Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T11:04:42.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Employment History and Off-Farm Employment of Farm Operators

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2015

Judith I. Stallmann  and
James H. Nelson
Judith I. Stallmann
Affiliation:
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
James H. Nelson
Affiliation:
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia and at Kentucky Mountain Bible College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are divided into farmers and workers. Equations are estimated to determine their probabilities of working off-the-farm. Education increases the probability that workers work off-the-farm, whereas vocational training increases farmers' probability. The probability of working off-the-farm decreases as unearned income increases, and its impact on workers is larger than on farmers. An employed spouse increases the probability that farmers work off-the-farm, but has the opposite impact for workers. Employment density increases the probability that workers will work off-the-farm.

Keywords

off-farm employmentpart-time farmingsmall farms
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , December 1995 , pp. 475 - 487
Copyright
Copyright © Southern Agricultural Economics Association 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahearn, M. and Lee, J.E. Jr. “Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Operator Households in the United States.” Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families. Hallberg, M. C., Findeis, J.L. and Lass, D. A., eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Bartlett, P.F. “Part-time Farming: Saving the Farm or Saving the Lifestyle?” Rur. Soc. 51 (Fall, 1986): 289–313.Google Scholar
Bartlett, P.F. “Motivations of Part-Time Farmers.” Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families. Hallberg, M.C., Findeis, J.L. and Lass, D.A., eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Bollman, R.D. “Off-farm Work by Farmers: An Application of the Kinked Demand Curve for Labour.” Can. J. of Agr. Econ. 27(1979):37–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau of the Census. Census of Agriculture. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office. Various Years.Google Scholar
Buttel, F.H. “The Political Economy of Part-Time Farming.” GeoJournal 6(1982):293–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, A. and Muellbauer, J.. Economics and Consumer Behavior. London: Cambridge University Press, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findeis, J.L., Lass, D.A. and Hallberg, M.C. “Effects of Location on Off-Farm Employment Decisions.” Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families. Hallberg, M. C., Findeis, J.L. and Lass, D.A., eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Findeis, J.L. and Reddy, V.K.. “Formulating Rural Development Programs to Aid Low-Income Farm Families.” International Association of Agricultural Economists Occasional Paper 5(1988):262–268.Google Scholar
Fuguitt, G.V. “Part-Time Farming and the Push-Pull Hypothesis.” Am. J. ofSoc. 23(1958):392–397.Google Scholar
Gunter, L. and McNamara, K.T.. “The Impact of Local Labor Market Conditions on the Off-Farm Earnings of Farm Operators.” S. J. of Agr. Econ. 22(1990):155–165.Google Scholar
Heckman, J.J. “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models.” Annals of Econ. and Soc. Measurement 5(1976):475–492.Google Scholar
Huffman, W.E. “The Value of the Productive Time of Farmwives: Iowa, North Carolina and Oklahoma.” Am. J. of Agr. Econ. 58(1976):830–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, W.E. “Interactions Between Farm and Nonfarm Labor Markets.” Am. J. of Agr. Econ. 59(1977). 1055–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, W.E. “Farm and Off-farm Work Decisions: The Role of Human Capital.” Rev. of Econ. and Stat. 62(1980): 14–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kada, R.Part-Time Farming: Off-Farm Employment and Farm Adjustments in the United States and Japan. Tokyo: Center for Academic Publications. 1980.Google Scholar
Killian, M.S. and Tolbert, CM.. “A Commuting-Based Definition of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Local Labor Markets in the United States.” Inequalities in Labor Market Areas. Singelmann, J. and Deseran, F.A., eds. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Lass, D.A., Findeis, J.L. and Hallberg, M.C.. “Factors Affecting Supply of Off-Farm Labor: A Review of Empirical Evidence.” Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families. Hallberg, M. C., Findeis, J.L., and Lass, D.A., eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Lee, J.E. “Allocating Farm Resources between Farm and Non-farm Uses.” J. of Farm Econ. 47(1965):83–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, L. “Unionism and Wage Rates: A Simultaneous Equations Model with Quantitative and Limited Dependent Valuables.” Intl. Econ. Rev. 1962(1978):415–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leistritz, F.L., Vreugdenhil, H.G., Ekstrom, B.K., and Leholm, A.G.. “Off-farm Income and Employment of North Dakota Farm Families.” Agricultural Economics Miscellaneous Report No. 88. Fargo: Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, 1985.Google Scholar
Mage, J.A. “A Topology of Part-Time Farming.” Part-Time Farming: Proceedings of the First Rural Geography Symposium. Fuller, A.M. and Mage, J.A., eds. Norwich, England: GeoAbstracts, Ltd., 1976.Google Scholar
Perloff, J.M. “The Impact of Wage Differentials on Choosing to Working in Agriculture.” Am. J. of Agr. Econ. 73(1991): 671T680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, V.K. and Findeis, J.L.. “Determinants of Off-Farm Labor Force Participation: Implications for Low Income Farm Families.” North Central J. of Agr. Econ. 10(1988):91–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salter, L.A. Jr. and Diehl, L.F.. “Part-Time Farming Research.” J. of Farm Econ. 22(1940):581–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, W. and Kapitany, M.. “The Off-Farm Work Behavior of Farm Operators.” Am. J. of Agr. Econ. 65(1983):800–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitze, R.G.F. and Mahoney, R.K.. “Prospects for Off-Farm Employment as a Continued Factor in Farm Family Incomes.” Policy Research Notes Issue 26. Washington, D.C: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1988.Google Scholar
Stallmann, J.I. and Alwang, J.. “Permanent Part-time Farming in Virginia.” Virginia Cooperative Extension Service Publication, 448-210/REAP R011. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech, 1992.Google Scholar
Sumner, D.A.. “The Off-Farm Labor Supply of Farmers.” Am. J. of Agr. Econ. 64(1982):499–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, D.A. “Useful Directions for Research on Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families.” Multiple Job-Holding Among Farm Families. Hallberg, M. C., Findeis, J.L. and Lass, D.A., eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Tolbert, CM. and Killian, M.S.. “Labor Market Areas for the United States.” Staff Report AGES 870721. Washington D.C: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1987.Google Scholar
Virginia Employment Commission. “Trends in Employment, Hours, and Earnings.” Volume II 1980-1991. Richmond, Virginia, October, 1992.Google Scholar