Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:13:40.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of confinement in a respiration chamber and changes in temperature and plane of nutrition on heat production of 25 kg pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

R. Gray  and
K. J. McCracken
R. Gray
Affiliation:
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Research Division, Department of Agriculture for Nothern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX
K. J. McCracken
Affiliation:
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Research Division, Department of Agriculture for Nothern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

A closed-circuit respiration chamber was used to study (a) the effect of confinement in a chamber on the heat production of pigs already accustomed to restraint in a metabolism cage; (b) changes in daily heat production of pigs following a reduction in the energy intake; and (c) the effect of increasing or decreasing the environmental temperature.

An automatically recharged version of the oxygen burette used by Waring & Brown (1965) is described. During tests of the chamber and burette system the mean recoveries of carbon dioxide and oxygen were, respectively, 0·994 and 0·995.

It is concluded that measurements of heat production on the first day of confinement were within the normal range of variation and provided valid estimates of energy expenditure.

The minimum value for the respiratory quotient (RQ) occurred on the third day following a reduction in energy intake, and it is concluded that the direct effect of previously ingested nutrients was eliminated by the third day. However, there appeared to be a further decline in heat production until 6–7 days following the reduction in energy intake.

The heat production of singly caged pigs fed almost to appetite was similar at 22 and 29 °C. Heat production increased at 15 °C, indicating that this was below the lower critical temperature of fed 25 kg pigs. The response of heat production to the low temperature continued for at least 18 days. Variations in heat production between animals and litters were as high as 15% in three experiments.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 95 , Issue 1 , August 1980 , pp. 123 - 133
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Benedict, F. G. (1938). A study in comparative basal metabolism. Vital Energetics, Carnegie Institute, Washington, Publication no. 503.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. (1962). The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. (1974). Adjustments of the metabolism of the sheep to confinement. Proceedings 6th Symposium Energy Metabolism, EAAP Publication no. 14, pp. 115–118.Google Scholar
Breirem, K. (1936 a). Enhaltungs-stoffwechsel des wachsendbn schweines. Tierernahrung 8, 463–498.Google Scholar
Breirem, K. (1936 b). Vedlikeholdsstoffskiftet hos voksende svin. 170 de Beretning fra Forsogslaboratoriet, Kobenhavn.Google Scholar
Brouwer, E. (1965). Report of Sub-committee on constants and factors. Publications European Association Animal Production, no. 11, p. 441.Google Scholar
Capstick, J. W. & Wood, T. B. (1922). The effect of change of temperature on the basal metabolism of swine. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 12, 257–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castle, E. J. & Castle, M. E. (1957). Further studies on the rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract of pigs. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 49, 106–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, W. H. (1971). The influence of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on the heat losses from individual pigs. Animal Production 13, 295–302.Google Scholar
Close, W. H. & Mount, L. E. (1975). The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig. British Journal of Nutrition 34, 279–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Close, W. H. & Mount, L. E. (1978). The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat loss and critical temperature. British Journal of Nutrition 40, 413–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cottle, W. & Carlson, L. D. (1954). Adaptive changes in rats exposed to cold. Caloric exchange. American Journal of Physiology 178, 305–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Es, A. J. H. Van (1972). Maintenance. In Handbuch der Tierernahrung (Band II) (ed. Lenkeit, W., Breirem, K. and Craseman, E.), p. 43. Hamburg & Berlin: Verlag-Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Fuller, M. F. & Boyne, A. W. (1971). The effects of envirbnmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. 1. Nitrogen metabolism, growth and body composition. British Journal of Nutrition 25, 259–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, M. F. & Boyne, A. W. (1972). The effects of environmental temperatures on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food. British Journal of Nutrition 28, 373–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, R. (1973). Effect of environmental temperature on the net utilization of energy and protein in the bacon pigs. Ph.D. thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast.Google Scholar
Gray, R. & McCracken, K. J. (1973). Calorimetric studies on pigs – adaptation to changes in environmental temperature. Proceedings British Society Animal Production 2, 91.Google Scholar
Holmes, C. W. (1968). Heat losses from young pigs at three environmental temperatures measured in a direct calorimeter. Animal Production 10, 135–147.Google Scholar
Hornicke, H. (1970). Circadian activity rhythms and the energy cost of standing in growing pigs. Proceedings 5th Symposium Energy Metabolism, European Association Animal Production Publication no. 13, pp. 165–168.Google Scholar
Jordan, J. W. (1973). Studies on the energy metabolism of the early-weaned pig. Ph.D. thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast.Google Scholar
Lee, B. C. (1942). Heat production of the rabbit at 24 °C as affected by previous adaptation to temperatures between 10° and 31°. Journal of Nutrition 23, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCracken, K. J. & Caldwell, B. J. (1980). Studies on diurnal variations of heat production and the effective lower critical temperature of early-weaned pigs under commercial conditions of feeding and management. British Journal of Nutrition (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCracken, K. J. & Gray, B. (1972). Calorimetric studies on growing pigs using a closed-circuit respiration chamber. Proceedings British Society Animal Production 1, 31.Google Scholar
Marston, H. R. (1948). Energy transactions in sheep. Australian Journal of Science Research 31, 93–129.Google Scholar
Morrison, S. R. & Mount, L. E. (1971). Adaptation of growing pigs to changes in environmental temperature. Animal Production 13, 51–57.Google Scholar
Mount, L. E. & Ingram, D. L. (1965). The effects of ambient temperature and air movement on localized sensible heat-loss from the pig. Research in Veterinary Science 6, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwabe, E. L., Emery, F. E. & Griffith, F. R. (1938). The effect of prolonged exposure to low temperature on the basal metabolism of the rat. Journal of Nutrition 15, 199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellers, E. A., Scott, J. W. & Thomas, N. (1954). Electrical activity of skeletal muscle of normal and acclimatized rats on exposure to cold. American Journal of Physiology 177, 372–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellers, E. A. & You, S. S. (1950). Role of the thyroid in metabolic responses to a cold environment. American Journal of Physiology 163, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, D. W. F. & Brown, W. O. (1969). The period of adaptation of the fasting metabolio rate of the common fowl to an increase in environmental temperature from 22 °C to 28 °C. British Poultry Science 10, 13–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, V. D., Young, L. G. & Smith, G. C. (1971). Energy utilization by the Lacombe and Yorkshire breeds of pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 51, 761–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. E. & Hoijer, D. J. (1962). Metabolism and cellular function in cold acclimation. Physiological Reviews 42, 60–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorensen, P. H. (1962). Influence of climatic environment on pig performance. In Nutrition of Pigs and Poultry, 8th Easter School, University of Nottingham (ed. Morgan, J. T. and Lewis, D.), p. 88. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Tangl, F. (1912). Die minimale Erhaltungsarbeit des Schweines (Stoff- und Energieumsate in Hunger). Biochemie Zeitschrift 44, 252–278.Google Scholar
Thorbek, G. (1975). Studies on energy metabolism in growing pigs. 424 Beretning fra Statens Husdyrbrugs forsg.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A., Close, W. H., Start, I. B. & Mount, L. E. (1973). The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 30, 21–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wainman, F. W. & Blaxter, K. L. (1958 a). Closed-circuit respiration apparatus for the cow and steer. Proceedings 1st Symposium Energy Metabolism, EAAP Publication no. 8, pp. 80–84.Google Scholar
Wainman, F. W. & Blaxter, K. L. (1958 b). Developments in the design of closed-circuit respiration apparatus for animals weighing up to 70 kg. Proceedings 1st Symposium Energy Metabolism, EAAP Publication no. 8, pp. 85–95.Google Scholar
Wainman, F. W. & Blaxter, K. L. (1969). Further experience with closed-circuit respiration chambers. Proceedings 4th Symposium Energy Metabolism, EAAP Publication no. 12, pp. 429–433.Google Scholar
Waring, J. J. & Brown, W. O. (1965). A respiration chamber for the study of energy utilization for maintenance and production in the laying hen. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 65, 139–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, A. J. F., Smith, J. S. & Brockway, J. M. (1972). Effect of isolation, confinement and competition for feed on the energy exchanges of growing lambs. Animal Production 15, 189–202.Google Scholar
Westerterp, K. (1977). How rats economize – energy loss in starvation. Physiological Zology 50, 331–362.Google Scholar