15N-labelled fertilizer was applied in spring
to winter wheat, winter oilseed rape, potatoes, sugarbeet
and spring beans in field experiments done in 1987 and 1988 in SE
England on four contrasting soil
types – a silty clay loam, a chalky loam, a sandy loam and a heavy
clay. The
15N-labelled fertilizers
were applied at recommended rates; for oilseed rape, a two-thirds
rate was also tested. Whole-crop
recoveries of labelled nitrogen averaged 52% for winter wheat, 45%
for oilseed rape, 61% for
potatoes and 61% for sugarbeet. Spring beans, which received only
2·5 kg ha−1 of labelled N, recovered 26%. Removals
of
15N-labelled fertilizer N in the harvested products were rather
less,
averaging 32, 25, 49, 27 and 13% in wheat grain, rape seed, potato
tubers, beet root and bean grain, respectively.
Crop residues were either baled and removed, as with wheat and rape
straw, or were flailed or
‘topped’ and left on the soil surface, as was the case
with potato tops and sugarbeet tops. Wheat
stubble and rape stubble, together with leaf litter and weeds, were
incorporated after harvest. The
ploughing in of crop residues returned 4–35% of the original
nitrogen fertilizer application to the soil,
in addition to that which already remained at harvest, which averaged 24,
29 and 25%
of that applied
to winter wheat, oilseed rape and sugarbeet respectively. Less remained
at harvest after potatoes
(c. 21%) and more after spring beans (c. 49%).
Most of the labelled residue remained in the top-soil (0–23cm) layer.
15N-labelled fertilizer unaccounted for in crop and soil
(0–100 cm) at harvest of winter
wheat, oilseed rape, potatoes, sugarbeet and spring beans averaged
23, 25, 19, 14 and 26% of that
applied, respectively. Gaseous losses of fertilizer N by denitrification
were probably greater following
applications to winter wheat and oilseed rape, where the N was applied
earlier (and the soils were
wetter) than with potatoes and sugarbeet. Consequently, it may well be
advantageous to delay the
application of fertilizer N to winter wheat and oilseed rape if the soil
is wet.
Total inorganic N (labelled and unlabelled) in soils
(0–100 cm) following harvest of potatoes given
15N-labelled fertilizer in spring averaged 70 kg N ha−1
and was often greater than after the
corresponding crops of winter wheat and oilseed rape, which averaged 53
kg
N ha−1 and 49 kg N ha−1,
respectively. On average, 91 kg ha−1 of inorganic N
was found in soil (0–100 cm) following spring
beans. Least inorganic N remained in the soil following sugarbeet, averaging
only 19 kg N ha−1. The
risk of nitrate leaching in the following winter, based on that which
remained in the soil at harvest,
ranked in decreasing order, was: spring beans=potatoes>oilseed rape=winter
wheat>sugarbeet.
On average, only 2·9% of the labelled fertilizer applied to
winter wheat and oilseed rape remained
in the soil (0–100 cm) as inorganic N
(NO−3+NH+4) at harvest;
with sugarbeet only 1·1% remained.
In most cases c. 10% of the mineral N present in the soil at
this time was derived from the nitrogen
fertilizer applied to arable crops in spring. However, substantially
more (c. 21%) was derived from
fertilizer following harvest of winter wheat infected with take-all
(Gaeumannomyces graminis var.
tritici) and after potatoes. With winter wheat and sugarbeet,
withholding fertilizer N had little effect
on the total quantity of inorganic N present in the soil profile at
harvest, but with oilseed rape and
potatoes there was a decrease of, on average, 38 and 50%, respectively.
A decrease in the amount of
nitrogen applied to winter wheat and sugarbeet in spring would therefore
not significantly decrease
the quantity of nitrate at risk to leaching during the following autumn
and winter, but may be more
effective with rape and potatoes. However, if wheat growth is severely
impaired by take-all, significant
amounts of fertilizer-derived nitrate will remain in the soil at
harvest, at risk to leaching.