Fertilizer-N inputs to tillage (arable) and grassland soils increased from 84 and 65 kg/ha N in 1969 to 151 and 120 kg/ha N, respectively, in 1997. The estimated N surplus (inputs less outputs) increased from 84 and 96 kg/ha N to 102 and 154 kg/ha N, respectively, over the same time. Phosphorus inputs to tillage (mean 37 kg/ha P) and grassland (mean 21 kg/ha P) changed little over the period. However, P surpluses decreased from 25 kg/ha P in 1969 to 15 kg/ha P in 1997 on tillage land (largely as a result of greater P offtakes), and from 20 to 17 kg/ha P in 1997 on grassland (largely because of a small decrease in fertilizer P). The cumulative tillage land soil P surplus was c. 580 kg/ha P, and was estimated to increase topsoil total P concentrations by c. 170 mg/kg P and Olsen-extractable soil P by c. 26 mg/l P. The mean annual P surplus for grassland was 18 kg/ha P which, over the study period, added c. 427 kg/ha P to the soil, an increase in topsoil total P of c. 214 mg/kg P, and in Olsen-extractable P of 19 mg/l P.

Concentrations of SOC in some soils have decreased between 1980 and 1995, especially where soils have been ploughed out of grassland and on lowland organic and peaty soils in tillage. The mean SOC of soils in arable/ley cultivation in 1980 was 3·4% and 2·8% in 1995.

The proportion of arable soils with pH < 6·0 decreased from 10% in 1969–73 to 4% in 1990–93, reflecting the better targeting of lime inputs. In contrast, the proportion of grassland soils with pH < 6·0 increased from 39% in 1969–73 to 56% in 1990–93.

Although there were statistically significant changes in the mean soil concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn between 1980 and 1995, many of the changes were small in absolute terms. Hence, there was little evidence of marked or systematic changes in topsoil total heavy metal concentrations that could not be explained by factors other than increased pollutant loadings.

Over the next 50 years or so, the threat from soil erosion to crop productivity will be greatest on shallow soils ([les ] c. 0·3 m depth), mostly over chalk and sandstone as further removal of soil will lead to increased drought stress. Provided that nutrient supplies are maintained, the evidence is that losses in arable crops on eroded soils would range between 2% and 8% of current yields.

Thus, within the limitations of the data available, both in time and space, we found little evidence that most soils in E&W cannot continue to support modern farming practices, and the associated crop and animal outputs, given appropriate inputs of nutrients and an adequate degree of crop protection.

Between 1995 and 1999, eight response experiments tested the effects of magnesium (Mg) fertilizers on the yield of potato crops grown in East Anglia, the Midlands, the West and Southwest of England. In addition, a further six experiments tested the effects of varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) supply on the tuber concentrations and uptake of Mg by potato crops. The experiments were done on soils that contained varying amounts of exchangeable Mg and K but were still typical of soils used for potato production.

In the eight response experiments, use of Mg fertilizer had no effect on total tuber fresh weight yield even though yields were often much larger than the national average yield. Increasing the N supply to the crop was often associated with an increase in the concentration of Mg in leaves and stems. This may have been due to N facilitating Mg uptake or a consequence of N delaying canopy senescence and, thus, delaying the translocation of Mg from haulm to tubers. Compared with the effects of N, varying the Mg and K supply to the crop had small and inconsistent effects on crop Mg uptake. Since the experiments also showed that Ca supply and soil K[ratio ]Mg ratio had no effect on crop yield and erratic effects on tissue Mg concentration, fertilizer recommendation systems based on ratios of nutrients in the soil cannot be endorsed. When these current experiments and older, published experiments are taken into account there is little justification for applying Mg fertilizer to soils with Mg Indices > 0 and on soils with Mg Index 0 an application of c. 50 kg Mg/ha would be sufficient.

A rotation experiment was conducted on an alluvial soil at Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar, India between 1994 and 1999 to develop an integrated nutrient management programme for a potato–sunflower–paddy rice rotation. It tested 10 fertilizer treatments that combined application of 50, 100 and 150% of the recommended rates of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) with farmyard manure (FYM) and in some cases zinc. Potatoes were the most nutrient-responsive crop followed by paddy rice and sunflower. The responses of potatoes to both P and K were greater in frost and late blight years. In these experiments potatoes required NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate for maximum tuber production (i.e. they required 270 kg N, 52 kg P and 150 kg K/ha). Application of FYM at 30 t/ha with 270 kg of inorganic N/ha (FYM+N) was less effective than the use of NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate. Application of K to replace that removed in the harvested crop was more effective in potatoes than giving K at 100 or 150% of the currently recommended rate.

Sunflowers grown after potatoes that had received NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate or with the FYM+N treatment required only half of the currently recommended rate of NPK for maximum yield (i.e. they required 23 kg N, 7 kg P and 13 kg K/ha), whereas paddy rice, grown as a third crop, required the full amount of NPK at the currently recommended rate (i.e. 120 kg N, 26 kg P and 67 kg K/ha). Application of K to adjust for its removal did not benefit sunflowers or paddy rice. Zinc had no direct effect on potatoes or any residual effects on the succeeding sunflower and paddy rice crops. The effects of the FYM+N treatment were cumulative, especially on potatoes which were the most responsive crop, whereas those involving the application of NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate were not. Also, the NPK fertility of the soil was enhanced and more organic carbon was present following the FYM+N treatment than with NPK fertilizers applied at the currently recommended rate. Application of P resulted in a build-up of P but none of the treatments, even the applications of K to adjust for its removal, maintained the K status of the soil at its initial level.

This study was established to quantify the uptake of 15N-labelled nitrogen (urea) applied in the first and second years of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and browntop (Agrostis capillaris L.) seed crops, and the availability of the residual fertilizer N to a subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under field conditions in Canterbury, New Zealand. Total recovery of 15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer was approximately 100% when fertilizer was applied to the grass seed crops in spring. At harvest in year 1, grass straw and seed contained 34–47% and 6–15% of the applied N respectively; 27–35% remained in the soil (0–150 mm depth). Recovery of 15N in straw and soil was higher in fescue and ryegrass than in browntop, but recovery in roots was lower. At harvest in year 2, most of the 15N was present in the soil (30–37%) with only small amounts in the seed (0·7–1·0%), straw (3·6–4·9%) and roots (5·2–12·7%). In year 3, 2·5–3·5% of the residual 15N was recovered in the wheat and 18–26% in soil. Losses of 15N were minimal until ploughing after the second harvest, when there was an apparent loss of 11–35% of the fertilizer N applied. Losses were not directly associated with the fertilizer but indirectly following release of fertilizer N previously immobilized in plant roots and soil microorganisms. Small losses also occurred directly from autumn-applied N, probably through leaching. Despite these losses, overall there was an accumulation of fertilizer N in the soil organic pool, suggesting that ryegrass fescue and browntop seed crops have a role in contributing to the N fertility of the soil.

Water status traits have been proposed as criteria for drought tolerance improvement in several species especially in bread wheat, oat and barley. In order to test this possibility in durum wheat, in 1995 and 1997, a collection of 144 genotypes from different geographical origins was cultivated under rainfed Mediterranean conditions in Montpellier (southern France). Relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (OP), as well as leaf morphological traits, grain yield (GY), total above-ground biomass and harvest index (HI) were measured. Large genotypic variations were observed for all traits. Differences between the 2 years were also noticed for all the traits which could be attributed to differences in water availability between the 2 growing seasons. The correlation analysis has revealed significant positive associations between water status traits and both GY and HI within and across years. These results suggest that genotypes which can maintain higher water status and then higher transpiration rates during grain filling, are more efficient in dry matter partitioning to grain and hence higher yield. Heritabilities of water status characters were higher than those of productivity traits. Our results emphasized the value of RWC and OP as criteria for durum wheat grain yield improvement under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Relationships between RWC, OP and flag leaf morphological traits are also discussed.

The genic male-sterile rice (GMSR) sensitive to photoperiod during the panicle development period is a novel type of germplasm in rice, which is sterile under the long-day condition but fertile under the short-day condition. The fertility is also affected by temperature. A number of GMSR lines have been popularly used in commercial seed production of hybrid rice in China. Because the sterility is decided by environmental factors, a set of fertility conversion indices has been proposed to evaluate the usability and to determine the suitable regions for safe application of these male sterile lines. In the present experiment, 13 photoperiod-sensitive (PGMSR) lines that are dominant in China were sown by stages in the field at Hainan Island (18° 14′ N), Quiyang (26° 35′ N) and Wuhan (30° 38′ N) in China. The fertility and sterility were distinguished on the percentage of seed-setting on the bagged panicles (PBS). The fertility conversion indices were determined on the day-length and temperature regimes and on a fertility quantifying model, and comparison was made between the two methods. Results showed that it was feasible to determine the fertility conversion index of GMSR lines based on data of bagged seed-setting rates in experiments of sowing at different times in the field. Of the 13 sterile lines observed, two of the PGMSR were found to be completely sterile when the length of the day exceeded 12·3 h. Five temperature-sensitive (TGMSR) lines had fertility conversion indices of 24 °C. One of the photoperiod- and temperature-sensitive (PTGMSR) lines showed that steady fertility conversion occurred under the short day in spite of high or low temperature. These GMSR lines are adaptable to the conditions of day-length and temperature in the main rice-growing regions of China and thus of high value in application to seed production.

Forty-three near-isogenic lines (NILs) of white clover (Trifolium repens), derived from four parental self-compatible genotypes containing the rare self-fertility allele, were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mossae. Plant growth response (shoot and root weight and root length), shoot P uptake and mycorrhizal root infection rates were recorded 12 weeks after inoculation. There was generally a high degree of variation between individual lines in all recorded parameters. The most sensitive indicator of plant response to mycorrhizal infection was root length with almost half of all lines showing significant responses (in most cases a decrease in root length). Shoot weight was significantly different between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants in nine lines. Parental genotype significantly affected both plant response to mycorrhiza as well as mycorrhizal infection rates. The results suggest that the NILs will prove useful for further studies to elucidate the molecular genetic control of the symbiosis and inform plant breeding strategies of this agronomically important species.

Naked oat grain, which is free from lemma and palea, has high nutritional quality, but the unprotected grain is prone to mechanical damages caused by combine harvesting. Naked oats were grown for 3 years in southern Finland, at Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki (60° 13′N) to produce seed material for laboratory tests that evaluated: (1) genotypic differences of naked oat in sensitivity to damage during harvesting at grain moisture varying from c. 10% up to 50%, (2) the effect of mechanical damage on germination and grain vigour, and (3) grain characteristics contributing to susceptibility to reduced grain viability. In 1997, one naked (Rhiannon) and husked oat cultivar (Salo) were harvested, and in 1998–1999 additional four naked cultivars (Bullion, Lisbeth, Neon, SW 95926) were included. One large plot (14 m×10 m) was sown per cultivar. Two sowing times were used. Fully ripened grains were combine harvested on several occasions for each plot to obtain differences in grain moisture at harvest. Simultaneously, panicle samples were collected, dried and threshed by hand (controls). Grain moisture at each sampling and harvesting was monitored. About 3 months after harvesting, germination tests on blotting paper were carried out. Proportions of normally developed seedlings, seedlings lacking either radicle or hypocotyl, damaged coleoptiles, dead grains and lethally fungus-infected grains were recorded from combine harvested and hand threshed samples on different cultivars and harvest moistures. Tests on seedling elongation, seedling emergence through sand (2 cm and 5 cm depth), and ion leakage were applied to evaluate grain vigour. Groat weight, diameter, length, roundness, hardness and protrusion of embryo were determined.

Our results indicated that naked cultivars were far more prone to mechanical damages than husked Salo, but differences among naked cultivars in susceptibility occurred. When targeting germination of [ges ] 75%, grain moisture at harvest should not exceed 19–26% depending on cultivar. Abnormal seedlings appeared irrespective of grain moisture at harvest, but the higher the grain moisture, more dead grains were found in harvested grains after storage. Seed vigour did not alter parallel to germination ability. High proportion of small grains in harvested yield and softer groats contributed to decreased sensitivity to mechanical damages.

Experiments were conducted in Bangkok clay soil to investigate the influence of planting date, tiller separation and plant density on the yield and yield attributes of parent and clone plants of two transplanted rice varieties. The 15 July transplanting of mother crop and collected vegetative tillers and retransplanting on 15 August showed significantly high grain yield (3·8 t/ha). The photoperiod-insensitive variety RD23 gave higher yield (3·8 t/ha) than the photoperiod-sensitive variety KDML105 (3·0 t/ha). Tiller separation up to 4 tillers/hill did not adversely affect the mother crop. Vegetative tillers transplanted with 2–4 tillers/hill gave a similar yield as the mother crop in both the seasons. Vegetative tillers gave a higher yield than nursery seedlings transplanted on the same date. The yield components, i.e. weight of 1000 grains, grains/panicle and per cent filled grains, showed better responses with early transplanting of KDML105 in the mother crop and vegetative tillers except for panicle number and panicle length of vegetative tillers with RD23. The results suggest that in some flood-prone lowlands, where the transplanted crop is damaged by natural hazards, vegetative propagation using tillers separated (maximum 4/hill) from the previously established transplanted crop is beneficial for higher productivity.

CERES-Rice model was used to simulate growth and yield of four common rice varieties in Thailand with the attention on rate and timing of N application, a factor that most limits crop yield. The model predicted slightly higher grain yield than that observed for all varieties at N input of 75 kg/ha, but the differences between observed and simulated yields were not significant, except for varieties HSP and SPR90. The simulated grain[ratio ]straw ratio was significantly higher than the observed value for all varieties except that of HSP. There was no significant difference between the simulated and observed values of days to flowering. Generally, the model reasonably predicted the phenology and yields of RD23 and KDML105 varieties. The model was also used to compare the yields of KDML105 variety as influenced by rate and timing of N application grown in acid sulphate soils. There was a variation in predicted biomass yield with applied N rates at 0 and 150 kg/ha, but timing of application had no effect. In Aeric Endoquept and Sulfic Tropaquept soils at Suphan Buri and Pathum Thani rice research stations, the yield patterns remained unchanged and showed a positive response to N rate up to 75 kg/ha. The model estimated higher grain yields beyond 75 kg N/ha while the observed yield decreased. Based on the simulated yields for a 10-year period at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Pathum Thani, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom and Ratcha Buri rice research stations the varieties were ranked as: SPR90 > RD23 = HSP > KDML105. The model suggested that SPR90 is the most suitable variety for the central plain and its potential yield ranges from 4030 to 5600 kg/ha. Pathum Thani province, with acid sulphate soils, had the lowest potential for rice production.

The aim of this study was to select the best arrangements of MP–PCR (microsatellite-primed PCR) for routine large-scale fingerprinting of flax cultivars. We found optimum PCR conditions for the application of five previously published primers (PCT1–PCT5) to flax cultivar fingerprinting. We modified to optimum MP–PCR which was targeted to flax tetrameric [GATA] microsatellite loci specified by primer PCT6. We found that after a reamplification PCR step was involved we were able to generate highly discriminating fingerprinting patterns, which distinguished all eight flax cultivars individually. In particular primers 3PCT1 and 3PCT2 were promising for future large-scale fingerprinting due to the production of most polymorphic bands. Increasing annealing temperature within a temperature profile helped to generate new polymorphisms within flax microsatellite patterns especially with primer 3PCT2. Using this primer we succeeded in generating new polymorphic bands after increasing annealing temperature from 55 °C to 60 °C, and to 65 °C. A cluster analysis of flax cultivars was performed based on microsatellite data. The core group of eight flax cultivars was clustered into two homogeneous subclusters. A lower level of cultivar clustering within subclusters was not detected.

Labelling using the stable 15 isotope of nitrogen allows a close monitoring of the fate of the fertilizer applied to arable crops. Because 15N data give direct estimates of nitrogen transformation rates, they also provide more stringent tests for N models than those based on bulk inorganic N dynamics. They may therefore point at flaws in models that had previously gone unnoticed, especially if 15N was monitored on short time steps which capture even rapid processes like nitrification.

Here we tested the simple, process-based model SUNDIAL on two such data sets obtained in Northern France under winter wheat and winter rape crops receiving various doses and forms of fertilizer N. In both experiments, microplots (≈ 1 m2 in size) within larger blocks were dressed with 2·0 atom-% enriched labelled 15N, as urea, or ammonium-nitrate as NH+4–15NO3 or 15NH+4–H–NO3. Replicate micro-plots were subsequently sampled on four occasions after fertilizer application, and 15N enrichment was monitored in plant roots and tops, and at several depths in the soil in inorganic and organic forms.

Comparison between observed and simulated data showed that, shortly after application, SUNDIAL either underestimated (rapeseed) or overestimated (wheat) the rates of crop uptake. Also, the gradual incorporation of 15N into soil organic matter was too quick in autumn and too slow in spring under the rapeseed crop. The simulation of the rapid depletion of the labelled soil inorganic N pool was correct under wheat, whereas under rape, SUNDIAL predicted an accumulation of nitrate which was not observed.

After a longer time interval (1–2 months), the simulated and observed amounts of fertilizer-derived N in the crop and in the soil became more comparable. However, SUNDIAL only accounted for part of the unrecovered labelled N. Additional measurements indicated that denitrification and ammonia volatilization were responsible for most of the losses, with discrepancies occurring because SUNDIAL failed to volatilize ammonia after fertilizer spreading. The other major source of error lay in the simulation of crop demand for nitrogen, which may be improved based on sounder eco-physiological concepts, such as that of a regulation of plant uptake by shoot biomass.

The effects of five stake weights (50, 63, 75, 88 and 100 g) of three cassava cultivars (TMS 30572, TMS 91934 and NR 8083) on the growth and yield of cassava were studied for 2 years (1992/93 and 1993/94) in Nigeria. The leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area duration (LAD), harvest yield and harvest index (HI) were dependent on the weight of stake planted and were greatest at the stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) irrespective of cassava cultivar. Variations in LAI, LAD and HI of stake weights between 75 and 100 g were non-significant. The profusely branching cassava cultivars, TMS 30572 and NR 8083, achieved greater LAI, CGR, NAR and LAD relative to the sparsely branching cultivar, TMS 91934. The significant growth and yield differences among the stake weights with the optimum at a stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) indicates the need to adopt this stake weight for sustainable and improved growth and yield in cassava production.

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) has caused significant losses to wheat and barley in many parts of the world. Two RWA resistant lines with flat leaves were crossed with each other and with two RWA susceptible lines producing rolled leaves when infested with RWA. F1, F2 and BC1F1 seedling leaves were classified according to their leaf shape as flat, longitudinally folded, or rolled after artificial infestation. Leaf chlorosis in the phenotypes of F2 plants was also recorded.

The F2 populations of flat×rolled crosses segregated in 9:3:4 (flat:folded:rolled) ratios, suggesting a two dominant gene model for control of leaf shape. Folded leaves appeared only in F2 seedlings. The F1 seedlings of flat×flat cross showed only flat leaves, while the F2 population segregated in a 13:3 (flat:rolled) ratio. Chlorosis ratings and leaf shape scores of F2 seedlings were not independent. F2 seedlings with lower chlorosis scores were more likely to have flat leaves; however, some susceptible F2 seedlings also had flat leaves. Resistant F2 seedlings may have rolled leaves. It was concluded that recording leaf shape is not a reliable visual rating method to evaluate host plant response to RWA, because the inheritance of resistance and leaf shape in wheat are under two different gene systems.

Incomplete block (IB) analysis of lentil yield trials in lattice block designs substantially reduced experimental error variability compared to randomized complete block (RCB) analysis. Spatial variability, which may exist in two dimensions in the field, can be modelled using various alternative covariance structures for the plot errors. To investigate the adequacy of the incomplete block analysis, we fitted a first order autocorrelation error structure (AR1) in both the column direction and the row direction after allowing for the variance model of the lattice design. We also considered random splines in columns. The best model was selected on the basis of the residual deviance of each of the 53 trials we examined. Gains in efficiency (over RCB) for pair-wise comparison of genotypes and selection gains were obtained for the selected models and for the lattice blocks (considered as a control model). Spatial models where the plot error was modelled as AR1 in columns or as AR1×AR1 in rows and columns after allowing for random effects of lattice blocks were most frequently selected. Models with spatial errors were found best in 74% of the trials when used with random effects of lattice block and in the remaining trials when used without lattice blocks. The average gain in efficiency over RCB analysis by using the best models at the analysis stage was around 50%. The best models were also, on average, more efficient than the lattice model. Expected average genetic gain due to selection of the top five lines was approximately 20% for the best models. The predicted genotype means showed less change in rank when comparing RCB with lattice analysis than when comparing RCB with the best method. Use of spatial models resulted in different genotypes being selected, giving a higher genetic advance. Since the use of spatial models requires only a change in computation together with knowledge of the field layout, the use of spatial methods together with good experimental design is recommended as a cost-effective method for achieving improved genetic progress.

Low organic matter concentration coupled with low native soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is a major constraint limiting the productivity of a soybean–wheat system on Vertisols in the Indian semi-arid tropics. In a 3-year field study (1996–99), the performance of four different composts obtained from legume straw (Glycine max Merr.L), cereal straw (Triticum aestivum), oilseed straw (Brassica juncea L.) and city rubbish were compared, and also with chemical fertilizers in terms of degree of maturity, quality of compost, improvement in soil organic matter, biological activities of soil and yields of soybean and wheat. Phospho-sulpho-nitrocomposts (phosphocomposts) were prepared containing approximately 2·5 to 4·2% P and 1·4 to 2·3% N, in an aerobic decomposition process for 4 months by adding an aqueous slurry of 1:1 (dry weight) cow dung, 2·2% P in the form of low grade Mussorie phosphate rock (7·5% P), 10% pyrite (S, 22·2%) and 0·5% urea N, and bioinoculums such as the cellulose decomposers Paecilomyces fusisporus and Aspergillus awamori, and P-solubilizing organisms i.e. Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas striata. The maturity indexes were strongly associated with the source of materials, chemical composition and degree of decomposition. The matured composts had lower C/N ratios (8·2 to 21·7) and water soluble carbohydrates (0·23 to 0·43%) and larger ratios of cation exchange capacity/total organic carbon (CEC/TOC) and lignin/cellulose than the initial. The matured compost increased total P, water soluble P, citrate soluble P, total N and NO3-N and the application of phosphocompost at the rate of 10 t/ha gave plant growth dry matter accumulation, seed yield and P uptake by soybean equivalent to single superphosphate at 26·2 kg P/ha. The continuous turnover of enriched phosphocompost increased soil microbial biomass C and the activity of enzymes compared to application of chemical fertilizer.

Honeycomb selection in the F2 generation of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid PR 3183, based on line performance per se in the absence of competition, led to recycled hybrids with improved potential yield per plant (mean yield per plant in the absence of competition). In the present study six S6×S6 recycled hybrids and two commercial single-cross hybrids (PR 3183 and B73×Mo17) were tested at three plant densities (25000, 41667 and 83333 plants/ha), in two locations (Technological Education Institute farm of Florina, Greece and University farm of Thessaloniki, Greece), for 2 years (1998, 1999). The study was undertaken to assess indirectly the potential yield per plant (p), the crop yield potential (Ymax), and the optimum plant density (Dopt) of the hybrids. Estimate of p and Ymax were obtained through linear regression analysis of yield per plant (Yp) on plant density (D), expressed by the equation Yp = p−qD, with Ymax being equal to (1/4)p2q−1. Optimum plant density was assessed through linear regression analysis of natural logarithm of yield per plant on plant density, expressed by the equation ln(Yp) = α−bD, with Dopt being equal to 1/b. The recycled hybrids had higher estimated potential yield per plant (p), than the two check hybrids, with p values being positively correlated with yield per plant of hybrids obtained experimentally in the absence of competition. Results indicated that the higher potential yield per plant decreases the optimum plant density, and renders the hybrids less density-dependent.