Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T07:57:36.342Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Those Igbo-Ukwu radiocarbon dates: facts, fictions and probabilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Thurstan Shaw
Affiliation:
Cambridge

Extract

In the discussion of the reliance which should be placed on the Igbo-Ukwu radiocarbon dates, it is necessary to make certain that what evidence we have is correctly used. The precise locations of the samples used for dating are recalled and possible sources of error discussed. Consideration is given to the arguments for a date later than that suggested by the radiocarbon dates, stemming from the state of preservation of the textiles, the character of the beads, the pottery evidence, analogies with the presumed dating of Ife and Benin, the quantity and the source of the copper, and what is known of pre-European trading patterns in West Africa. The latter is probably the most serious objection to a very early date, but the question will only be settled with the acquisition of more archaeological evidence.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Shaw, Thurstan, Igbo-Ukwu: an account of archaeological discoveries in eastern Nigeria (London, 1970), 13.Google Scholar

2 Switsur, V. R., ‘The radiocarbon calendar recalibrated’, Antiquity, XLVII (1973), 131–7, 310–14Google Scholar; Burleigh, Richard, ‘The radiocarbon calendar recalibrated too soon?’, Antiquity, XLVII (1973), 309–10Google Scholar; Renfrew, Colin, ‘The radiocarbon calendar recalibrated too soon? An archaeological comment’, Antiquity, XLVII (1973), 314–17.Google Scholar

3 Ralph, E. K., Michael, H. N. and Han, M. C., ‘Radiocarbon dates and reality’, Masca Newsletter, IX, 1 (1973), 120.Google Scholar

4 Daniel, Glyn, Editorial, Antiquity, XLVI (1972), 265.Google Scholar

5 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu.Google Scholar

6 Oakley, Kenneth P., Frameworks for dating fossil man (London, 1964), 7.Google Scholar

7 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu, 260.Google Scholar

8 Afigbo, A. E., ‘On the threshold of Igbo History: review of Thurstan Shaw's Igbo-UkwuGoogle Scholar, The Conch, special issue 09 1971Google Scholar on Igbo Traditional Life, Culture and Literature, 205–18.Google Scholar

9 Lawal, Babatunde, ‘Archaeological Excavations at Igbo-Ukwu—A Reassessment’, Odu, n.s. no. 8 (1972), 7297Google Scholar; ‘The Igbo-Ukwu “Bronzes”: a search for the economic evidence’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, vi, 3 (1972), 313–21Google Scholar; ‘Dating Problems at Igbo-Ukwu’, J. Afr. Hist. xiv, 1 (1973), 18.Google Scholar

10 Northrup, David, ‘The Growth of Trade among the Igbo before 1800’, J. Afr. Hist. xiii, 2 (1972), 217–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 Posnansky, Merrick, Review of Igbo-Ukwu: an account of archaeological discoveries in eastern Nigeria, Archaeology, vi, 4 (1973), 309–11Google Scholar; ‘The early development of trade in West Africa: some archaeological considerations’, Ghana Social Science Journal, II, 2 (1973), 114.Google Scholar

12 Afigbo, , Conch, 213.Google Scholar

13 Op. cit., 214–15.Google Scholar

14 Op. cit., 215–16.Google Scholar

15 Field, J. O., ‘Bronze castings found at Igbo, Southern Nigeria’, Man, XL (1940), 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 2.Google Scholar

18 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu, 259.Google Scholar

19 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 34.Google Scholar

20 Lawal, , Odu, 93, n. 5.Google Scholar

21 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 4.Google Scholar

22 Personal communication.

23 Posnansky, , Archaeology, 310.Google Scholar

24 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 5.Google Scholar

25 Lawal, , Odu, 80.Google Scholar

26 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu, 278.Google Scholar

28 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hat., 67.Google Scholar

29 Op. cit., 7.Google Scholar

30 Martin, Phyllis, ‘The trade of Loango in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in Pre-Colonial African Trade, ed. Gray, Richard and Birmingham, David, (London, 1970), 143.Google Scholar

31 Suret-Canale, J., French Colonialism in Tropical Africa (London, 1971), 271–2.Google Scholar

32 Onwuejeogwu, M. A., ‘The political organization of Nri, southeastern Nigeria’, M.Phil, thesis (London University, 1974), 166.Google Scholar

33 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 6.Google Scholar

34 Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., ‘The major currencies in Nigerian history’, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, II, 1 (1960), 132–50.Google Scholar

35 Ryder, A. F. C., Benin and the Europeans 1485–1897 (London, 1969), 40Google Scholar; Connah, G. E., ‘Benin’, in Lectures on Nigerian Prehistory and Archaeology, ed. Shaw, Thurstan (Ibadan, 1969), 58.Google Scholar

36 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 6.Google Scholar

37 Except those excavated by Connah, which do not throw any light on the supposed stylistic sequence: Connah, G. E., ‘Archaeological Research in Benin City 1961–1964”, J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, II 4 (1963), 472Google Scholar; The Archaeology of Benin (Oxford, 1975).Google Scholar

38 Rubin, A.., review of Willett's, Ife in the History of African Sculpture’, Art Bulletin, LXXII, 3 (1970), 348–54Google Scholar; Williams, Denis, Icon and Image (1973), 136–78.Google Scholar

39 Lawal, , J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria.Google Scholar

40 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 6.Google Scholar

41 Northrup, , J. Afr. Hist., 223.Google Scholar

42 Op. cit., 218.Google Scholar

43 Ibid., n. 4.

44 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu, 261.Google Scholar

45 Ghana Social Science Journal loc. cit. p. 6.Google Scholar

46 Northrup, , J. Afr. Hist., 218. n. 4.Google Scholar

48 Shaw, , Igbo-Ukwu, 260.Google Scholar

49 Lawal, , J. Afr. Hist., 8.Google Scholar

50 Lawal, , J. Hist. Soc. Nigeria, 321.Google Scholar

51 Lawal, , op. cit. Perhaps this can be regarded as a corrective to Professor Afigbo's reference to ‘the perfection … of the carbon-14 method’, Conch, 215.Google Scholar