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Te Karere o Poneke: Creating an Indigenous Discursive Space?
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 September 2020
Abstract
Over sixteen months in 1857 and 1858, Walter Buller produced a weekly newspaper for Māori of the Wellington region in their own language. Although he was the son of a Wesleyan missionary and an official interpreter, the niupepa was neither a church nor a government publication, although it promoted discourses favoured by both. A number of niupepa had preceded Buller's Te Karere o Poneke, the first appearing in 1842, but his paper was distinctive in the sizable platform he provided for correspondence. Over half of the items printed comprised letters from Māori, many of them commenting on, and occasionally critiquing the colonial milieu.
The concept of “public sphere” is heavily theorized, often postulated in acultural terms (although suspiciously European in form) and it is debatable if Te Karere o Poneke's readership and their engagement with the textual discourse meet the theory's required criteria of constituting a public sphere. New Zealand was annexed to the British Empire in 1840, meaning that by 1857 colonization was still a relatively new phenomenon, but with substantial immigration and a developing infrastructure, change was both extensive and dynamic. According to the theory, it may be difficult to apply the concept of “public sphere” to Māori anytime during the changing contexts of nineteenth-century colonialism, and indeed other colonised cultures for whom the advent of literacy, Christianity, market economy and colonial administration had been sudden and unexpected. Of course this does not mean that Māori lacked a voice, at times critical. Using Te Karere o Poneke as a case study, this essay argues that Wellington Māori of 1857 do not readily fit the Western model of the “public sphere”, but they nevertheless utilized the discursive spaces available to them to discuss and evaluate the world they now encountered.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Itinerario , Volume 44 , Special Issue 2: Colonial Public Spheres and the Worlds of Print , August 2020 , pp. 365 - 390
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University
Footnotes
*
Professor Lachy Paterson. Te Tumu: School of Māori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, University of Otago. He researches Māori social, political, and religious history, with a special interest in niupepa (Māori-language newspapers) of the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His most publications include He Reo Wāhine: Māori Women's Voices from the Nineteenth Century (Auckland University Press, 2017) co-authored with Angela Wanhalla, and Indigenous Textual Cultures: Reading and Writing in the Age of Global Empire (Duke University Press, forthcoming 2020) co-edited with Tony Ballantyne and Angela Wanhalla.
References
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Grey, Alan. Aotearoa and New Zealand: A Historical Geography. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
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McDowell, Tiopira. “Taua Nākahi Nui: Māori, Liquor and Land Loss in the 19th Century.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 11:2 (2015), 103–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, D. F. Oral Culture and Literacy and Print in Early New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Mead, Hirini Moko. Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori Values. Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2003.Google Scholar
Morrell, Anne. Wiremu Toetoe Tumohe and Te Hemara Rerehau Paraone: Two Maori in Vienna. Working Papers of the Research Centre for Germanic Connections with New Zealand and the Pacific. Auckland: University of Auckland Department of Germanic Languages and Literature and Slavonic Studies, 2002.Google Scholar
Orbell, Margaret. Hawaiki: A New Approach to Maori Tradition. Christchurch: University of Canterbury, 1985.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Phil, and Griffith, Penny. Books in Māori, 1815–1900: Ngā Tānga Reo Māori. Auckland: Reed Publishing, 2004.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Indigenous Language Print Culture: Colonial Discourses and Indigenous Agency.” Brown Paper Seminar Series, Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University, 23 March 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10523/5191.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Kiri Mā, Kiri Mangu: The Terminology of Race and Civilisation in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Maori-Language Newspapers.” In Rere Atu, Taku Manu! Discovering History, Language and Politics in the Maori-Language Newspapers, edited by Curnow, J., Hopa, N., and McRae, J., 78–97. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Māori ‘Conversion’ to the Rule of Law and Nineteenth-Century Imperial Loyalties.” Journal of Religious History 32:2 (2008), 216–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “The New Zealand Government Niupepa and Their Demise.” New Zealand Journal of History 50:2 (2016), 44–67.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Print Culture and the Collective Māori Consciousness.” Journal of New Zealand Literature 28:2 (2010), 105–29.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Te Hokioi and the Legitimization of the Māori Nation.” In The Fourth Eye: Māori Media in Aotearoa New Zealand, edited by Hokowhitu, B. and Devidas, V., 124–42. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Purchas, H. T. History of the English Church in New Zealand. Christchurch: Simpson & Williams, 1914.Google Scholar
Reilly, Michael P. J. “White, John.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Schorch, Philipp, and Hakiwai, Arapata. “Mana Taonga and the Public Sphere: A Dialogue between Indigenous Practice and Western Theory.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 17:2 (2014), 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, Noenoe. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Sorrenson, M. P. K. “Maori and Pakeha.” In The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., edited by Rice, Geoffrey W., 141–66. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Stuart, Ian. “The Maori Public Sphere.” Pacific Journalism Review 11:1 (2005), 13–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Charles. Modernity and the Rise of the Public Sphere. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Stanford University, 25 February 1992. tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/t/Taylor93. pdf.Google Scholar
Walker, Ranginui. Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin, 1990.Google Scholar
Ward, Alan. Racial “Amalgamation” in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. “Publics and Counterpublics.” Public Culture 14:1 (2002), 49–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
British Parliamentary Papers, vol. 10. Shannon: Irish University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
New Zealand Digital Library. Niupepa Māori [online repository]. http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=about&c=niupepa&1=mi&nw=utf-8Google Scholar
Colonist (Nelson), 1857–1920Google Scholar
Hawke's Bay Herald, 1857–1931Google Scholar
Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle (Nelson), 1842–74Google Scholar
Te Karere Maori (Auckland), 1849–1854, 1855–63 [TKM];Google Scholar
temporarily called Te Manuhiri Tuarangi in 1861 [TMT]Google Scholar
Te Karere o Nui Tireni (Auckland), 1842–46Google Scholar
Te Karere o Poneke (Wellington), 1857–58 [TKoP]Google Scholar
Te Manuhiri Tuarangi (Auckland), 1861Google Scholar
Wellington Independent (Wellington), 1845–74Google Scholar
Sutherland, Yvonne. “Te Reo o te Perehi: Messages to Maori in the Wesleyan Newspaper Te Haeata 1859–1862”, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1999.Google Scholar
Anderson, Atholl. “Speaking of Migration: A.D. 1150–1450.” In Tangata Whenua: A History, edited by Anderson, Atholl, Binney, Judith, and Harris, Aroha, 33–56. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991.Google Scholar
Anon. “The Hokioi Press,” The Journal of the Te Awamutu Historical Society 6:1 (1971), 21–6.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, Tony. “Paper, Pen, and Print: The Transformation of the Kai Tahu Knowledge Order.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 53:2 (2011), 232–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballara, Angela. “Te Hapuku.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Ballara, Angela. “Te Moananui, Kurupo.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Ballara, Angela. “Tomoana, Hēnare.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Belich, James. Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Auckland: Penguin Books, 2007.Google Scholar
Belich, James. “Myth, Race and Identity in New Zealand.” New Zealand Journal of History 3:1 (1997), 9–22.Google Scholar
Belich, James. The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin, 1986.Google Scholar
Best, Elsdon. The Maori as He Was: A Brief Account of Life as It Was in Pre-European Days. Wellington, Dominion Museum, 1934.Google Scholar
Binney, Judith. The Legacy of Guilt: A Life of Thomas Kendall. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, Mary. “Russell, Henry Robert.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Brodie, Walter. Remarks on the Past and Present State of New Zealand: Its Government, Capabilities, and Prospects. London: Whittaker, 1845.Google Scholar
Butterworth, G. V., and Young, H. R.. Maori Affairs: Nga Take Maori. Wellington: GP Books/Iwi Transition Agency, 1990.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Coleridge, K. A. “Newspaper Advertising in a Pioneer Colony: Twenty Years in Port Nick (Wellington, New Zealand).” Publishing History 38 (1995), 23–54.Google Scholar
Curnow, Jenifer. “A Brief History of Māori-Language Newspapers.” In Rere Atu, Taku Manu! Discovering History, Language and Politics in the Māori-Language Newspapers, edited by Curnow, Jenifer, Hopa, Ngapare, and McRae, Jane, 17–41. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Dalziel, Raewyn. “The Politics of Settlement.” In The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., edited by Rice, Geoffrey W., 87–111. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Davidson, Allan. Christianity in Aotearoa: A History of Church and Society in New Zealand, 3rd ed. Wellington: Education for Ministry, 2014.Google Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Calhoun, Craig J., 109–42. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Galbreath, Ross. “Buller, Walter Lawry.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 5 June 2013. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1b46/buller-walter-lawry.Google Scholar
Galbreath, Ross. Walter Buller: The Reluctant Conservationist. Wellington: GP Books, 1989.Google Scholar
Gardner, W. J. “A Colonial Economy.” In The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., edited by Rice, Geoffrey W., 57–86. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Grey, Alan. Aotearoa and New Zealand: A Historical Geography. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964),” translated by Sarah Lennox and Frank Lennos. New German Critique 3 (1974), 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Aroha. “Concurrent Narratives of Māori Integration in the 1950s and ’60s.” Journal of New Zealand Studies 6/7 (2008), 139–55.Google Scholar
Head, Lyndsay. “The Pursuit of Modernity in Maori Society: The Conceptual Bases of Citizenship in the Early Colonial Period.” In Histories, Power and Loss: Uses of the Past—A New Zealand Commentary, edited by Sharp, Andrew and McHugh, Paul, 96–121. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2001.Google Scholar
Hogan, Helen M. Bravo, Neu Zeeland: Two Maori in Vienna 1859–1860. Christchurch: Clerestory Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Kalpagam, U. “Colonial Governmentality and the Public Sphere in India.” Journal of Historical Sociology 15:1 (2002), 35–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, Danny. “Separating Them from That Common Influence: The Dissolution of Customary Authority, 1840–1890.” In Huia Histories of Māori: Ngā Tāhuhu Kōrero, edited by Keenan, Danny, 131–62. Wellington: Huia, 2012.Google Scholar
McDowell, Tiopira. “Taua Nākahi Nui: Māori, Liquor and Land Loss in the 19th Century.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 11:2 (2015), 103–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, D. F. Oral Culture and Literacy and Print in Early New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Mead, Hirini Moko. Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori Values. Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2003.Google Scholar
Morrell, Anne. Wiremu Toetoe Tumohe and Te Hemara Rerehau Paraone: Two Maori in Vienna. Working Papers of the Research Centre for Germanic Connections with New Zealand and the Pacific. Auckland: University of Auckland Department of Germanic Languages and Literature and Slavonic Studies, 2002.Google Scholar
Orbell, Margaret. Hawaiki: A New Approach to Maori Tradition. Christchurch: University of Canterbury, 1985.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Phil, and Griffith, Penny. Books in Māori, 1815–1900: Ngā Tānga Reo Māori. Auckland: Reed Publishing, 2004.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Indigenous Language Print Culture: Colonial Discourses and Indigenous Agency.” Brown Paper Seminar Series, Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University, 23 March 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10523/5191.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Kiri Mā, Kiri Mangu: The Terminology of Race and Civilisation in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Maori-Language Newspapers.” In Rere Atu, Taku Manu! Discovering History, Language and Politics in the Maori-Language Newspapers, edited by Curnow, J., Hopa, N., and McRae, J., 78–97. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Māori ‘Conversion’ to the Rule of Law and Nineteenth-Century Imperial Loyalties.” Journal of Religious History 32:2 (2008), 216–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “The New Zealand Government Niupepa and Their Demise.” New Zealand Journal of History 50:2 (2016), 44–67.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Print Culture and the Collective Māori Consciousness.” Journal of New Zealand Literature 28:2 (2010), 105–29.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Te Hokioi and the Legitimization of the Māori Nation.” In The Fourth Eye: Māori Media in Aotearoa New Zealand, edited by Hokowhitu, B. and Devidas, V., 124–42. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paterson, Lachy. “Te Whakamahi i te Kupu Rangatiratanga i te Tekau mā Iwa o ngā Rautau.” He Pukenga Kōrero 10:1 (2011), 15–22.Google Scholar
Prickett, Nigel. Landscapes of Conflict: A Field Guide to the New Zealand Wars. Auckland: Random House, 2002.Google Scholar
Purchas, H. T. History of the English Church in New Zealand. Christchurch: Simpson & Williams, 1914.Google Scholar
Reilly, Michael P. J. “White, John.” Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/.Google Scholar
Schorch, Philipp, and Hakiwai, Arapata. “Mana Taonga and the Public Sphere: A Dialogue between Indigenous Practice and Western Theory.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 17:2 (2014), 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, Noenoe. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Sorrenson, M. P. K. “Maori and Pakeha.” In The Oxford History of New Zealand, 2nd ed., edited by Rice, Geoffrey W., 141–66. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Stuart, Ian. “The Maori Public Sphere.” Pacific Journalism Review 11:1 (2005), 13–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Charles. Modernity and the Rise of the Public Sphere. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Stanford University, 25 February 1992. tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/t/Taylor93. pdf.Google Scholar
Walker, Ranginui. Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin, 1990.Google Scholar
Ward, Alan. Racial “Amalgamation” in Nineteenth-Century New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. “Publics and Counterpublics.” Public Culture 14:1 (2002), 49–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar