Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:52:30.423Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conversations along the Mbwemkuru: Foreign Itinerants and Local Agents in German East Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2022

Lorne Larson
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The underlying theme of this essay is how intelligence was gathered and expertise dispersed in an emerging colonial environment in Africa, and how that knowledge was captured, credited and distributed between local Africans and (largely) itinerant Europeans. It sets that discussion within a more recent debate on the mechanics of European exploration during the wider nineteenth century. The expanded population of Europeans (officials, merchants, missionaries) that arrived in the later part of that century to consolidate the colonial enterprise in German East Africa often moved with initial uncertainty through the landscape, triggering a demand for topographical knowledge to become commodified and commercialised, to become less dependent on the knowledge of individuals. This demand fuelled the production of an innovative series of standardised grid maps. At a time when slavery was still legal, when the local workforce was increasingly discussed in colonial circles in terms of unskilled plantation labour, our essay explores two case studies that demonstrate how certain African experts came to exert key technical and management influence within long-term scientific and commercial projects unfolding in the southeast corner of what is today Tanzania. The matter of water flows through this essay, and does so with deliberate intent.

Keywords

East AfricaGerman colonialismcartographyhuntingdinosaurselephantsexploration
Type
Article
Information
Itinerario , Volume 46 , Issue 1 , April 2022 , pp. 62 - 83
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography

Behr, Hugold von. “Lindi und die Handlesverhältnisse im Süden von Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Archiv fur Post und Telegraphie 4 (1893): 114–7.Google Scholar
Behr, Hugold von. “Die Wakua-Steppe.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 6 (1893): 42–60.Google Scholar
Eckenbrecher, Margarethe von. Im Dichten Pori. Reise- und Jagdbilder aud Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn, 1912.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Maurus. Eine gefahrvolle Reise im heidischen Süden. St. Ottilien: St. Ottilien Verlag, 1894.Google Scholar
Hassel, Theodor von. “Ein Tagebuch aus Deutsch-Ostafrika 1903–1910.” Cyclostyled ms., 1977.Google Scholar
Hennig, Edwin. Am Tendaguru. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche, 1912.Google Scholar
Kiepert, Richard. “Bermerkungen zur Karte: Lieders Reise von Mbampa-Bai zum Indischen Ocean.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10 (1897): 142.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Jägdliches aus Ostafrika.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 27:37 (1896): 584.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Zur Charakteristik des Hyänen-Hundes.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 30:39 (1897/98): 624–6,660.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Aus dem Tagebuch eines Elephantenjägers.” In Oberländer, Eine Jagdfahrt nach Ostafrika. Mit dem Tagbuch eines Elephantjägers, 240–6. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1903.Google Scholar
Kremer, Eduard. “Die unperiodischen Schwankungen der Niederschläge und die Hungersnöte in Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte 33(1910): 1–64.Google Scholar
Lieder, G. “Zur Kenntniss der Karawanenwege im südlichen Theile des ostafikanischen Schutzgebietes.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 7 (1894): 271–81.Google Scholar
Lieder, G. “Reise von der Mbampa-Bai am Nyassa-See nach Kisswere am indischen Ozean.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10 (1897): 95–142.Google Scholar
Maier, Gerhard. African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions. Blommington: Indiana University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. “Der afrikanishe Lederstumpf.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 35:30 (1899/1900): 456–8.Google Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. Eine Jagdfahrt nach Ostafrika. Mit dem Tagbuch eines Elephantjägers. Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, 1903.Google Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. Herbstblätter. Sammlung der in den letzten 25 Jahren in der Fachpresse veröffentlichten wichtigeren Aufsätze von Oberländer (Rehfus-Oberländer). Leipzig: Grethlein & Co., 1914.Google Scholar
Passarge, S. “Die Vollendundung der grossen Karte von Deutsch-Ostafrika in Massstab 1:300 000.” Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29:1 (1912): 1–2.Google Scholar
Raddatz, Hugo. Die Suahili-Sprache, enthaltend Grammatik, Gespräche, Dialekte aus dem Innern und Wörterverzeichnisse, mit einem Anhange: Sudan-Arabisch und einer Einführung in die Bantusprachen. Leipzig: Koch's Verlag, 1892.Google Scholar
Reck, Ina. Mit dem Tendaguru-Expedition im Süden von Deutsch Ostafrika. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1924.Google Scholar
Schele, Heinrich von. “Bericht über die Expedition des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Ostafrika in das Gebiet des Rufiji und Ulanga, am Nyassasee und in das Hinterland von Kilwa.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt (1894): 224–30.Google Scholar
Schlikker, Bernard. Beitrag zu den Regenverhältnisse im küstennahen Gebieten von Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1915.Google Scholar
Schnee, Heinrich, ed. Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. 3 vols. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1920.Google Scholar
Seidel, A. Schlüssel zur Suahili Konversations-Grammatik. Heidelberg: Julius Groos, 1900.Google Scholar
Sprigade, P., and Moisel, M.. “Die Aufnahmemethoden in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und die deutsche Kolonial-Kartographie.” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin (1914): 527–45.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. Handbook of the Swahili Language. London: SPCA, 1870.Google Scholar
St. Paul-Illaire, Walter von. Swahili-Sprachführer. Dar-es-Salaam: W. Richter & Co., 1896.Google Scholar
Sutherland, James. The Adventures of an Elephant Hunter. London: Macmillan, 1912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velten, Carl. Safari za Wasuaheli. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 1901.Google Scholar
Velten, Carl. Reiseschilderungen der Suaheli. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1901.Google Scholar
Velten, Carl. Praktische Suaheli-Grammatik nebst einem Deutsch-Suaheli Wörterverzeichnis. Berlin: Baensch, 1904.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. Negerleben in Ostafrika: Ergebnisse einer ethnologischen Forschungsreise. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1908.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. Native Life in East Africa. New York: D. Appleton, 1909.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. “Zur Kartographie der Naturvölker.” Petermanns Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 61 (1915): 18–21, 59–62.Google Scholar
Aas, Norbert. Koloniale Entwicklung im Bezirksamt Lindi (Deutsch-Ostafrika). Bayreuth: Bumerang Verlag, 1989.Google Scholar
Aas, Norbert, “Karl Weules ‘Ostafrikanische Eingeborenen-Zeichnungen’—mit anderen Augen gesehen.” Kea 2 (1991): 45–56.Google Scholar
Aborough-Tregear, Anthony. “The Lore of the Bore.” Explora 1 (2019): 114–28.Google Scholar
Aborough-Tregear, Anthony. “Sutherland's .577.” Explora 1 (2019): 144–7.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward A. “Trade, State, and Society among the Yao in the Nineteenth Century.” The Journal of African History 10:3 (1969): 405–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Feliticas and Beez, Jigal, eds. Der Maji-Maji-Krieg in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905-1907. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2005.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. The Politics of Poverty: Development and Local Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blesse, G. “Negerleben in Ostafrika”—Karl Weule als Feldforscher: Zur wissenschaftlichen Expeditionstätigkeit Karl Weules in Südost-Tansania 1906.” Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig 40 (1994): 155–67.Google Scholar
Bridges, Roy. “Elephants, Ivory and the History of the Ivory Trade in East Africa.” In The Exploitation of Animals in Africa, ed. Stone, Jeffrey C., 193–220. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University African Studies Group, 1988.Google Scholar
Brumfit, Ann. “The Rise and Development of a Language Policy in German East Africa.” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2 (1980): 219–331.Google Scholar
Brunner, Kurt. “Karten Ostafrikas um die Jahrhunderwende. Ein Beitrag zur Kolonialkartographie.” In Kartographie und Staat, ed. Uta Lindgren, 47–53. Munich: Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, 1990.Google Scholar
Decker, Michelle. “The ‘Autobiography’ of Tippu Tip.” Interventions 17:5 (2015): 744–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. Die Entschleierung Afrikas : Deutsche Kartenbeiträge von August Petermann bis zum Kolonialkartographischen Institut. Gotha: Klett-Perthes, 2000.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Das Kolonialkartographische Institut (1899–1920).” Mitteilungen des Freundeskreises für Cartographica in der Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 16/17 (2002/2003): 3–15.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Die Kartographie des Kaiserlichen Schutzgebiets Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Cartographica Helvetica 30 (2004): 11–21.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix, and Jones, Lowri. Hidden Histories of Exploration: Researching the RGS-IBG. London: Royal Geographical Society, 2009.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Hidden Histories Made Visible? Reflections on a Geographical Exhibition.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38:2 (2013): 420–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Exploration as Knowledge Transfer: Exhibiting Hidden Histories.” In Mobilities of Knowledge, ed. Jöns, H., Meusberger, P., and Heffernan, M., 85–104. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esselborn, Stefan. “Environment, Memory, and the Groundnut Scheme: Britain's Largest Colonial Agricultural Development Project and Its Global Legacy.” Global Environment 6:11 (2013): 58–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsch, Kathrin. “’You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up . . . !’ Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century.” History in Africa 36 (2009): 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giblin, James, and Monson, Jamie. Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gissibl, Bernhardt. The Nature of German Imperialism: Conservation and the Politics of Wildlife in Colonial East Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gräben, Carsten. Die Erforschung der Kolonien: Expedition und koloniale Wissenkultur deutscher Geographen. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2015.Google Scholar
Heldring, J. W. The Killing of Dr. Albert Roscher. Peterborough: Upfront Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Heumann, Ina, et al. Dinosaurierfragmente: Zur Geschichte der Tendaguru-Expedition und Ihrer Objekte, 1906–2018. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018.Google Scholar
Hölzl, Richard. “Educating Missions: Teachers and Catechists in Southern Tanganyika, 1890s and 1940s.” Itinerario 40:3 (2016): 405–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyem, George A. “Mighty Rifles of the Past.” The American Rifleman (January 1972).Google Scholar
Jones, Adam, and Voigt, Isabel. “’Just a First Sketchy Makeshift’: German Travellers and Their Cartographic Encounters in Africa, 1850–1914.” History in Africa 39 (2012): 9–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jureit, Ulrike. Das Ordnen von Räumen: Territorium und Lebensraum im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: HIS Verlag, 2012.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Dane, ed. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Konishi, Shino, Nugent, Maria, and Bryden, Tiffany Sophie, eds. Indigenous Intermediaries: New Perspectives on Exploration Archives. Canberra: Australian National University, 2015.Google Scholar
Krajewski, Patrick. Kautschuk, Quarantäne, Krieg: Dhauhandel in Ostafrika 1880–1914. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2006.Google Scholar
Lal, Priya. “Villagization and the Ambivalent Production of Rural Space in Tanzania.” In Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, ed. Fischer-Tahir, Andrea and Wagenhofer, Sophie, 119–36. Berlin: Transcript Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “The Ngindo: Exploring the Centre of the Maji Maji Rebellion.” In Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War, ed. Giblin, James and Monson, Jamie, 71–114. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “Iconic Beasts, Imperial Museums and Changing Sensibilities.” In Arts, Politics and Social Movements: In the Fields and in the Streets, ed. Riot, Elen, Schnugg, Claudia, and Raviola, Elen, 211–54. Newcastle: CSP, 2019.Google Scholar
McGrath, Gerald. The Surveying and Mapping of British East Africa, 1890 to 1946. Toronto: B. V. Gutsell, 1976.Google Scholar
Mohr, Barbara. “Wives and Daughters of Early Berlin Geoscientists and Their Work Behind the Scenes.” Earth Sciences History 29 (2010): 291–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesek, Michael. “Cued Speeches: The Emergence of Shauri as Colonial Praxis in German East Africa, 1850–1903.” History in Africa 33 (2006): 395–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, Kapil. Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. “European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of South-East Tanzania.” The Journal of African History 20:1 (1979): 63-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remes, Kristian. “A Second Gondwanan Diplodocid Dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa.” Palaeontology 50:3 (2007): 653–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. Carriers of Culture: Labour on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2006.Google Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. “Decentering Exploration in East Africa.” In Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World, ed. Kennedy, Dane, 172–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Stone, Jeffrey C. “Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13:1 (1988): 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storz, Dieter. Deutsche Militärgewehre. Band 2: Schusswaffen 88 und 91. Vienna: Verlag Militaria, 2012.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. “The War of the Hunters: Maji Maji and the Decline of the Ivory Trade.” In Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War, ed. Giblin, James and Monson, Jamie, 174–248. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Thomas, M., ed. Expedition into Empire: Exploratory Journeys and the Making of the Modern World. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Unangst, Matthew. “Changes in German Travel Writing about East Africa, 1884–1891.” Colloquia Germanica 46:3 (2013): 266–83.Google Scholar
Voigt, Isabel. “Die ‘Schneckenkarte’: Mission, Kartographie und transkulturelle Wissensaushandlung in Ostafrika um 1850.” Cartographica Helvetica 45 (2012): 27–38.Google Scholar
Wimmelbucker, Ludger. Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c.1869–1927): Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota, 2009.Google Scholar
Wisnicki, Adrian S. “Charting the Frontier: Indigenous Geography, Arab-Nyamwezi Caravans, and the East African Expedition of 1856–59.” Victorian Studies 51:1 (2008): 103–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolzogen, Christopher von. Zur Geschichte de Dietrich Reimer Verlages, 1884–1985. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1986.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. “Swahili Language Policy, 1890–1940.” Swahili 35 (1965): 40–8.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. “Local Roots of Policy in German East Africa.” Journal of African History 10 (1969): 621–30.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Andrew. “’What Do You Really Want in German East Africa, Herr Professor?‘ Counterinsurgency and the Science Effect in Colonial Tanzania.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006): 419–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behr, Hugold von. “Lindi und die Handlesverhältnisse im Süden von Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Archiv fur Post und Telegraphie 4 (1893): 114–7.Google Scholar
Behr, Hugold von. “Die Wakua-Steppe.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 6 (1893): 42–60.Google Scholar
Eckenbrecher, Margarethe von. Im Dichten Pori. Reise- und Jagdbilder aud Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn, 1912.Google Scholar
Hartmann, Maurus. Eine gefahrvolle Reise im heidischen Süden. St. Ottilien: St. Ottilien Verlag, 1894.Google Scholar
Hassel, Theodor von. “Ein Tagebuch aus Deutsch-Ostafrika 1903–1910.” Cyclostyled ms., 1977.Google Scholar
Hennig, Edwin. Am Tendaguru. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche, 1912.Google Scholar
Kiepert, Richard. “Bermerkungen zur Karte: Lieders Reise von Mbampa-Bai zum Indischen Ocean.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10 (1897): 142.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Jägdliches aus Ostafrika.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 27:37 (1896): 584.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Zur Charakteristik des Hyänen-Hundes.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 30:39 (1897/98): 624–6,660.Google Scholar
Knochenhauer, August. “Aus dem Tagebuch eines Elephantenjägers.” In Oberländer, Eine Jagdfahrt nach Ostafrika. Mit dem Tagbuch eines Elephantjägers, 240–6. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1903.Google Scholar
Kremer, Eduard. “Die unperiodischen Schwankungen der Niederschläge und die Hungersnöte in Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte 33(1910): 1–64.Google Scholar
Lieder, G. “Zur Kenntniss der Karawanenwege im südlichen Theile des ostafikanischen Schutzgebietes.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 7 (1894): 271–81.Google Scholar
Lieder, G. “Reise von der Mbampa-Bai am Nyassa-See nach Kisswere am indischen Ozean.” Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 10 (1897): 95–142.Google Scholar
Maier, Gerhard. African Dinosaurs Unearthed: The Tendaguru Expeditions. Blommington: Indiana University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. “Der afrikanishe Lederstumpf.” Deutsche Jäger-Zeitung 35:30 (1899/1900): 456–8.Google Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. Eine Jagdfahrt nach Ostafrika. Mit dem Tagbuch eines Elephantjägers. Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, 1903.Google Scholar
Oberländer, Richard. Herbstblätter. Sammlung der in den letzten 25 Jahren in der Fachpresse veröffentlichten wichtigeren Aufsätze von Oberländer (Rehfus-Oberländer). Leipzig: Grethlein & Co., 1914.Google Scholar
Passarge, S. “Die Vollendundung der grossen Karte von Deutsch-Ostafrika in Massstab 1:300 000.” Deutsche Kolonialzeitung 29:1 (1912): 1–2.Google Scholar
Raddatz, Hugo. Die Suahili-Sprache, enthaltend Grammatik, Gespräche, Dialekte aus dem Innern und Wörterverzeichnisse, mit einem Anhange: Sudan-Arabisch und einer Einführung in die Bantusprachen. Leipzig: Koch's Verlag, 1892.Google Scholar
Reck, Ina. Mit dem Tendaguru-Expedition im Süden von Deutsch Ostafrika. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1924.Google Scholar
Schele, Heinrich von. “Bericht über die Expedition des Gouverneurs von Deutsch-Ostafrika in das Gebiet des Rufiji und Ulanga, am Nyassasee und in das Hinterland von Kilwa.” Deutsches Kolonialblatt (1894): 224–30.Google Scholar
Schlikker, Bernard. Beitrag zu den Regenverhältnisse im küstennahen Gebieten von Deutsch-Ostafrika. Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1915.Google Scholar
Schnee, Heinrich, ed. Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. 3 vols. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1920.Google Scholar
Seidel, A. Schlüssel zur Suahili Konversations-Grammatik. Heidelberg: Julius Groos, 1900.Google Scholar
Sprigade, P., and Moisel, M.. “Die Aufnahmemethoden in den deutschen Schutzgebieten und die deutsche Kolonial-Kartographie.” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin (1914): 527–45.Google Scholar
Steere, Edward. Handbook of the Swahili Language. London: SPCA, 1870.Google Scholar
St. Paul-Illaire, Walter von. Swahili-Sprachführer. Dar-es-Salaam: W. Richter & Co., 1896.Google Scholar
Sutherland, James. The Adventures of an Elephant Hunter. London: Macmillan, 1912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velten, Carl. Safari za Wasuaheli. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 1901.Google Scholar
Velten, Carl. Reiseschilderungen der Suaheli. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1901.Google Scholar
Velten, Carl. Praktische Suaheli-Grammatik nebst einem Deutsch-Suaheli Wörterverzeichnis. Berlin: Baensch, 1904.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. Negerleben in Ostafrika: Ergebnisse einer ethnologischen Forschungsreise. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1908.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. Native Life in East Africa. New York: D. Appleton, 1909.Google Scholar
Weule, Karl. “Zur Kartographie der Naturvölker.” Petermanns Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten 61 (1915): 18–21, 59–62.Google Scholar
Aas, Norbert. Koloniale Entwicklung im Bezirksamt Lindi (Deutsch-Ostafrika). Bayreuth: Bumerang Verlag, 1989.Google Scholar
Aas, Norbert, “Karl Weules ‘Ostafrikanische Eingeborenen-Zeichnungen’—mit anderen Augen gesehen.” Kea 2 (1991): 45–56.Google Scholar
Aborough-Tregear, Anthony. “The Lore of the Bore.” Explora 1 (2019): 114–28.Google Scholar
Aborough-Tregear, Anthony. “Sutherland's .577.” Explora 1 (2019): 144–7.Google Scholar
Alpers, Edward A. “Trade, State, and Society among the Yao in the Nineteenth Century.” The Journal of African History 10:3 (1969): 405–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Feliticas and Beez, Jigal, eds. Der Maji-Maji-Krieg in Deutsch-Ostafrika 1905-1907. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2005.Google Scholar
Becker, Felicitas. The Politics of Poverty: Development and Local Politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blesse, G. “Negerleben in Ostafrika”—Karl Weule als Feldforscher: Zur wissenschaftlichen Expeditionstätigkeit Karl Weules in Südost-Tansania 1906.” Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig 40 (1994): 155–67.Google Scholar
Bridges, Roy. “Elephants, Ivory and the History of the Ivory Trade in East Africa.” In The Exploitation of Animals in Africa, ed. Stone, Jeffrey C., 193–220. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University African Studies Group, 1988.Google Scholar
Brumfit, Ann. “The Rise and Development of a Language Policy in German East Africa.” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2 (1980): 219–331.Google Scholar
Brunner, Kurt. “Karten Ostafrikas um die Jahrhunderwende. Ein Beitrag zur Kolonialkartographie.” In Kartographie und Staat, ed. Uta Lindgren, 47–53. Munich: Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, 1990.Google Scholar
Decker, Michelle. “The ‘Autobiography’ of Tippu Tip.” Interventions 17:5 (2015): 744–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. Die Entschleierung Afrikas : Deutsche Kartenbeiträge von August Petermann bis zum Kolonialkartographischen Institut. Gotha: Klett-Perthes, 2000.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Das Kolonialkartographische Institut (1899–1920).” Mitteilungen des Freundeskreises für Cartographica in der Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 16/17 (2002/2003): 3–15.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Die Kartographie des Kaiserlichen Schutzgebiets Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Cartographica Helvetica 30 (2004): 11–21.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix, and Jones, Lowri. Hidden Histories of Exploration: Researching the RGS-IBG. London: Royal Geographical Society, 2009.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Hidden Histories Made Visible? Reflections on a Geographical Exhibition.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38:2 (2013): 420–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Exploration as Knowledge Transfer: Exhibiting Hidden Histories.” In Mobilities of Knowledge, ed. Jöns, H., Meusberger, P., and Heffernan, M., 85–104. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esselborn, Stefan. “Environment, Memory, and the Groundnut Scheme: Britain's Largest Colonial Agricultural Development Project and Its Global Legacy.” Global Environment 6:11 (2013): 58–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsch, Kathrin. “’You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up . . . !’ Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century.” History in Africa 36 (2009): 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giblin, James, and Monson, Jamie. Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gissibl, Bernhardt. The Nature of German Imperialism: Conservation and the Politics of Wildlife in Colonial East Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gräben, Carsten. Die Erforschung der Kolonien: Expedition und koloniale Wissenkultur deutscher Geographen. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2015.Google Scholar
Heldring, J. W. The Killing of Dr. Albert Roscher. Peterborough: Upfront Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Heumann, Ina, et al. Dinosaurierfragmente: Zur Geschichte der Tendaguru-Expedition und Ihrer Objekte, 1906–2018. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018.Google Scholar
Hölzl, Richard. “Educating Missions: Teachers and Catechists in Southern Tanganyika, 1890s and 1940s.” Itinerario 40:3 (2016): 405–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyem, George A. “Mighty Rifles of the Past.” The American Rifleman (January 1972).Google Scholar
Jones, Adam, and Voigt, Isabel. “’Just a First Sketchy Makeshift’: German Travellers and Their Cartographic Encounters in Africa, 1850–1914.” History in Africa 39 (2012): 9–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jureit, Ulrike. Das Ordnen von Räumen: Territorium und Lebensraum im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: HIS Verlag, 2012.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Dane, ed. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Konishi, Shino, Nugent, Maria, and Bryden, Tiffany Sophie, eds. Indigenous Intermediaries: New Perspectives on Exploration Archives. Canberra: Australian National University, 2015.Google Scholar
Krajewski, Patrick. Kautschuk, Quarantäne, Krieg: Dhauhandel in Ostafrika 1880–1914. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2006.Google Scholar
Lal, Priya. “Villagization and the Ambivalent Production of Rural Space in Tanzania.” In Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, ed. Fischer-Tahir, Andrea and Wagenhofer, Sophie, 119–36. Berlin: Transcript Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “The Ngindo: Exploring the Centre of the Maji Maji Rebellion.” In Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War, ed. Giblin, James and Monson, Jamie, 71–114. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “Iconic Beasts, Imperial Museums and Changing Sensibilities.” In Arts, Politics and Social Movements: In the Fields and in the Streets, ed. Riot, Elen, Schnugg, Claudia, and Raviola, Elen, 211–54. Newcastle: CSP, 2019.Google Scholar
McGrath, Gerald. The Surveying and Mapping of British East Africa, 1890 to 1946. Toronto: B. V. Gutsell, 1976.Google Scholar
Mohr, Barbara. “Wives and Daughters of Early Berlin Geoscientists and Their Work Behind the Scenes.” Earth Sciences History 29 (2010): 291–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesek, Michael. “Cued Speeches: The Emergence of Shauri as Colonial Praxis in German East Africa, 1850–1903.” History in Africa 33 (2006): 395–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, Kapil. Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. “European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of South-East Tanzania.” The Journal of African History 20:1 (1979): 63-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remes, Kristian. “A Second Gondwanan Diplodocid Dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa.” Palaeontology 50:3 (2007): 653–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. Carriers of Culture: Labour on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2006.Google Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. “Decentering Exploration in East Africa.” In Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World, ed. Kennedy, Dane, 172–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Stone, Jeffrey C. “Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13:1 (1988): 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storz, Dieter. Deutsche Militärgewehre. Band 2: Schusswaffen 88 und 91. Vienna: Verlag Militaria, 2012.Google Scholar
Sunseri, Thaddeus. “The War of the Hunters: Maji Maji and the Decline of the Ivory Trade.” In Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War, ed. Giblin, James and Monson, Jamie, 174–248. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Thomas, M., ed. Expedition into Empire: Exploratory Journeys and the Making of the Modern World. London: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Unangst, Matthew. “Changes in German Travel Writing about East Africa, 1884–1891.” Colloquia Germanica 46:3 (2013): 266–83.Google Scholar
Voigt, Isabel. “Die ‘Schneckenkarte’: Mission, Kartographie und transkulturelle Wissensaushandlung in Ostafrika um 1850.” Cartographica Helvetica 45 (2012): 27–38.Google Scholar
Wimmelbucker, Ludger. Mtoro bin Mwinyi Bakari (c.1869–1927): Swahili Lecturer and Author in Germany. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota, 2009.Google Scholar
Wisnicki, Adrian S. “Charting the Frontier: Indigenous Geography, Arab-Nyamwezi Caravans, and the East African Expedition of 1856–59.” Victorian Studies 51:1 (2008): 103–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolzogen, Christopher von. Zur Geschichte de Dietrich Reimer Verlages, 1884–1985. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1986.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. “Swahili Language Policy, 1890–1940.” Swahili 35 (1965): 40–8.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. “Local Roots of Policy in German East Africa.” Journal of African History 10 (1969): 621–30.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Andrew. “’What Do You Really Want in German East Africa, Herr Professor?‘ Counterinsurgency and the Science Effect in Colonial Tanzania.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006): 419–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar