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Displacing Political Islam in Indonesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2021

Chiara Formichi
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Abstract

This article investigates the narrative of Islamic nationalism in twentieth-century Indonesia, focussing on the experience of, and discourse surrounding, the self-identified Islamist Darul Islam movement and its leader, S. M. Kartosuwiryo (1905–1962). I offer a narrative of the independence struggle that counters the one advanced by Indonesia's Pancasila state, and allows us to capture subtleties that old discussions of separatism—with their assumption of fixed centres and peripheries—cannot illuminate.

The article unfolds three historical threads connected to ideas of exile and displacement (physical and intellectual), and the reconstitution (successful or failed) that followed from those processes. Starting from the political circumstances under which Kartosuwiryo retreated to West Java after the Dutch reinvasion of 1947—in a form of physical exile and political displacement from the centre of politics to the periphery, from a position of political centrality to one of marginality and opposition—I then transition to an elaboration of Kartosuwiryo's ideology. His political strategy emerges as a form of voluntary intellectual displacement that bounced between local visions of authority, nationalist projects, and transregional imaginations in order to establish the political platform he envisioned for postcolonial Indonesia. Lastly, I argue that the elision of Islam from the reconstructed narrative of Kartosuwiryo's intentions, characterised as separatist and anti-nationalist, was a key aspect of Indonesia's nation-building process. It is my final contention that official Indonesian history's displacement of Kartosuwiryo's goals away from Islam and into the realm of separatism allowed for two reconstitutive processes, one pertaining to political Islam as a negative political force, and the other to Kartosuwiryo as a martyr for Islam.

Keywords

IndonesiaIslamismanti-colonialismseparatismSoutheast Asia
Type
Article
Information
Itinerario , Volume 45 , Special Issue 3: Coercing Mobility: Territory and Displacement in the Politics of Southeast Asian Muslim Movements , December 2021 , pp. 413 - 434
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

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References

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Noer, Deliar. “Masjumi: Its Organization, Ideology, and Political Role in Indonesia.” Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1960.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar. The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia, 1900–1942. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
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Pinardi, . Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Aryaguna, 1964.Google Scholar
Proyek Pemasyarakatan dan Diseminasi Kearsipan Nasional Indonesia. Gerakan separatisme di Indonesia tahun 1945–1965. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, 2003.Google Scholar
Santosa, Kholid O. Jejak-jejak sang pejuang pemberontak: Pemikiran, gerakan & ekspresi politik S. M. Kartosuwirjo dan Daud Beureueh. 2nd ed. Bandung: Sega Arsy, 2006.Google Scholar
Sedjarah Goenoeng Tjoepoe. Cisayong, 1948.Google Scholar
Sjariffudin, Amak. Kisah Kartosuwirjo dan menjerahnja. 3rd ed. Surabaya: Grip, 1963.Google Scholar
Suswadi Rahman, M. A., Pristiwaningsih, E., and dan Pariwisata, Kementerian Kebudayaan. Sumpah Pemuda: Latar sejarah dan pengaruhnya bagi pergerakan nasional. Jakarta: Museum Sumpah Pemuda, 2003.Google Scholar
Temby, Quinton. “Imagining an Islamic State in Indonesia.” Indonesia 89 (2010): 1–36.Google Scholar
Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Question.” Studia Islamika 2:3 (1995): 115–40.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, C. Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1991.Google Scholar
Van Klinken, Gerry. “The Battle for History after Suharto.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, edited by Zurbuchen, Mary S., 233–58. Singapore: NUS Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Van Nieuwenhuijze, C. A. O. Aspects of Islam in Post-Colonial Indonesia: Five Essays. The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1958.Google Scholar
Wahdani, D. “Politik militer Angkatan Perang Negara Islam Indonesia (A.P.N.I.I.) di Jawa Barat pimpinan Imam S. M. Kartosoewirjo.” Master's thesis, Universitas Padjadjaran, 2003.Google Scholar
Zurbuchen, Mary S., ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: Singapore University Press in association with University of Washington Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Arsip Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia, Jakarta (Indonesian Military Archives) [AABRI]Google Scholar
- Penumpasan DI-JaBar [DI Jabar]Google Scholar
Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Archives of Indonesia) [ANRI]Google Scholar
- Arsip Jogja Documenten 1946–1948 [JogjaDoc]Google Scholar
- Kabinet Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia Yogyakarta, 1949–1950Google Scholar
Nationaal Archief (Dutch National Archives) [NA]Google Scholar
- Archief van de Algemene Secretarie, 1944–1950 [AAS]Google Scholar
- Archief van de Procureur-GeneraalGoogle Scholar
- Archief van het Ministerie van Koloniën, 1901–1940: Kabinet Verbaal Geheim [AMK KVGeh]Google Scholar
- Archief van het Ministerie van Koloniën, 1900–1963: Geheime Mailrapporten, 1914–1952 [AMK GMr]Google Scholar
- Ministerie van Defensie [MD]: Archieven Strijdkrachten in Nederlands-Indië [AS]Google Scholar
National Archives of the United Kingdom, KewGoogle Scholar
- Foreign OfficeGoogle Scholar
Al-Djihad, YogyakartaGoogle Scholar
ANP-Aneta BulletinGoogle Scholar
Fadjar Asia, WeltevredenGoogle Scholar
Al-Chaidar, . Pemikiran politik proklamator negara Islam Indonesia S. M. Kartosoewirjo: fakta dan data sejarah Darul Islam. Jakarta: Darul Falah, 1999.Google Scholar
Amelz, . H. O. S. Tjokroaminoto: Hidup dan perdjuangannja. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1952.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict O. R'G. Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Anshari, Saifuddin. Piagam Jakarta 22 Juni 1945: Sebuah konsensus nasional tentang dasar negara Republik Indonesia 1945–1959. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Ansyori, M. I. “Respons Masyumi terhadap gerakan Darul Islam di Jawa Barat (1949–1960).” Master's thesis, Universitas Pajadjaran, Bandung, Jatinangor, 2007.Google Scholar
Benda, Harry J. The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation of Java, 1942–45. The Hague: Distributed by the Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1955.Google Scholar
Boland, B. J. The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, Francis R. “Women, Violence, and Gender Dynamics during and after the Five Patani-Siam Wars, 1785–1838.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinas Sedjarah Kodam VI Siliwangi. Siliwangi dari masa ke masa. Jakarta: Fakta Mahjuma, 1968.Google Scholar
Dinas Sedjarah TNI. Penumpasan pemberontakan D.I./T.I.I., S. M. Kartosuwiryo di Jawa Barat. Bandung: Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, 1982 [1974].Google Scholar
Dinas Sejarah TNI, Jakarta. Album peristiwa pemberontakan DI-TII di Indonesia. Jakarta: Dinas Sejarah Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat, 1978.Google Scholar
Fealy, Greg, and Hooker, Virginia, eds. Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia: A Contemporary Sourcebook. Pasir Panjang, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006.Google Scholar
Feith, Herbert. The Indonesian Elections of 1955. Ithaca, N.Y.: Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University, 1957.Google Scholar
Florida, Nancy. Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future: History as Prophecy in Colonial Java. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Formichi, Chiara. Islam and Asia: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Formichi, Chiara. Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in Twentieth-Century Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Formichi, Chiara. “(Re)writing the History of Political Islam in Indonesia.” Sojourn 30:1 (2015): 105–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulcher, Keith. “Sumpah Pemuda: The Making and Meaning of a Symbol on Indonesian Nationhood.” Asian Studies Review 24:3 (2000): 377–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua. “Exile, Mobility, and Re-territorialisation in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gedacht, Joshua, and Malhi, Amrita, ‘‘Introduction to Coercing Mobility: Territory and Displacement in the Politics of Southeast Asia.”, Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horikoshi, Hiroko. “The Dar-ul-Islam Movement in West Java (1942–62): An Experience in the Historical Process.” Indonesia 20 (1975): 58–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iskandar, Mohammad. Para pengemban amanah: Pergulatan pemikiran kiai dan ulama di Jawa Barat, 1900–1950. Yogyakarta: MataBangsa, 2001.Google Scholar
Kahin, George McTurnan. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2003 (1952).Google Scholar
Kartosuwiryo, S. M. Sikap Hidjrah P. S. I. I. Madjlis Tahkim Partai Sjarikat Islam Indonesia ke–22, 1936.Google Scholar
Penerangan, Kementerian. Republik Indonesia: Propinsi Djawa Barat. Jakarta: Kementerian Penerangan, 1953.Google Scholar
Kloos, David. “Dis/connection: Violence, Religion, and Geographic Imaginings in Aceh and Colonial Indonesia, 1890s–1920s.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laffan, Michael Francis. Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma Below the Winds. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubis, N. H. “Religious Thoughts and Practices of the Kaum Menak: Strengthening Traditional Power.” Studia Islamika 10:2 (2003): 1–30.Google Scholar
Madewa, Lukman. Esa hilang dua terbilang: Album kenangan Kodam 6/Siliwangi 1946–1977. Bandung: Kodam 6, 1977.Google Scholar
Malhi, Amrita. “Race, Space, and the Malayan Emergency: Expelling Malay Muslim Communism and Reconstituting Malaya's Racial State, 1945–1954.” Itinerario 45:3 (2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVey, Ruth T. The Rise of Indonesian Communism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasution, Harun. “The Islamic State in Indonesia: The Rise of the Ideology, the Movement for Its Creation and the Theory of the MASJUMI.” Master's thesis, McGill University, 1965.Google Scholar
Niemeijer, A. C. The Khilafat Movement in India, 1919–1924. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar. “Masjumi: Its Organization, Ideology, and Political Role in Indonesia.” Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1960.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar. The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia, 1900–1942. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Oliver-Dee, Sean. The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Pinardi, . Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Aryaguna, 1964.Google Scholar
Proyek Pemasyarakatan dan Diseminasi Kearsipan Nasional Indonesia. Gerakan separatisme di Indonesia tahun 1945–1965. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, 2003.Google Scholar
Santosa, Kholid O. Jejak-jejak sang pejuang pemberontak: Pemikiran, gerakan & ekspresi politik S. M. Kartosuwirjo dan Daud Beureueh. 2nd ed. Bandung: Sega Arsy, 2006.Google Scholar
Sedjarah Goenoeng Tjoepoe. Cisayong, 1948.Google Scholar
Sjariffudin, Amak. Kisah Kartosuwirjo dan menjerahnja. 3rd ed. Surabaya: Grip, 1963.Google Scholar
Suswadi Rahman, M. A., Pristiwaningsih, E., and dan Pariwisata, Kementerian Kebudayaan. Sumpah Pemuda: Latar sejarah dan pengaruhnya bagi pergerakan nasional. Jakarta: Museum Sumpah Pemuda, 2003.Google Scholar
Temby, Quinton. “Imagining an Islamic State in Indonesia.” Indonesia 89 (2010): 1–36.Google Scholar
Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Question.” Studia Islamika 2:3 (1995): 115–40.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, C. Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1991.Google Scholar
Van Klinken, Gerry. “The Battle for History after Suharto.” In Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present, edited by Zurbuchen, Mary S., 233–58. Singapore: NUS Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Van Nieuwenhuijze, C. A. O. Aspects of Islam in Post-Colonial Indonesia: Five Essays. The Hague: W. van Hoeve, 1958.Google Scholar
Wahdani, D. “Politik militer Angkatan Perang Negara Islam Indonesia (A.P.N.I.I.) di Jawa Barat pimpinan Imam S. M. Kartosoewirjo.” Master's thesis, Universitas Padjadjaran, 2003.Google Scholar
Zurbuchen, Mary S., ed. Beginning to Remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present. Seattle: Singapore University Press in association with University of Washington Press, 2005.Google Scholar