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PERCHÉ È DIFFICILE COSTRUIRE LE ISTITUZIONI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Giovan Francesco Lanzara

Introduzione

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La costruzione di un'istituzione, qualsiasi cosa possa significare, è comunque un processo che implica la formazione di una struttura, o codice, o pattern regolato di comportamenti che acquista legittimità e «funziona» in un contesto sociale specifico, fino a diventare un elemento costitutivo della vita sociale, stabile e persistente nel corso del tempo. Tale struttura può essere in parte il risultato di un progetto deliberato, in parte l'esito non intenzionale dell'azione umana e dell'interazione sociale. Il più delle volte è congiuntamente l'uno e l'altro, in combinazioni variabili a seconda delle contingenze. Se la struttura «funziona», essa potrà autosostenersi e riprodursi nel tempo. Ma in caso di «fallimento», provocato da un rendimento scadente o dall'erosione di legittimità morale e politica, non necessariamente verrà rimpiazzata in modo rapido e completo. Più verosimilmente le sue componenti fondamentali, anche se obsolete, continueranno a sopravvivere per lungo tempo «come frammenti di rotte catene, pendenti dalle volte di vecchi edifici» (Tocqueville 1969), senza alcuna funzione specifica, o forse subiranno un lento processo di mutamento, assumendo gradualmente nuove funzioni e significati col passare del tempo.

Summary

Summary

Why is institution building difficult? why it often turns out to be self-destructive? and how does it take place in spite of its difficulties? Extending an analytical framework developed by James March (1991), this paper tries to tackle these questions by examining the dilemma between the exploration of alternative institutional arrangements and the exploitation of current ones. Institution building is viewed as a problem of adaptive intelligence and learning in the intertemporal allocation of resources. Some basic self-destructive processes and failure cycles associated with the exploration/exploitation dilemma are identified and discussed; implications are drawn for four distinct domains: competency and resource endowments, self-interest, identity, and trust. In the second part of the paper three basic modes of institution building are illustrated: focal points, increasing returns, and bricolage. These are shown to be modest but viable mechanisms for countervailing self-destructive dynamics and for building institutions.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , April 1997 , pp. 3 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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