Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:35:03.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of changes in concentrations of dry matter, and of fat and protein in milk substitute diets for veal calves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

I. J. F. Stobo ,
J. H. B. Roy  and
P. Ganderton
I. J. F. Stobo
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT
J. H. B. Roy
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT
P. Ganderton
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The effect of a gradual increase in dry-matter concentration from 140 g/kg (LD diets) to a maximum of 215 g/kg (HD diets), and the effect of an increase in fat concentration from 225 g/kg D.M. and reduction in protein concentration from 298 g/kg D.M. (LF diets) to 254g fat and 211g protein/kg D.M. respectively (HF diets) was examined with 32 Friesian bull calves in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Milk substitutes were offered ad libitum in two feeds daily from 2 days of age. The dietary changes were first introduced at 7 weeks of age and differences became progressively greater as further changes were made at 9, 11 and 13 weeks. The calves were slaughtered at 16 weeks of age.

Dry-matter intake for calves given the HD diets increased faster with age after 7 weeks than that for calves given the LD diets. For the period 7–16 weeks, calves given the HD diets consumed 17% more D.M. than those given the LD diets and had a 13% greater rate of live-weight gain (1·57 v. 1·39 kg/day), although most of the increase in weight gain occurred between 9 and 13 weeks of age.

There was no significant effect on D.M. intake or on live-weight gain of altering the fat and protein concentrations in the milk substitute, although feed conversion ratio (kg D.M. intake/kg weight gain) was higher for the HF than for the LF diets. Apparent digestibility of D.M., crude protein and fat were reduced with the HF diets, but the efficiency of retention of the digested nitrogen was improved. During the second and third weeks of life, D.M. intake reached a peak at approximately 67 g/kg0·75 and subsequently declined to stabilize at about 56 g/kg0·75. However, a gradual increase in concentration of the milk substitute from 140 to 215 g D.M./kg increased intake to about 62 g D.M./kg0·75. The results clearly indicate that, at a dietary concentration of 140 g D.M./kg, maximum D.M. intake cannot be achieved because the volume of fluid that needs to be ingested exceeds the capacity of the digestive system. In contrast, at reconstitution rates increasing from 140 to 215 g D.M./kg, distension of the stomach becomes less important and physiological and metabolic factors seem to assume a greater role in the control of feed intake.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 93 , Issue 1 , August 1979 , pp. 95 - 110
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council (1965). The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 2. Ruminants. London: Agricultural Research Council.Google Scholar
Aschaffenburg, R. (1949). The nutritive value of colostrum for the calf. 3. Changes in the serum protein of the newborn calf following the ingestion of small quantities of the non-fatty fraction. British Journal of Nutrition 3, 200–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cochran, W. G. & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental Designs, 2nd ed.New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Dammert, S., Kirchgessner, M. & Giessler, H. (1972). Zur Konzentration der Tränke bei der Kälbermast. Züchtungskunde. 44, 397–401.Google Scholar
Erbersdobler, H., Gropp, J. & Zucker, H. (1968). Die physiologisohe Verträglichkeit der Milchaustausoher in Abhängigkeit von Qualität und Quantität ihrer Komponenten. Mitteilungen für Tierhaltung, pp. 4–12.Google Scholar
van Es, A. J. H. & van Weerden, E. J. (1970). Kan de groei van gezonde mestkalveren worden voorspeld uit het opgenomen rantsoen? Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift 82 (Kalverdagnummer), 109–114.Google Scholar
Espe, D. L. & Cannon, C. Y. (1935). The relation of the fat content of milk to the passage of the milk curd from the stomach of the calf. Journal of Diary Science 18, 141–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. & Yates, F. (1963). Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. London: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Giessler, H., Kirchgessner, M. & Dammert, S. (1973). Zur Entwicklung eines Tränkplans für die Kälbermast. Züchtungskunde 45, 45–52.Google Scholar
Van Hellemond, K. K. (1970). De invloed van het eiwit- en energiegehalte van kunstmelkpreparaten op groei, voederconversie en slachtkwaliteit van mestkalveren. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift 82, 121–128.Google Scholar
Khouri, R. H. & Pickering, F. S. (1968). Nutrition of the milk-fed calf. I. Performance of calves fed on different levels of whole milk relative to body weight. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 11, 227–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khouri, R. H. & Pickering, F. S. (1969). Nutrition of the milk-fed calf. II. The intake of calves fed on milk containing increasing concentrations of dry matter and supplemented with iron, copper and magnesium. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 509–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebenberg, L. H. P. & van Der Merwe, F. J. (1975). The utilization of milk diets with different fat concentrations by the preruminant calf. 2. Change in body composition by means of nutrition. South African Journal of Animal Science 5, 11–15.Google Scholar
Noller, C. H., Ward, G. M., McGilliard, A. D., Huffman, C. F. & Duncan, C. W. (1956). The effect of age of the calf on the availability of nutrients in vegetable milk-replacer rations. Journal of Dairy Science 39, 1288–1298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patka, J. & Dvořák, M. (1975). Usefulness of the ACTH-test for diagnosing adrenocortical activity in calves using the white blood cell picture as a criterion. Documenta veterinaria, Brno 8, 139–148.Google Scholar
Pettyjohn, J. D., Everett, J. P. Jr, & Mochrie, R. D. (1963). Response of dairy calves to milk replacer fed at various concentrations. Journal of Dairy Science 46, 710–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowell, J. G. & Walters, D. E. (1976). Analysing data with repeated observations on each experimental unit. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 87, 423–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. (1970 a). Protein in milk replacers for calves. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 21, 346–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, J. H. B. (1970 b). The Calf. Volume 2. Nutrition and Health. London: Iliffe.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B., Gaston, H. J., Shillam, K. W. G., Thompson, S. Y., Stobo, I. J. F. & Greatotrex, J. C. (1964). The nutrition of the veal calf. The effect of anaemia and of iron and chlortetracycline supplementation on the performance of calves given large quantities of whole milk. British Journal of Nutrition 18, 467–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F. & Gaston, H. J. (1970). The nutrition of the veal calf. 3. A comparison of liquid skim milk with a diet of reconstituted spraydried skim-milk powder containing 20% margarin fat. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 459–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F., Gaston, H. J. & Greatorex, J. C. (1970). The nutrition of the veal calf. 2. The effect of different levels of protein and fat in milk substitute diets. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 441–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Stobo, I. J. F., Gaston, H. J., Shotton, S. M. & Ganderton, P. (1973). The nutrition of the veal calf. 6. The effect of ultra-high (68 per cent) fat milk powders added to liquid skim milk, and a comparison with spray-dried skim milk powder containing 20 per cent margarine fat. Animal Production 17, 109–127.Google Scholar
Schultze, A. B. (1957). Condition in dairy calves and level of circulating eosinophils. Journal of Dairy Science 40, 672–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stobo, I. J. F. (1964). Studies in the nutrition of young cattle with special reference to rumen development and protein requirements of the early-weaned calf. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading.Google Scholar
Stobo, I. J. F. & Roy, J. H. B. (1973). Effect of dietary concentration and composition on the performance of the pre-ruminant calf. Proceedings of the European Nutrition Conference, Cambridge, p. 34.Google Scholar
Tamate, H., McGilliard, A. D., Jacobson, N. L. & Getty, R. (1962). Effect of various dietaries on the anatomical development of the stomach in the calf. Journal of Dairy Science 45, 408–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ternouth, J. H., Roy, J. H. B., Thompson, S. Y., Toothill, J., Gillies, C. M. & Edwards-Webb, J. D. (1975). Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milksubstitute diets. British Journal of Nutrition 33, 181–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ternouth, J. H., Stobo, I. J. F. & Roy, J. H. B. (1978) The effect of dry matter concentration on milk substitute intake by the calf. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 37, 38A.Google ScholarPubMed
Warner, R. G., Flatt, W. P. & Loosli, J. K. (1956). Dietary factors influencing the development of the ruminant stomach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 4, 788–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar