Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T05:05:52.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of bentonite on fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and on rumen ciliate protozoa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

R. J. Wallace  and
C. J. Newbold
R. J. Wallace
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksbum, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK
C. J. Newbold
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksbum, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Bentonite (2 g/day) was added to four vessels in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and the effects on the fermentation were compared with four control vessels over a 21-day period. Vessels in both groups were supplied with 20 g/day of a diet containing, per kg, 500 g hay, 299·5 g barley, 100 g molasses, 91 g fishmeal and 9·5 g of mineral/vitamin mix. Numbers of ciliate protozoa were reduced by 69% (40 v. 12·8 ×103/ml) in vessels receiving bentonite. The viable count of bacteria was increased by one-third in these vessels (4·8 v. 3·6 × 108/ml), and ammonia production was 54·7 and 76·7 mg/day in the bentonite and control vessels, respectively. Other effects on fermentation products and metabolic activities were minor, except that the rate of breakdown of [14C]leucine-labelled Selenomonas ruminantium protein was 47% lower in fluid taken from vessels receiving bentonite. Bentonite did not affect the rate of bacterial breakdown by protozoa immediately when it was added to rumen fluid in vitro, although a decline in activity was becoming apparent after 4 h incubation. Microscopic examination of rumen fluid to which bentonite was added indicated that some bentonite was ingested by protozoa, but that its main toxic effect was at the cell surface, causing interference with the motion of cilia and thereby preventing motility of protozoa, particularly the holotrichs.

Type
Animals
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 116 , Issue 1 , February 1991 , pp. 163 - 168
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abe, M., Iriki, T., Tobe, N. & Shibui, H. (1981). Sequestration of holotrich protozoa in the reticulo-rumen of cattle. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41, 758–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aitchison, E. M., Rowe, J. B. & Rix, G. S. (1986). Effect of bentonite clays on rumen fermentation and diet digestibility. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 11, 111–114.Google Scholar
Bringe, A. N. & Schultz, L. H. (1969). Effects of roughage type or added bentonite in maintaining fat test. Journal of Dairy Science 52, 465–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britton, R. A., Colling, D. P. & Klopfenstein, T. J. (1978). Effect of complexing sodium bentonite with soybean meal or urea on in vitro ruminal ammonia release and nitrogen utilization in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 46, 1738–1747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colling, D., Britton, R. & Nielsen, M. (1975). Adjusting lambs to high concentrate rations. Journal of Animal Science 41, 396 (Abstract).Google Scholar
Czerkawski, J. W. & Breckenridge, G. (1977). Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). British Journal of Nutrition 38, 371–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dehority, B. A. & Tirabasso, P. A. (1989). Factors affecting the migration and sequestration of rumen protozoa in the family Isotrichidae. Journal of General Microbiology 135, 539–548.Google Scholar
Demeyer, D.I. & Van Nevel, C. J. (1979). Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen microorganisms. British Journal of Nutrition 42, 515–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, E. S., Elam, C. J. & Dyer, I. A. (1957). The influence of sodium bentonite in vitro and in the ration of steers. Journal of Animal Science 16, 858–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenn, P. & Leng, R. A. (1988). The effects of bentonite on wool growth of faunated and fauna-free sheep. In The Roles of Protozoa and Fungi in Ruminant Digestion (Eds Nolan, J. V., Leng, R. A., Demeyer, D. I.), pp. 1–3. Armidale: Penambul Books.Google Scholar
Frumholtz, P. P., Newbold, C. J. & Wallace, R. J. (1989). Influence of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 113, 169–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, P. N. (1969). Rumen bacteria. In Methods in Microbiology 3B, 133–139. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Huntingdon, G. B., Emerick, R. J. & Embry, L. B. (1977). Sodium bentonite effects when fed at various levels with high concentrate diets to lambs. Journal of Animal Science 45, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacques, K. A., Axe, D. E., Harris, T. R., Harmon, D. L., Bolsen, K. K. & Johnson, D. E. (1986). Effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium bentonite on digestion, solid and liquid flow, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of forage sorghum silage-based diets fed to steers. Journal of Animal Science 63, 923–932.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouany, J. P. & Senaud, J. (1979) Défaunation du rumen de mouton. Annales de Biologie Animate, Biochimie et Biophysique 19, 619–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougall, E. I. (1948). Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep's saliva. Biochemical Journal 43, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, S. O. (1968). An improved method for determining cellulolytic activity in anaerobic bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 31, 241–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrero, D., Martinez, R. O. & Rivas, J. L. (1987). Effect of the inclusion of bentonite on the performance and ruminal fermentation of calves fed wheat. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 21, 253–258.Google Scholar
Marshman, N. A. & Marshall, K. C. (1981 a). Bacterial growth on proteins in the presence of clay minerals. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 13, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshman, N. A. & Marshall, K. C. (1981 b). Some effects of montmorillonite on the growth of mixed microbial cultures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 13, 135–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. C., Clifford, A. J. & Tillman, A. D. (1969). Studies on sodium bentonite in ruminant diets containing urea. Journal of Animal Science 29, 777–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, P. J. & Barker, D. J. (1988). Sodium bentonite in high grain diets for young cattle. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 17, 439.Google Scholar
Newbold, C. J., Wallace, R. J. & Mckain, N. (1990). Effect of the ionophore tetronasin on nitrogen metabolism of rumen microorganisms in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 68, 1103–1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newbold, C. J., Williams, A. G. & Chamberlain, D. G. (1987). The in vitro metabolism of D, L-lactic acid by rumen microorganisms. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 38, 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peiris, H., Tudor, G. D. & Elliott, R. (1988). Formaldehyde treatment of sorghum grain with or without sodium bentonite for growing fattening steers. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 17, 274–277.Google Scholar
Rindsig, R. B., Schultz, L. H. & Shook, G. E. (1969). Effects of the addition of bentonite to high-grain dairy rations which depress milk fat percentage. Journal of Dairy Science 52, 1770–1775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, W. D. & Stotzky, G. (1979). Influence of environmental factors on antagonism of fungi by bacteria in soil: clay minerals and pH. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 38, 1120–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stotzky, G. (1966). Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms. II. Effect of various clay species, homionic clays, and other particles on bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 12, 831–848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stotzky, G. & Rem, T. (1966). Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms. I. Montmorillonite and kaolinite on bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 12, 547–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, R. J. (1983). Hydrolysis of 14C-labelled proteins by rumen micro-organisms and by proteolytic enzymes prepared from rumen bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition 50, 345–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, R. J., Czerkawski, J. W. & Breckenridge, G. (1981). Effect of monensin on the fermentation of a basal ration in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). British Journal of Nutrition 46, 131–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, R. J. & McPherson, C. A. (1987). Factors affecting the rate of breakdown of bacterial protein in rumen fluid. British Journal of Nutrition 58, 313–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A. G. & Coleman, G. (1988). The rumen protozoa. In The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem (Ed. Hobson, P. N.), pp. 77–128. London: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar