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The Modern Sudan, 1820–1956: The Present Position of Historical Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

G. N. Sanderson
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Extract

The modern history of the Sudan is here considered as beginning with the Turco-Egyptian invasion of a.d. 1820. From this date written records begin to be available in quantity, in sharp contrast to the pathetic scraps which have survived for the preceding Fung Kingdom of Sennar. This transition is indeed so abrupt that it is easy to over-estimate the extent and solidity of historical knowledge for the modern period. In fact, there are still large tracts where scientific historiography has yet to begin, or where at best a few exploratory soundings have been made; and much of the field has until very recently been dominated by rather superficial ‘general surveys’ often written with an eye to the current political situation.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of African History , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , November 1963 , pp. 435 - 461
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1963

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References

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59 Hornik, M. P., Der Kampf der Grossmächte urn den Oberlauf des Nil (Vienna, n.d. 1939);Google Scholar‘The Anglo-Belgian Agreement of iz May 1894’, EHR, LVII, 226 (04, 1942), 227–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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65 F.g., the controversy between A. Pershits and S. R. Smimov on whether pre-Mahdia Arab society in the Sudan was ‘primitive’ or ‘feudal’. My knowledge of these writings is derived entirely from Bolton's, A. R. C. analysis: Soviet Middle East Studies: Part VII, The Sudan (London, [Royal Institute of International Affairs], 1959).Google Scholar

66 Smirnov has been chosen because he seems to be a genuine historian (i.e., not an economist, ethnographer or geographer), and to have—unlike some of his non-historian colleagues—a competent factual grasp of modem Sudanese history. His most important works appear to be: Vosstaniye Makhdistov v Sudane (The Mahdist Rising in the Sudan) (Moscow, 1950); and ‘The Formation and Ways of Development of a Northern Sudanese People’, in the symposium Afrikanskiy Ethnograficheskiy Sbornik (Moscow, 1956).Google Scholar

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68 Some recent examples are: El Erian, A. A. (‘Abdallah … al.’Iryan), Condominium and Related Situations in International Law, with special reference to… the Sudan (Cairo, 1952);Google ScholarBarawy, Rashed El (Rashid al-Baraw), Egypt, Britain and the Sudan (Cairo, 1952);Google ScholarPlášilova, V. M., Le Soudan darn le Différend anglo-égyptien (Paris, n.d. [1954]);Google ScholarMoussa, Farag (Farrāj Mūsā), Les Négociations anglo-égyptiennes de 1950–51 sur Suez et le Soudan: Essai de Critique historique (Geneva, 1955). (The works of Makkī 'Abbās and L. A. Fabunmi are noticed separately.)Google Scholar

69 Samples of opponents: Muhhammad, ‘Abd al-Bāri, Masāwi’ al-Isti'mār fi wādi al-Nil (Tragedies of Imperialism in the Nile Valley) (Cairo, 1947);Google ScholarTambal, Hamza Abd al-Malik, Al-Injliz fi-l-Sūdān (The English in the Sudan) (Cairo, 1948). Supporters (other than British officials, noted separately),Google ScholarNigumi, M. A. (Nujūmī), A Great Trusteeship (London, 1957). (The author is a Sudanese, residing in Nigeria.)Google Scholar

70 Jackson, H. C., Sudan Days and Ways (London, 1954);Google ScholarThe Fighting Sudanese (London, 1954); Behind the Modern Sudan (London, 1956).Google ScholarBeveridge, C. E. G., Allah Laughed (Melbourne, n.d. [1950]).Google ScholarBousfield, L., Sudan Doctor (London, 1954).Google ScholarDavies, R., The Camel's Back: Service in the Rural Sudan (London, 1957).Google Scholar

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86 Sanderson, L. M., ‘Educational Development and Administrative Control in the Nuba Mountains Region of the Sudan’, JAH, iv, 2 (1963), 233–47.Google Scholar

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89 Al-Sūdān ft Qarn, 137. (The term ‘Governor-General’ is used for convenience; the precise title varied from time to time.)Google Scholar

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91 Cf. Holt, P. M., ‘The Archives of the Mahdia’; letter to the Editor in SNR, xxxiii, 1-(1952), 182–5. The numismatic history of the Mahdia, which has important economic implications, has been studied byGoogle ScholarJob, H. S. and Arkell, A. J. (Job, H. S., ‘The Coinage of the Mahdi and the Khalifa’, SNR, 111, 3 (1920), 163–96, VII, 2 (1924), 124–7;Google Scholar A. J. Arkell, ‘Forged Mahdi Pounds’, ibid. xxvi, 1, (1945), 43–9).

92 E.g., The Khor 'Atshān Scheme, the Mechanical Crop Production Scheme at Ghadambaliya near Gedaref, the Zande Scheme.Google Scholar

93 Hurst, H. E., The Nile: A General Account of the River and the Utilization of its Waters (London, 1952).Google Scholar

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96 Stone, J., The Finance of Government Economic Development in the Sudan, 1899 to 1913 (Khartoum, 1954);Google ScholarSudan Economic Development, 1899 to 1913 (Khartoum, 1955). Both published in duplicated typescript by the Sudan Economic Institute. A copy of the former is in the library of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Oxford.Google Scholar

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99 Barbour, K. M., Khor al-'Atshdn (Khartoum, 1953).Google ScholarCatford, J. R., ‘The Introduction of Cotton as a Cash-Crop in the Maridi Area of Equatoria’, SNR, xxxiv, 2 153–71.Google Scholar

100 Barbour, K. M., The Republic of the Sudan, A Regional Geography (London, 1961).Google Scholar

101 The Report of the Census was published in nine parts and a supplement, Khartoum, S. G. (Ministry for Social Affairs), 1956–1957. The best introduction to this material is:Google ScholarKrótki, K. J. and others, The Population of Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1958).Google Scholar

102 Hassoun, I. A. ('Isām Abmad hassūn), ‘“Western” Migration and Settlement in the Gezira’, SNR, XXXIII, 1 (1952), 60–112.Google ScholarBeer, C. W., ‘The Social and Administrative Effects of large-scale planned Agricultural Development’, J. Afr. Adm., V, 3 (1953), 112–18;Google Scholar ‘Some Further Comments on the Gezira’, Geographical Review, XLIV, 4 (1954), 595–6; ‘Social Development in the Gezira Scheme’, African Affairs, LIV, 214 (1955), 42–51.Google ScholarCulwick, G. M., ‘Problems of Social Survey in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 1 (1954), 110–31;Google Scholar‘Social Change in the Gezira Scheme’, Civilisations (Brussels), v, 2 (1955).Google ScholarBashir, M. O. (Mubammad 'Umar Bashīr), ‘The Gezira Scheme: An Experiment in Socio-economic Planning’, Civilisations, xi, I (1961).Google ScholarHance, W. A., ‘The Gezira Scheme in the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan’, Annals of theAssociation of American Geographers, XLIII, 2 (1953), 171;Google Scholar‘The Gezira: An Example in Development’, Geographical Review, XLIV, 2 (1954), 251–70.Google ScholarVersluys, J. D. N., ‘The Gezira Scheme in the Sudan and the Russian Kolhoz’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, II (1953), 32–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar These papers are merely a selection. A fuller bibliography will be found in Nasri, Abdel Rahman El ('Abd al-Rahmān-al-Nairsrī), A Bibliography of the Sudan 1938–1958 (London, 1962), 2–5.Google Scholar

103 Wyld, J. W. G., ‘The Zande Scheme’, SNR, xxx, 1 (1949),Google ScholarHance, W. A., ‘The Zande Scheme in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan’, Economic Geography, XXXI, 2 (1955), 149–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarWillimott, S. G. and Anthony, K. R. M., ‘Agricultural Research and Development in the South-West Sudan’, Part I: ‘The Zande Scheme’, Tropical Agriculture, xxxiv (1957), 239–48. Full bibliography, El Nasri, op. Cit. 6.Google Scholar

104 There is a brief pamphlet entitled Some Sudan Produce and Secondary Industries in the Sudan (Khartoum [S.G.]), n.d. [1954]). The rest of the meagre bibliography recorded by El Nasri (op. cit. 478) consists mainly of technical descriptions of particular processes or of prognostications for the future.Google Scholar

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106 Shibeika, Mekki (Makkī Shibaika), ‘The Influence of Communications on the Past History of the Sudan’, in Transport and Communications in the Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1957).Google Scholar

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108 Hill, W. S., ‘River Navigation in the Sudan since 1898’, The Engineer, June 1949, 654–6, 680–3Google Scholar

109 Morrice, H. A., ‘The Development of Sudan Communications, Part I’, SNR, xxx, 1 (1949), 1–38.Google ScholarHill, R. L., ‘The Suakin-Berber Railway, 1885’,Google Scholaribid. xxx, 1 (1937), 107–24.

110 Osman, Omer M. ('Umar Mubammad 'Uthmān), ‘Some Economic Aspects of Private Pump Schemes’, SNR, xxxix (1958), 40–8.Google Scholar J. R. Randell, ‘El Gedid—A Blue Nile Gezira Village’, ibid. xxxix, 25–39.

111 Wilmington, M. W., ‘Aspects of Moneylending (Shail) in Northern Sudan’, The Middle East Journal, IX (1955), 139–46.Google Scholar

112 Fawzi, Saad Ed Din (Sa'd al-Din Fawzī,) The Labour Movement in the Sudan, 1946–1955 (London, 1957) (Middle Eastern Monographs No. 1). The review byGoogle ScholarMūsā, 'Abd alWabab of this work, SNR, XL (1959), 146–9, contains important substantive material on Sudanese labour history.Google Scholar

113 Fawzi, Saad Ed Din, ‘Joint Consultation in Sudan Industry: A Critical Analysis of the Attempt to form Works Committees in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 2 (1954), 32–49;Google Scholar ‘The Wage Structure and Wage Policy in the Sudan’, ibid. xxxv, 159–75.

114 Fawzi, Saad Ed Din, The Khartoum Deins: Some Housing Problems (Khartoum, n.d. [1954]);Google Scholar‘Social Aspects of Urban Housing in the Northern Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, 1 (1954), 91–109; ‘The Economics of Low-Cost Housing’, Sudan Engineering Society Journal, 1956–1957, 14–17.Google Scholar

115 Sandison, J., ‘Problems of Low-Cost Housing in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxv, (1954), 75–90Google Scholar J. W. Kenrick, ‘The Need for Slum Clearance in Omdurman’, ibid. xxxiv, 2 (1953), 281–5. Arthur, A. J. V., ‘Slum Clearance in Khartoum’, J. Afr. Adm., vi, 2 (1954), 73–80.Google ScholarYusef, Abdel Gader ('Abd al-Qādir Yūsuf), ‘A General Review of the Problem of Low-Cost Housing in the Sudan’, Sudan Engineering Society Journal, 1956–1957, 18–20. Full bibliography of this topic, El Nasri, op. Cit. 139–40.Google Scholar

116 Food and Society in the Sudan (Khartoum [Philosophical Society of the Sudan], 1955).Google Scholar

117 Richards, G. E., ‘Adult Education among Country Women: an Experiment at Umm Gerr’, SNR, xxix, 2 (1948), 225–7.Google ScholarSpeknan, N. G., ‘Women's Work in the Gezira, Sudan’, Overseas Education, xxvi, 2 (1954), 66–9.Google Scholar

118 Some of the legal material is now being preserved and classified under the auspices of the University of Khartoum.Google Scholar

119 Bolton, A. R. C., ‘Land Tenure in Agricultural Land in the Sudan’, in Agriculture in the Sudan, ed. Tothill, J. D. (London, 1948).Google Scholar

120 Matthews, J. G., ‘Land Customs and Tenure in Singa District’, SNR, IV, 1 (1921), 1–19.Google Scholar E. Guttmann, ‘Land Tenure among the Azande People of Equatoria Province in the Sudan’, ibid. xxxvii (1956), 48–55.

121 Holt, P. M., The Mahdist State in the Sudan, 112–16, 242–5; ‘The Archives of the Mahdia’, SNR, ut supra.Google Scholar

122 Nur, M. I. El (Muhammad IbrāShim al-Nūr), ‘The Role of the Native Courts in the Administration of Justice in the Sudan’, SNR, XLI (1960), 78–87.Google Scholar

123 Guttmann, E., ‘The Reception of Common Law in the Sudan’, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 07 1957, 401–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarTwining, W. L., ‘Some Aspects of Reception’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1957, 229–52.Google Scholar

124 Howell, P. P., A Manual of Nuer Law, being an account of Customary Law, its Evolution and Development in the Courts established by the Sudan Government (London, 1954).Google Scholar

125 Disney, A. W. M., ‘English Law in the Sudan, 1899–1958’, SNR, XL (1959), 121–3.Google Scholar

126 Farran, C. d'O., ‘The Relationship between Civil Law, Custom and Shari'a’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1959, 103–11.Google ScholarAtiyah, P. S., ‘Some Problems of Family Law in the Sudan Republic’, SNR, xxxix (1958), 88–100.Google Scholar

127 Anderson, J. N. D., ‘Recent Developments in Shari'a Law in the Sudan’, SNR, xxxi, 1 (1950), 82–104;Google ScholarIslamic Law in Africa (London, 1954); ‘The Modernisation of Islamic Law in the Sudan’, Sudan Law Journal and Reports, 1960, 292–312.Google Scholar

128 Trimingham, J.S., Islam in the Sudan (London, 1949).Google Scholar

129 E.g., al-Takiya, 'Abd al-Ra'uf Hāmid, Fatratnā al-intaqāliyafi Narar al-Din (Our Transitional Period from the Viewpoint of Religion) (Khartoum, 1949).Google Scholar

130 Trimingham, op. cit. esp. 81–104, 126–241.Google Scholar

131 Tayib, Abdulla El ('Abdallāh al-Tayyib), ‘Changing Customs of the Riverain Sudan’, SNR, xxxvi, 2 (1955), 146–58;Google Scholaribid. xxxvii (1956), 56–69.

132 Zenkovsky, S., ‘Marriage Customs in Omdurman’, SNR, xxvi, 2 (1945), 241–55;Google Scholar ‘Customs of the Women of Omdurman’, ibid. xxxvii, 1 (1949), 39–46; ‘Zar and Tambura as practised by the Women of Omdurman, ibid. xxxi, a (1950), 68–81.

133 Rashid, Ihsan ‘Abbas in Al-Kaldm al-Jadid, i’, Amm An (Jordan), 1952.Google Scholar‘Abd alMajid ‘Abdin, Ta'rikh al-Thaqafa al-‘arabiya fi-I-Sudan’ (History of Arabic Culture in the Sudan) (Cairo, 1953) R. L. Hill, Egypt in the Sudan M.Google Scholar

134 Trimingham, op. cit. 252–68.Google Scholar

135 Atiyah, E., Black Vanguard (London, 1952).Google Scholar

136 This is one of several reasons why government in the Northern Sudan, whatever its formal drganization, can never be really ‘totalitarian’.Google Scholar

137 One interesting contemporary question on which such a study would ultimately throw light is the extent to which the traditional Sudanese ‘Establishment’ of distinguished families is recruiting to itself members of the new intellectual and administrative elite, whose family background is often quite unpretentious.Google Scholar

138 I am indebted for this insight to my friend Sayed Yüsuf Bedri.Google Scholar

139 The Ansar are the ‘neo-Mahdist’ followers of the late Sayid ‘Abd al-Rabman al-Mahdi and his descendants; the Khatmiya (or Mirghaniya) is the tariqa led by descendants of Muhammad ‘Uthman al-Mirghani (1793–1853).

140 Willis, C. A., “Religious Confraternities in the Sudan”, SNR, iV, 4 (1921), 175–94.Google Scholar

141 Trimingham, op. cit. 187–241.Google Scholar

142 E.g., Sarräj, Muhammad 'Abd al-Majid, A1-Manāhij al-'aliya fī Taräjim aI-Sädat al-Mirghaniya (The Exalted Ways in the Biographies of the Noble Mirghaniyas) (Khartoum, 1955).Google Scholar

143 MacMichael, H. A., The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofan (Cambridge, 1912);Google ScholarA History of the Arabs in the Sudan, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1922).Google Scholar

144 For the southern groups, cf. infra, p. 457.Google Scholar

145 , C. G. and Seligman, B. Z., “Notes on the History and Present Condition of the Beni Amer”, SNR, xiii, i (1930), 83–97.Google Scholar G. E. R. Sandars, “The Bisharin”, ibid. xvi, 2 (1933), 119–49. G. E. R. Sandars, “The Amarar”, ibid. XVIII, 2 (1935), 195–219. T. R. H. Owen, “The Hadendowa”, ibid. xx, 2 (1937), 183–208. S. F. Nadel, “Notes on Beni Amer Society”, ibid. xxvi, 1 (1945), A. Paul, “Notes on the Beni Amer”, ibid. xxxi, 2 (1950), 223–45.

146 Paul, A., A History of the Beja Tribes of the Sudan (Cambridge, 1954).Google Scholar

147 Penn, A. E. D., ‘Traditional Stories of the ‘Abdullab Tribe’, SNR, xvii, i (1934), 59–82.Google Scholar G. B. Tame, “Legends [so called, but really historical traditions] of the Halawin of Blue Nile Province”, ibid. xvii, 2(1934), 201–16. F. C. S. Lorimer, ‘The Meghadhib of Ed Darner’, ibid. XIX, 2 (1936), 335–40. S. Hillelson, ‘Historical Poems and Traditions of the Shukriya’, ibid. iii, I (1920), 33–75. Henderson, K. D. D., A Note on the History of the Hamar Tribe of Western Kordofan (Khartoum [S.G.], 1935).Google ScholarHenderson, K. D. D., ‘The Migration of the Messiria Tribe into South-West Kordofan’, SNR, xxii, I (1939), 49–77.Google Scholar

148 Here the fiki won a total victory over the makk, and the hereditary fariqa lea.s became the rulers of Ed Darner until the coming of the Turks.Google Scholar

149 Nicholls, W., The Shaikiya, an Account of the Shaikiya Tribes and of the History of Dongola Province from the 14th to the 19th Century (Dublin, 1913). All this in sixty small pages of large print.Google Scholar

150 Lorimer, F. C. S., ‘The Rubatab’, SNR, XIX, I (1936), 162–7.Google Scholar

151 Herzog, R., Die Nubier: Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen cur Gruppengliederung, Gesellschaftsform und Wirtschaftsweise (Berlin, 1957).Google Scholar

152 On the Ja'līyīn, an article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and a brief note on the Khawalda section by Jackson, H. C. (SNR, I, 3 [1918], 167–74); on the Jawāma'a apparently nothing at all (apart of course from MacMichael's treatment).Google Scholar

153 For Santandrea's work, cf. infra, loc.cit.Google Scholar

154 It is a sign of the times that many enlightened Sudanese have ceased to be reticent about their tribal origins, and openly take an interest in the part which their tribe has played in the history of the Sudan.Google Scholar

155 Hill, R. L., A Biographical Dictionary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Oxford, 1951). Other useful biographical material, especially for living persons, is contained in Sad Mikhāpīl, Al-Sūdān bain 'Ahdain (The Sudan between Two Agreements–sc. those of 1899 and 1936) (Cairo, 1940); and Yahyā Muhammad 'Abd al-Qādir, Shakhsiyāt min al-Sūdān (Personalities of the Sudan), 3 vols. (Khartoum, 1952).Google Scholar

156 In the Faculty of Arts of the University of Khartoum.Google Scholar

157 Arkell, A. J., ‘The History of Darfur, A.D. 1200–1700,’ SNR, xxxii, I, 2 (1951), 37–70, 207–38; xxxiii, I, 2 (1952), 129–55, 244–75.Google Scholar

158 Arkell, A. J., ‘The Coinage of 'Au Dinar, Sultan of Darfur,’ SNR, XXIII, I (1940), 151–60.Google Scholar

159 Lampen, G. D., ‘History of Darfur’, SNR, XXXI, 2 (1950), 177–209.Google Scholar R. Davies, ‘The Masalit Sultanate’, ibid. vii, 2 (1924), 49–62. Samuel Bey Atiyah, ‘Senin [wad klusain] and Au Dinar’, ibid. vii, 2, 63–9. J. A. Gillan, ‘Darfur 1916’, ibid. XXII, I (1939), 1–15. J. E. H. Boustead, ‘The Youth and Last Days of Au Dinar’, ibid. XXII, I (1939), 149–3. Sulaimān Mitwalī Atabānī, ‘A Fragment from [=by] Ali Dinar’, ibid. XXXIV, I (1953), 114–16. [Various], ‘The Defence of Nyala, 1921’, ibid. xxv, I (1942–1943), 81–108. Maurice's, G. K. paper ‘The Entry of Relapsing Fever in the Sudan’ (SNR, xv, I (1932), 97–118), illustrates some aspects of the Condominium administration of Darfur.Google Scholar

160 Theobald, A. B., The Reign of 'Alī Dīnār, Last Sultan of Darfur, 1898–1916 (unpublished London Ph.D. thesis, 1962).Google Scholar

161 SNR, XL (1959), 113–20.Google Scholar

162 Anon, . [Capt. Smyth, V.C.], ‘The History of Gallabat,’ SNR, VII, I (1924), 93–101.Google Scholar R. J. Elles, ‘The Kingdom of Tegali’, ibid. XVIII, I, (1935). J. W. Kenrick, ‘The Kingdom of Tegale, 1912–1946’Google Scholar, ibid. xxix, 2 (1948), 143–50. F. A. Edwards, ‘The Foundation of Khartoum’, ibid. v, 3 (1922), 157–61. C. E. J. Walkley, ‘The Story of Khartoum’, ibid. XVIII, 2 (1935), 221–42; XIX, I (1936), 71–92. J. F. E. Bloss, ‘The Story of Suakin’, ibid. xix, 2 (1936), 271–300; XX, 2 (1937), 247–80. D. C. Cumming, ‘The History of Kassala and the Province of Taka’, ibid. xx, 1 (1937), 1–45; xxiii, I, 2 (1940), 1–54, 225–69.

163 Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disturbances in the Southern Sudan during August 1955 (Khartoum [S.G.], 1956).Google Scholar

164 'Umar Tūsūn, Ta'rīkh Mudīrīyā Khatt al-Istiwā' al-Misrīya (History of the Egyptian Equatorial Province) (Alexandria, 1937/1355).Google Scholar

165 Supra, p. 437.Google Scholar

166 Biographie Coloniale Belge, 5 vols., ed. Dellicour, F. and others (Brussels, 1948–1958, in progress).Google Scholar

167 Collins, R. O., The Southern Sudan, 1883–1898: A Struggle for Control (New Haven, 1962).Google Scholar

168 Middleton, D., Baker of the Nile (London, 1949).Google ScholarManning, O., The Remarkable Expedition: The Story of Stanley's Rescue of Emin Pasha from Equatorial Africa (London, 1947).Google Scholar

169 Ceulemans, P., La Question arabe et le Congo 1883–1892 (Brussels, 1959), has some new sidelights on the policy of King Leopold.Google Scholar

170 Simpson, D. H., ‘A Bibliography of Emin Pasha,’ U[ganda] J[ournal], XXIV, 2 (1960), 138–65.Google ScholarGray, J. M., ‘The Diaries of Emin Pasha,’ UJ, xxv, I, 2 (1961), 1–15, 149–70;Google Scholar ‘Kabarega's Embassy to the Mahdists in 1897’, ibid. XIX, I (1955), 93–5. M. Moses, ‘A History of Wadelai’, ibid. XVII, I (1953), 78–80. For Sir Gray's, J. M. publications on Acholi history, cf. infra, p. 457.Google Scholar

171 Moorehead, Alan, The White Nile (London, 1960).Google Scholar

172 Nassim Maqqar, ‘Al-Binbäshi al-Mişri Salim Qabudn (sic) wa-l-kashf ‘an ManJbi’ al-Nil (The Egyptian Colonel S. Q. and Discovery relating to the Sources of the Nile) (Cairo, 1962). (Ethnically at least, Salim Qapudan was a Turk rather than an Egyptian.) Cf. ‘Abd al-RatimAn Zaki, ‘Al-Jaish al-Mişri wa-l-Istikshālf fi Ifriqiya (‘The Egyptian Army and Exploration in Africa’), Al-Muqtataf (Cairo, Apr., May 1938), 396–402, 547–50; Muhammad habri, ‘Ihtiläl Bahr al-Ghazäl’ (‘The Occupation of the Babr al-Ghāpzal’), Al-Majalla al-Ta'rfkhiya ai-Mihiya (i.e., Egyptian Historical Review), iv (1952), 181–245.Google Scholar

173 Gray, J. R., A History of the Southern Sudan, 1839–1889 (London, 1961).Google Scholar

174 Evans-Pritchard, E. E., ‘Zande Historical Texts’, SNR, xxxvi, 2 (1955), 123–45; xxxvii (1956), 20–47; xxxviii (1957), 74–99. ‘The Origins of the Ruling Clan of the Azande’, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Xiii, 4 (1957), 322–43; ‘Zande Warfare’, Anthropos, Lii (1957), 239–62; “Zande Border Raids”, Africa, xxvii (1957), 217–31. ‘The Zande Royal Court”, Zaire, xi (1957), 361–89, 493–511, 687–713; ‘An Historical Tntroduct ion to a Study of Zande Society’, African Studies, xvii, I (1958), I–15 ‘A History of the Kingdom of Gbudwe’, Zaire, x, 5, 6 (1956), 451–91, 675–710, 815–60.Google Scholar

175 Beaton, A. C., ‘A Chapter in Ban History”, SNR, XVII, 2 169–200Google Scholar G. O. Whitehead, ‘Social Change among the Ban’, ibid. xii, i (1929), 91–7; ‘A Note on Ban History’, ibid. xix, z (1936), 152–7.

176 Hofmeyr, W., Die Schilluk (Vienna, 1925).Google ScholarPumphrey, M. E. C., ‘The Shilluk Tribe’, SNR, xxiv, i (1941),Google Scholar P. P. Howell and W. P. G. Thomson, ‘The Death of a Reth of the Shjlluk and the Installation of his Successor’, ibid. xxvii (1946), 5–85. P. P. Howell, ‘The Installation of Reti, Kur wad Fafiti of the Shilluk’, ibid. xxxiv, 2 (1953), 189–204.

177 Gray, J. M., ‘Acholi History, 1860–1901’, UJ, xv, 2(1951), 121–43; xvi, i, 2(1952), 32–50, 132–44.Google Scholar ‘Acholiland in 1897’, ibid. xviii, i (1954), 21–3. R. M. Bere, ‘An Outline of Acholi History’, ibid. xi, i (1947), 1–8.

178 Rowley, J V., ‘Notes on the Madi of Equatoria Province’, SNR, xxiii, 2 (1940), 279–94.Google ScholarSantandrea, S., ‘A Preliminary Account of the Indri, Togoyo, Feroge, Mangaya and Woro’, SNR, xxxiv, 2 (1953), 230–64;Google Scholar ‘Sanusi, Ruler of Dar Banda and Dar Kuti, in the History of the Bahr el Ghazal’, ibid. xxxviii (1957), 151–5; ‘Notes on the Bongo’, ibid. xxxix (1958), 61–78; ‘The Bandiya at Deim Zubeir’, ibid. XL (1959), 129–35.

179 This work is being shared between Sudan Notes and Records and the University of Khartoum. SNR, XLII (1961) will contain G. Beltrame's ‘Notes on the Distribution of Nilotic Peoples’ (1860), and G. Martini's impressions of the Nuba in 1875.Google Scholar

180 A. Capovilla, II Servo di Dio Daniele Comboni, Vicario Apostolico dell'Africa Centrale … (Verona, 1944).Google ScholarCrestani, E., Don Angelo Vinco, Missionario, Esploratore:Profilo Storico (Verona 1941).Google Scholar

181 Toniolo, E., ‘The First Centenary of the Roman Catholic Mission to Central Africa, 1846–1946,’ SNR, XXVII (1946), 99–126. (In spite of its title, this paper does not deal with twentieth-century activity.)Google ScholarToniolo, E., Dawr al-Irsālīyāt al-Kathulīhīya fī haraha al-kashf al-jughrāfī wa 'Ilm al-Ajnās al-basharīya fl-l-Sudān mā bain 1842–1899 (The Part played by the Catholic Missions in Geographical Discovery and Ethnography in the Sudan between 1842 and 1899) (Khartoum, n.d. [1948]).Google Scholar

182 Dempsey, J., Mission on the Nile (London, 1955).Google Scholar

183 Jackson, H. C., Pastor on the Nile, being some account of the Life and Letters of Liewellyn H. Gwynne …. (London, 1960).Google ScholarTrimingham, J. S., The Christian Church in the Post-War Sudan (London, 1949).Google ScholarGelsthorpe, A. S., ‘The Church in the Southern Sudan’, East and West Review, 1944, 16–21.Google Scholar ‘The Church in the Southern Sudan’, ibid. 1953, 119–25.

184 Lambie, T. A., A Doctor Carries On (New York, n.d. [1942]).Google ScholarRevell, F. H., The Hand of God in the Sudan (New York, 1947).Google ScholarQuinton, A. G. H., Sudan Interior Mission (New York, 1949).Google ScholarMaxwell, J. L., Halfa Century of Grace (London, 1953).Google ScholarForsberg, M., Land Beyond the Nile (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

185 The official publication The Sudan—A Record of Progress (1948) made a stir by suggesting the possibility of a separate political future for the Southern Sudan. For a Northern Sudanese reaction to the real or supposed Southern policy of the Condominium administration, see Anon.Google Scholar[Ahmad], Yusuf Abdallāh, Al-Fākiha al-Muharrama (Forbidden Fruit) (Cairo, 194?).Google Scholar

186 Collins, R. O. and Herzog, R., ‘Early British Administration in the Southern Sudan’, JAH, II, I (1961), 119–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

187 Maurice, G. K., ‘The History of Sleeping Sickness in the Sudan’, SNR, XIII, 2 (1930), 211–45.Google Scholar P. Coriat, ‘Gwek the Witch-Doctor and the Pyramid of Dengkur’, ibid. XXII, 2 (1939), 211–37. R. O. Collins, ‘Patrols against the Beirs’, ibid. XLI (1960), 35–58; ‘The Turkana Patrol’, UJ, xxv, I (1961), 16–33.Google Scholar

188 Ahmed, J. M. (Ahmad, Jamāl Muhammad), The Intellectual Origins of Egyptian Nationalism (London, 1960) (Middle Eastern Monographs, No. III).Google Scholar

189 Supra p. 443.Google Scholar

190 al-Rayyah, Mubārak B¯bikr, Thawra al-Sūdāniya 1924 (The Sudanese Revolution) (Omdurman, n.d. [1960]).Google Scholar

191 Gwynn, C. W., Imperial Policing (London, 1934).Google Scholar Anon., ‘Al-Liw¯'al-Abiad ama¯m al-Qudā'’ (The White Flag Faces Judgment), Majalla Mir'at al-Sudan (Khartoum, 1957).Google Scholar

192 Khair, Ahmad, Kifāh Jil (A Generation's Struggle) (Cairo, 1948). (The author at present Foreign Minister of the Sudan Republic.) Al-Dardīrī Muhammad ‘Uthmān, Mudhakkirātī, 1914–58 (My Reminiscences…) (Khartoum, n.d. [1962]).Google Scholar

193 Osman, Y. (Ya'qūb ‚Uthmān) and Mahgoub, M. A. (Muhammad Ahmad Mahjūb), ‘The Sudan ufor Liberty’, Pan-Africa, 1, 3 (Manchester, 1947).Google Scholar

194 Taha, Abd al-Rahmān ‚Alī, Al-Sūdān li-l-Sūdānīyīn (The Sudan for the Sudanese) (Khartoum, 1955). The Umma party, closely associated with Sayid ‚Abd al-Rahmān al-Mahdī and the Ansār, was strongly opposed to any link with Egypt.Google Scholar

195 Duncan, J. S. R., The Sudan, A Record of Progress, 190–3. K. D. D. Henderson, The Making of the Modern Sudan, 540–52.Google Scholar

196 Hodgkin, T., Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London, 1956); African Political Parties (London, 1961).Google Scholar

197 It is hoped that work on the Coptic Community will soon be begun by a candidate for the Khartoum M.A. Degree in History.Google Scholar

198 For a comprehensive bibliography, see Nasri, El, op. cit. 77–95.Google Scholar

199 Abbas, Mekki (‚Abbās, Makkī) and Sen, S., ‘The General Elections in the Sudan’, Parliamentary Affairs, VII (1954), 303–16.Google ScholarFawzi, Saad Ed Din (Sa'd al-Dīn Fawzī), Problems of the Transfer of Power in the Sudan’, The International Spectator, X, 5 (1956), 131–3;Google Scholar‘The Sudan: An analytical Account of the Sudan's First Year of Independence’, in The Annual Register, 1956 (London, 1957).Google ScholarBroadbent, P., ‘Sudanese Self-Government’, International Affairs, XXX, 3 (1954), 320–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarHolt, P. M., ‘Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination’, The Middle East Journal, X, 3, 4 (1956), 239–47, 368–78.Google Scholar

200 G. Shepperson at the Leverhulme Inter-Collegiate History Conference (Salisbury, , Rhodesia, S., 1960): Historians in Tropical Africa (Conference Report) (Salisbury, 1962), 10.Google Scholar

201 This is not to ignore the elements of administrative continuity, notably through the Mahdia, which have been emphasized by P. M. Holt.Google Scholar