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Current Research and Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Northern Africa, II
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 January 2009
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This article outlines recent developments in the archaeology of North Africa, and how our views have evolved in the four years since the previous survey. The principal changes, as such, are that in eastern North Africa, for the first time, sties have been found which fall between the Middle and Late Palaeolithic, thus beginning to close a disconcerting gap in the archaeological record; further evidence is available from the eastern and central Sahara that cattle may have been domesticated in North Africa at least as yearly as anywhere else in the world; and we now begin to have a picture of the complex series of local adaptations developed by Neolithic groups along the extreme western edge of the Sahara, which has hitherto been an archaeological vacuum. Research elsewhere in North Africa is devoted to fleshing out our still skeletal view of ways of life in the Late or Epipalaeolithic and, above all, in the Neolithic, when the use of domesticated plants or animals began to have its first effects on human societies. Archaeological research into the historical periods is less active, but parts of the central Sahara may reflect happenings in more active areas to the North, serving as refuges for the series of peoples displaced by the mainstream of history.
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References
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27 These dates also were kindly sent to me by Professor Vermeersch.
28 Pazdur et al., ‘Gliwice’.
29 Again, the date for El Salamuni was provided by Professor Vermeersch.
30 Close, ‘Current research’.
31 The sites are E-79-I to E-79–8, and E-80-I to E-80–4. Wendorf, F., Schild, R. (assemblers) and Close, A. E. (ed.), The Prehistory of Bir Kiseiba (Dallas, in press).Google Scholar
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33 F. Wendorf, pers. comm.
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39 Pachur and Braun, ‘Paleoclimate’.
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42 Kuper, ‘Untersuchungen’.
43 Collected by Dr C. V. Haynes.
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53 Ibid.
54 Constantini, L., Fattovich, R., Pardini, E., Piperno, M., ‘Preliminary report of archaeological investigations at the site of Mahal Teglinos (Kassala) November 1981’, Nyame Akuma, XXI (1982), 30–33.Google Scholar One date for Mahal Teglinos was processed at Rome (laboratory number unknown)semicolon a second date is available for Site N120, near Khashm el Girba.
55 Close, ‘Current research’.
56 Barich, B. E., ‘Nuove evidenze nell'area dell'Auis (Tadrart Acacus, Libia)’, Libya Antigua, XV (in press).Google Scholar The dates were run by Dr G. Belluomini, of the Institute of Geochemistry of the University of Rome. Details of them and of the as yet unpublished excavation from which they derive were very kindly communicated to me by Dr Barich.
57 Close, ‘Current research’.
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65 Flight, ‘Survey’, and Close, ‘Current research’.
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81 Although references given for Capsian sites in the previous survey were indeed sources for the radiocarbon dates of those sites, not all were the primary sources. Dr D. Grébénart has kindly provided the correct primary references for some of the sites, as follows: for Aïn Naga: Grébénart, D., ‘Aïn-Naga. Capsien et Néolithique des environs de Messad (Département de Médéa, Algérie)’, Libyca, XVII (1969), 135–198;Google Scholar for Botmasi-Mammar: Grébénart, D., ‘Problèmes du Néolithique près d'Ouled-Djellal: Botmasi-Mammar et Safiet-bou-Rhenan’, Libyca, XVIII (1970), 47–66;Google Scholar for El Mermouta, El Outed, Rabah and Relilaï: Grébénart, D., Le Capsien des Régions de Tébessa et d'Ouled Djellal (Algérie), Contribution à son Etude (Aix-en-Provence, 1976).Google Scholar
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88 The laboratory numbers for all of the dates are: Hv. 9688–9, 9692 and 9694–700: Gabriel, ‘Zur vorzeitlichen Besiedlung’. I wish to thank Dr Gabriel for very kindly sending me these hitherto unpublished dates.
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94 Evin et al., ‘Lyon’.
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96 Ibid.
97 Posnansky and McIntosh, ‘Dates’; Close, ‘Current research’.
98 Petit-Maire, N. (ed.), ‘La Sahara atlantique à l'Holocène. Peuplement et écologie’, Mémoires du C. R. A. P. E., XXVIII (Algiers, 1979). Radiocarbon dates were also obtained from Delibrias et al., ‘Gif’.Google Scholar
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100 Two are dated to about 1000 B.C. at Sebkha Laasailia (Gif. 3269 and 3465).
101 The radiocarbon dates for Tintan, for both cemetery and living areas, are: Gif. 1761, 1824, 1884 and 2484; Ly. 459–60, 503 and 505, and sixteen unnumbered dates from the Laboratoire de Géologic Dynamique, Paris VI.
102 The accepted radiocarbon dates for Chami range from early fifth to late first millennium B.C.; the Christian era dates are believed to be too young. The laboratory numbers are: Gif. 1762–3, 1765, 1856–7, 1859, 1970, 2161–8, 2333–4, 2486–9, 2491–2 and 3060; Ly. 346. Gif. 1763, 1856 and 1857 have already appeared in the Journal (Posnansky and McIntosh, ‘Dates’), but are here repeated as part of the complete suite of readings. From the same area, there is also a late fifth millennium B.C. date (Ly. 345) from a shell-midden on Cape Tafarit.
103 Petit-Maire, N, ‘Cadre écologique et peuplement humain: le littoral Ouest-Saharien depuis 10000 ans’, L'Anthropologie, LXXXIII (1979), 69–82.Google Scholar
104 That this pottery includes the wavy line and dotted wavy line decorations characteristic of the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic certainly indicates some contact with areas to the east.
105 Petit-Maire, ‘Cadre écologique’.
106 Petit-Maire, ‘Sahara’.
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