Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:37:55.181Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of alternative feed resources for ruminants in Mediterranean climates: olive cake and cactus cladodes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2019

S. El Otmani Open the ORCID record for S. El Otmani [Opens in a new window] ,
M. Chentouf ,
J. L. Hornick  and
J. F. Cabaraux
S. El Otmani*
Affiliation:
National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Regional Centre of Agricultural Research of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, IVT, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
M. Chentouf
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, IVT, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
J. L. Hornick
Affiliation:
National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Regional Centre of Agricultural Research of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco
J. F. Cabaraux
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH, IVT, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
*
Author for correspondence: S. El Otmani, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Olive cake (OC) and cactus cladodes (CCs) are two alternative feed resources widely available in Mediterranean areas. Their use in ruminant diets was assessed according to their chemical composition, secondary compound levels and digestibility. The effects of the olive oil extraction period and process, and CCs age and sampling period were evaluated. OC was collected monthly, from November to January, from mills using either a mechanical press or 2-phase or 3-phase centrifugation processes. CCs were collected fortnightly according to age (young and mature) from April to June. Two-phase OC had the lowest content of dry matter (DM), the highest nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and total and hydrolysable tannins and was more rapidly fermentable. Mechanical press OC was the least digestible. OC DM, protein and NFE were affected linearly by the extraction period. Gas production (GP), in vitro digestibility parameters and dry and organic enzymatic digestibility changed with the extraction period. Therefore, OC chemical composition and in vitro digestibility depended mainly on the extraction process and period. Compared to mature CCs , young CCs contained more water, protein, ether-extract and phenolic compounds, but less ash and fibre. GP and digestibility parameters were not affected by age, but in vitro organic matter digestibility and microbial biomass production were higher in young cladodes. CCs chemical composition, GP and digestibility parameters were influenced by the collection period. Due to its limited nutritional quality, OC should be enriched in nitrogen, while CCs could be considered as highly valuable forage in ruminant diet.

Keywords

Cactus cladodechemical compositionin vitro digestibilityolive cakeOpuntia ficus-indica
Type
Animal Research Paper
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 157 , Issue 3 , April 2019 , pp. 260 - 271
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbeddou, S, Riwahi, S, Iñiguez, L, Zaklouta, M, Hess, HD and Kreuzer, M (2011) Ruminal degradability, digestibility, energy content, and influence on nitrogen turnover of various Mediterranean by-products in fat-tailed Awassi sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 163, 99–110.Google Scholar
Abidi, S, Ben Salem, H, Martín-García, AI and Molina-Alcaide, E (2009 a) Ruminal fermentation of spiny (Opuntia amyclae) and spineless (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) cactus cladodes and diets including cactus. Animal Feed Science and Technology 149, 333–340.Google Scholar
Abidi, S, Ben Salem, H, Vasta, V and Priolo, A (2009 b) Supplementation with barley or spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) cladodes on digestion, growth and intramuscular fatty acid composition in sheep and goats receiving oaten hay. Small Ruminant Research 87, 9–16.Google Scholar
Aktas, ES, Imre, S and Ersoy, L (2001) Characterization and lime treatment of olive mill wastewater. Water Research 35, 2336–2340.Google Scholar
Al-Masri, MR (2003) An in vitro evaluation of some unconventional ruminant feeds in terms of the organic matter digestibility, energy and microbial biomass. Tropical Animal Health and Production 35, 155–167.Google Scholar
Alary, V, Nefzaoui, A and Ben Jemaa, M (2007) Promoting the adoption of natural resource management technology in arid and semi-arid areas: Modelling the impact of spineless cactus in alley cropping in Central Tunisia. Agricultural Systems 94, 573–585.Google Scholar
Alburquerque, JA, Gonzálvez, J, García, D and Cegarra, J (2004) Agrochemical characterisation of “alperujo”, a solid by-product of the two-phase centrifugation method for olive oil extraction. Bioresource Technology 91, 195–200.Google Scholar
AOAC (1997) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Arco-Pérez, A, Ramos-Morales, E, Yáñez-Ruiz, DR, Abecia, L and Martín-García, AI (2017) Nutritive evaluation and milk quality of including of tomato or olive by-products silages with sunflower oil in the diet of dairy goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 232, 57–70.Google Scholar
Aruwa, CE, Amoo, SO and Kudanga, T (2018) Opuntia (Cactaceae) plant compounds, biological activities and prospects: a comprehensive review. Food Research International 112, 328–344.Google Scholar
Atti, N, Mahouachi, M and Rouissi, H (2006) The effect of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica f. inermis) supplementation on growth, carcass, meat quality and fatty acid composition of male goat kids. Meat Science 73, 229–235.Google Scholar
Aufrère, J and Cartailler, D (1988) Mise au point d'une méthode de laboratoire de prévision de la dégradabilité des protéines alimentaires des aliments concentrés dans le rumen. Annales de Zootechnie 37, 255–270.Google Scholar
Aufrère, J and Michalet-Doreau, B (1983) In vivo digestibility and prediction of digestibility of some by-products. In Boucque, ChV (ed.), Agriculture: Feeding Value of By-Products and Their Use by Beef Cattle. Proceedings of an EEC Seminar, Melle Gontrode, 26–29 September. Report EUR 8918 EN. Brussels, Belgium: Commission of the European Communities, pp. 26–29.Google Scholar
Ayadi, MA, Abdelmaksoud, W, Ennouri, M and Attia, H (2009) Cladodes from Opuntia ficus indica as a source of dietary fiber: effect on dough characteristics and cake making. Industrial Crops and Products 30, 40–47.Google Scholar
Batista, AM, Mustafa, AF, McAllister, T, Wang, Y, Soita, H and McKinnon, JJ (2003) Effects of variety on chemical composition, in situ nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production of spineless cacti. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83, 440–445.Google Scholar
Bensadón, S, Hervert-Hernández, D, Sáyago-Ayerdi, SG and Goñi, I (2010) By-products of Opuntia ficus-indica as a source of antioxidant dietary fibre. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 65, 210–216.Google Scholar
Ben Salem, H and Nefzaoui, A (2003) Feed blocks as alternative supplements for sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research 49, 275–288.Google Scholar
Ben Salem, H, Nefzaoui, A and Ben Salem, L (2004) Spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) and oldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia l.) as alternative supplements for growing Barbarine lambs given straw-based diets. Small Ruminant Research 51, 65–73.Google Scholar
Ben Salem, H, Makkar, HPS, Nefzaoui, A, Hassayoun, L and Abidi, S (2005) Benefit from the association of small amounts of tannin-rich shrub foliage (Acacia cyanophylla lindl.) with soya bean meal given as supplements to Barbarine sheep fed on oaten hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 173–186.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M (2000) Predicting the partitioning of fermentation products by combined in vitro gas volume and true substrate degradability measurements: opportunities and limitations, In British Society of Animal Science (eds), Gas Production: Fermentation Kinetics for Feed Evaluation and to Assess Microbial activity. Midlothian, Scotland: European Association for Animal Production, British Society of Animal Science and Fédération Européenne de Zootechnie, pp. 48–58.Google Scholar
Blümmel, M, Makkar, HPS, Chisanga, G, Mtimuni, J and Becker, K (1997) The prediction of dry matter intake of temperate and tropical roughages from in vitro digestibility/gas-production data, and the dry matter intake and in vitro digestibility of African roughages in relation to ruminant liveweight gain. Animal Feed Science and Technology 69, 131–141.Google Scholar
Borja, R, Raposo, F and Rincón, B (2006) Treatment technologies of liquid and solid wastes from two-phase olive oil mills. Grasas y Aceites 57, 32–46.Google Scholar
Chebli, Y, Chentouf, M, Mrabet, R and Keli, A (2014) Production et utilisation des parcours dans les montagnes rifaines du Nord du Maroc. Options Méditerranéennes 108, 109–113.Google Scholar
Chebli, Y, Chentouf, M, Ozer, P, Hornick, JL and Cabaraux, JF (2018) Forest and silvopastoral cover changes and its drivers in northern Morocco. Applied Geography 101, 23–35.Google Scholar
Clemente, A, Sánchez-Vioque, R, Vioque, J, Bautista, J and Millán, F (1997) Chemical composition of extracted dried olive pomaces containing two and three phases. Food Biotechnology 11, 273–291.Google Scholar
Dermeche, S, Nadour, M, Larroche, C, Moulti-Mati, F and Michaud, P (2013) Olive mill wastes: biochemical characterizations and valorization strategies. Process Biochemistry 48, 1532–1552.Google Scholar
Doreau, M and Chilliard, Y (1997) Digestion and metabolism of dietary fat in farm animals. British Journal of Nutrition 78(suppl. 1), S15–S35.Google Scholar
Gregory, RA and Felker, P (1992) Crude protein and phosphorus contents of eight contrasting Opuntia forage clones. Journal of Arid Environments 22, 323–331.Google Scholar
Grings, EE, Blümmel, M and Südekum, KH (2005) Methodological considerations in using gas production techniques for estimating ruminal microbial efficiencies for silage-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123–124, 527–545.Google Scholar
Gusha, J, Halimani, TE, Katsande, S and Zvinorova, PI (2014) Performance of goats fed on low quality veld hay supplemented with fresh spiny cactus (Opuntia megacantha) mixed with browse legumes hay in Zimbabwe. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, 1257–1263.Google Scholar
Gusha, J, Halimani, TE, Katsande, S and Zvinorova, PI (2015) The effect of Opuntia ficus indica and forage legumes based diets on goat productivity in smallholder sector in Zimbabwe. Small Ruminant Research 125, 21–25.Google Scholar
Hadj Sadok, T, Aid, F, Bellal, M and Abdul Hussain, M (2008) Composition chimique des jeunes cladodes d’opuntia ficus indica et possibilités de valorisation alimentaire. Agricultura 65–66, 39–48.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC (1993) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 3851–3863.Google Scholar
Jose, CB, Dubeux, JR, Ben Salem, H and Nefzaoui, A (2017) Forage production and supply for animal nutrition. In Inglese, P, Mondragon, C, Nefzaoui, A and Saenz, C (eds), Crop Ecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear. Rome, Italy: FAO and ICARDA, pp. 73–91.Google Scholar
Kefeli, VI, Kalevitch, MV and Borsari, B (2003) Phenolic cycle in plants and environment. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology 2, 13–18.Google Scholar
Leouifoudi, I, Harnafi, H and Zyad, A (2015) Olive mill waste extracts: polyphenols content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2015, 1–11. doi: 10.1155/2015/714138.Google Scholar
Mafra, I, Lanza, B, Reis, A, Marsilio, V, Campestre, C, De Angelis, M and Coimbra, MA (2001) Effect of ripening on texture, microstructure and cell wall polysaccharide composition of olive fruit (Olea europaea). Physiologia Plantarum 111, 439–447.Google Scholar
Mahouachi, M, Atti, N and Hajji, H (2012) Use of spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) for dairy goats and growing kids: impacts on milk production, kid's growth, and meat quality. The Scientific World Journal 2012, 1–4. article no. 321567. doi: 10.1100/2012/321567.Google Scholar
Makkar, HPS (2002) Applications of the in vitro gas method in the evaluation of feed resources, and enhancement of nutritional value of tannin-rich tree/browse leaves and agro-industrial by-product. In Makkar, HPS (ed.), Development and Field Evaluation of Animal Feed Supplementation Packages: Proceedings of the Final Review Meeting of an IAEA Technical Co-Operation Regional AFRA Project Organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and Held in Cairo, Egypt, 25–29 November 2000. IAEA-TECDOC-1294. Vienna, Austria: IAEA, pp. 23–42.Google Scholar
Makkar, HPS, Blummel, M, Borowy, NK and Becker, K (1993) Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 61, 161–165.Google Scholar
Marsilio, V, Campestre, C, Lanza, B and De Angelis, M (2001) Sugar and polyol compositions of some European olive fruit varieties (Olea europaea l.) suitable for table olive purposes. Food Chemistry 72, 485–490.Google Scholar
Martín García, AI, Moumen, A, Yáñez Ruiz, DR and Molina Alcaide, E (2003) Chemical composition and nutrients availability for goats and sheep of two-stage olive cake and olive leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology 107, 61–74.Google Scholar
Martín García, AI, Yáñez Ruiz, DR, Moumen, A and Molina Alcaide, E (2004) Effect of polyethylene-glycol on the chemical composition and nutrient availability of olive (Olea europaea var. europaea) by-products. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114, 159–177.Google Scholar
Menke, KH and Steingass, H (1988) Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development 28, 7–55.Google Scholar
Menke, KH, Raab, L, Salewski, A, Steingass, H, Fritz, D and Schneider, W (1979) The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 93, 217–222.Google Scholar
Min, BR, Barry, TN, Attwood, GT and McNabb, WC (2003) The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 106, 3–19.Google Scholar
Mioč, B, Pavić, V, Vnučec, I, Prpić, Z, Kostelić, A and Sušić, V (2007) Effect of olive cake on daily gain, carcass characteristics and chemical composition of lamb meat. Czech Journal of Animal Science 52, 31–36.Google Scholar
Molina Alcaide, E and Nefzaoui, A (1996) Recycling of olive oil by-products: possibilities of utilization in animal nutrition. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 38, 227–235.Google Scholar
Molina Alcaide, E and Yáñez-Ruiz, DR (2008) Potential use of olive by-products in ruminant feeding: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 147, 247–264.Google Scholar
Molina Alcaide, E, Yáñez Ruiz, DR, Moumen, A and Martín García, AI (2003) Ruminal degradability and in vitro intestinal digestibility of sunflower meal and in vitro digestibility of olive by-products supplemented with urea or sunflower meal: comparison between goats and sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 110, 3–15.Google Scholar
Mondragón-Jacobo, C and Pérez-González, S (2001) Cactus (Opuntia spp.) as Forage. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 169. Rome, Italy: FAO.Google Scholar
Negesse, T, Makkar, HPS and Becker, K (2009) Nutritive value of some non-conventional feed resources of Ethiopia determined by chemical analyses and an in vitro gas method. Animal Feed Science and Technology 154, 204–217.Google Scholar
Neifar, M, Jaouani, A, Ayari, A, Abid, O, Ben Salem, H, Boudabous, A, Najar, T and Ghorbel, RE (2013) Improving the nutritive value of olive cake by solid state cultivation of the medicinal mushroom Fomes fomentarius. Chemosphere 91, 110–114.Google Scholar
Pantoja, J, Firkins, JL, Eastridge, ML and Hull, BL (1994) Effects of fat saturation and source of fiber on site of nutrient digestion and milk production by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2341–2356.Google Scholar
Pinos-Rodríguez, JM, Duque-Briones, R, Reyes-Agüeroa, JA, Aguirre-Rivera, JR, García-López, JC and González-Muñoz, S (2006) Effect of species and age on nutrient content and in vitro digestibility of Opuntia spp. Journal of Applied Animal Research 30, 13–17.Google Scholar
Pinos-Rodríguez, JM, Velázquez, JC, González, SS, Aguirre, JR, García, JC, Álvarez, G and Jasso, Y (2010) Effects of cladode age on biomass yield and nutritional value of intensively produced spineless cactus for ruminants. South African Journal of Animal Science 40, 245–250.Google Scholar
Porter, LJ, Hrstich, LN and Chan, BG (1985) The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry 25, 223–230.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Felix, A and Cantwell, M (1988) Developmental changes in composition and quality of prickly pear cactus cladodes (nopalitos). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 38, 83–93.Google Scholar
Roig, A, Cayuela, ML and Sánchez-Monedero, MA (2006) An overview on olive mill wastes and their valorisation methods. Waste Management 26, 960–969.Google Scholar
Rowghani, E, Zamiri, MJ and Seradj, AR (2008) Gas production: energy content and digestibility of olive cake ensiled with additives. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 9, 213–221.Google Scholar
Sadeghi, H, Teimouri Yansari, A and Ansari-Pirsarai, Z (2009) Effects of different olive cake by-products on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of Zel sheep. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11, 39–43.Google Scholar
Sánchez Moral, P and Ruiz Méndez, MV (2006) Production of pomace olive oil. Grasas y Aceites 57, 47–55.Google Scholar
SAS (2002) SAS User's Guide (Editor): Statistics, Version 9.1.3. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.Google Scholar
Shrivastava, B, Nandal, P, Sharma, A, Jain, KK, Khasa, YP, Das, TK, Mani, V, Kewalramani, NJ, Kundu, SS and Kuhad, RC (2012) Solid state bioconversion of wheat straw into digestible and nutritive ruminant feed by Ganoderma sp. Rckk02. Bioresource Technology 107, 347–351.Google Scholar
Tegegne, F (2001) Nutritional value of Opuntia ficus-indica as a ruminant feed in Ethiopia. In Mondragon, C and Gonzalez, S (eds), Cactus (Opuntia spp) as Forage. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper no. 169. Rome, Italy: FAO, pp. 91–100.Google Scholar
Tegegne, F (2007) Evaluation of alternative feed resources for ruminants under arid zones of the tropics and sub-tropics: the case of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in Ethiopia (PhD thesis). Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Topps, JH (1992) Potential, composition and use of legume shrubs and trees as fodders for livestock in the tropics. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 118, 1–8.Google Scholar
Van Soest, PJ, Robertson, JB and Lewis, BA (1991) Polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.Google Scholar
Vieira, EL, Batista, ÂMV, Guim, A, Carvalho, FF, Nascimento, AC, Araújo, RFS and Mustafa, AF (2008 a) Effects of hay inclusion on intake, in vivo nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation of goats fed spineless cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 141, 199–208.Google Scholar
Vieira, EL, Batista, ÂMV, Mustafa, AF, Araújo, RFS, Soares, PC, Ortolane, EL and Mori, CK (2008 b) Effects of feeding high levels of cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill) cladodes on urinary output and electrolyte excretion in goats. Livestock Science 114, 354–357.Google Scholar
Vlyssides, AG, Loizides, M and Karlis, PK (2004) Integrated strategic approach for reusing olive oil extraction by-products. Journal of Cleaner Production 12, 603–611.Google Scholar
Wang, SY and Zheng, W (2001) Effect of plant growth temperature on antioxidant capacity in strawberry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 4977–4982.Google Scholar
Weinberg, ZG, Chen, Y and Weinberg, P (2008) Ensiling olive cake with and without molasses for ruminant feeding. Bioresource Technology 99, 1526–1529.Google Scholar
Zamora, R, Alaiz, M and Hidalgo, FJ (2001) Influence of cultivar and fruit ripening on olive (Olea europaea) fruit protein content, composition, and antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 4267–4270.Google Scholar