Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:33:06.883Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Candidate selection methods and electoral performance in comparative perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Giulia Vicentini*
Affiliation:
Scuola Normale Superiore, Dipartimento di Scienze Politico-Sociali, Palazzo Strozzi, Firenze, Italy
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The purpose of the article is try to assess whether inclusive procedures of selection are more likely to appoint a candidate who can be competitive in the general elections compared with less inclusive ones. Accordingly, I took into account nomination processes (NPs) to select/appoint the prime ministerial/presidential candidate for general elections held in four Western European countries (France, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom) over approximately the last two decades. Using an original data source and innovative indicators, I assessed the inclusiveness of each NP and the party/candidate’s performance in the following general election in order to look for a possible relation. The outcome shows a very weak negative correlation between the two variables. Thus, while it does not appear that inclusive systems of selection have a clear positive impact at the electoral level, it is likewise hard to maintain that systems such as primary elections cause electoral failure.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Società Italiana di Scienza Politica 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J Merrill, S (2014) Candidates’ policy strategies in primary elections: does strategic voting by the primary electorate matter? Public Choice 160, 724.Google Scholar
Astudillo, J (2012) The diffusion of the direct participation of party members in the selection of party leaders: a cross-party, cross-national analysis. Paper prepared for the ECPR Joint Session “Party primaries in Europe: consequences and challenges”, April 11–15, Antwerp.Google Scholar
Atkeson, LR (1998) Divisive primaries and general election outcomes: another look at presidential campaigns. American Journal of Political Science 42(1): 256271.Google Scholar
Barberà, O, Bares, M, Bario, A Teruel, GL (2010) Are parties democratizing themselves? The evolution of leadership selection in Spain. Working papers ICPS, Barcelona.Google Scholar
Boatright, RG (ed.) (2018) Routledge Handbook of Primary Elections, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R (1977) Divisive primaries do hurt: US Senate Races, 1956-1972. American Political Science Review 71(2): 540545.Google Scholar
Brady, DW, Han, H Pope, JC (2007) Primary elections and candidate ideology: out of step with the primary electorate? Legislative Studies Quarterly 37(1): 79105.Google Scholar
Carey, JM Polga-Hecimovich, J (2006) Primary elections and candidate strength in Latin America. The Journal of Politics 68(3): 530543.Google Scholar
Carey, JM Polga-Hecimovich, J (2008) The primary elections ‘bonus’ in Latin America, in M Levi, J Johnson, J Knight and S Stokes (eds). Designing Democratic Government, New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press, pp. 227247.Google Scholar
Carty, RK, Eagles, DM Sayers, A (2003) Candidates and local campaigns. Are there just four Canadian types? Party Politics 9(5): 619636.Google Scholar
Castaldo, A (2009) Elezioni primarie e chief executive selection: Francia, Italia e Stati Uniti a confronto. Convegno annuale della Società Italiana di Scienza Politica, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, 17-19 September.Google Scholar
Caul Kittilson, M Scarrow, S (2006) Political parties and the rhetoric and realities of democratization, in B Cain, R Dalton and S Scarrow (eds). Democracy Transformed?: Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 6079.Google Scholar
Colomer, JM (2002) Les elecciones primarias presidenciales en America Latina y sus consecuencias politicas, in M Cavarozzi and JMA Medina (eds). El asedio a la politica. Los partidos politicos en America latina en la era neoliberal, Rosario: Homo Sapiens, pp. 423433.Google Scholar
Cross, W Blais, A (2012a) Politics at the Centre: The Selection and Removal of Party Leaders in the Anglo Parliamentary Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cross, W Blais, A (2012b) Who selects the party leader? Party Politics XVIII, 127150.Google Scholar
De Luca, M Venturino, F (2017) The effects of primaries on electoral performance: France and Italy in comparative perspective. French Politics, 15(1): 4356.Google Scholar
Djupe, PA Peterson, AM (2002) The impact of negative campaigning. Evidence from the 1998 senatorial primaries, Political Research Quarterly, 55(4): 845860.Google Scholar
Dolez, B Laurent, A (2007) Une Primarie à la Francaise. La Désignation de Ségolène Royal par le Party Socialiste. Revue Francaise de Science Politique 57(2): 133161.Google Scholar
Dorey, P (2017) Jeremy Corbyn confounds his critics: explaining the Labour party’s remarkable resurgence in the 2017 election. British Politics, 12(3): 308344.Google Scholar
Emanuele, V, Fruncillo, D Porcellato, N (2013) La partecipazione al voto, in B Gelli, T Mannarini and C Talò (eds). Perdere vincendo. Dal successo delle primarie 2012 all’impasse post-elettorale, Milano: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Fabbrini, S (1994) Quale democrazia: l’Italia e gli altri, Roma: Laterza.Google Scholar
Floridia, A (2011) Partiti e primarie: ovvero che tipo di primarie e per quale modello di partito? Partecipazione e conflitto 1, 3554.Google Scholar
Galderisi, P, Ezra, M Lyons, M (eds) (2001) Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Gauja, A Cross, W (2015) The influence of party candidate selection methods on candidate diversity. Representation 51(3): 112.Google Scholar
Hacker, A (1965) Does a ‘divisive’ primary harm a candidate’s election chances? American Political Science Review 59, 105110.Google Scholar
Hazan, RY (2006) Metodi di selezione dei candidati: le conseguenze delle elezioni interne ai partiti, in L Bardi (eds). Partiti e sistemi di partito: il cartel party ed oltre, Bologna: Il Mulino, pp. 171196.Google Scholar
Hazan, RY Rahat, G (2010) Democracy Within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hogan, RE (2003) The effects of primary divisiveness on general elections outcomes in state legislative elections. American Politics Research 31(1): 2747.Google Scholar
Ivaldi, G (2007) Presidential strategies, models of leadership and the development of parties in a candidate-centred polity: the 2007 UMP and PS presidential nomination campaigns. French Politics 5, 253277.Google Scholar
Johnson, GB, Petersheim, MJ Wasson, JT (2010) Divisive primaries and incumbent general election performance: prospects and costs in U.S. house races. American Politics Research 38(5): 931955.Google Scholar
Katz, R (2001) The problem of candidate selection and models of party democracy. Party Politics 7(3): 277296.Google Scholar
Kenig, O (2009) Democratization of party leadership selection: do wider selectorates produce more competitive contests? Electoral Studies, XXVIII, 240–247.Google Scholar
Kenig, O Rahat, G (2012) Primary elections in parliamentary democracies. Definition, typology and scope. Paper delivered at the workshop on “Party Primaries in Europe: Consequences and Challenges”, ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 11–15, Antwerp, Belgium.Google Scholar
Kenig, O, Cross, W, Pruysers, S Rahat, G (2015) Party primaries: towards a definition and typology. Representation 51(2): 147160.Google Scholar
Kenney, PJ Rice, TW (1984) The effect of primary divisiveness in gubernatorial and senate elections. Journal of Politics 46(3): 905915.Google Scholar
Kenney, PJ (1988) Sorting out the effects of primary divisiveness in congressional and senatorial elections. Western Political Quarterly 41(4): 765777.Google Scholar
Kernell, S, Jacobson, JC Kousser, T (2009) The Logic of American Politics, 4th edn, Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Krouwel, A (2012) Party Transformations in European Democracies, New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Laakso, M Taagepera, R (1979) Effective number of parties: a measure with application to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12, 327.Google Scholar
Lazarus, J (2018) Divisive primaries. When do they hurt in the general election?, in RG Boatright (eds). Routledge Handbook of Primary Elections, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, R (2011) Les primaires socialistes. La fin du parti militant, Paris: Rais D’Agir.Google Scholar
Makse, T Sokhey, AE (2008) Revisiting the divisive primary hypothesis: 2008 and the Clinton – Obama nomination battle. American Politics Research 38(2): 233265.Google Scholar
Massari, O (2004) I partiti politici nelle democrazie contemporanee, Roma: Laterza.Google Scholar
McElwain, KM (2006) Herding cats in parliament: party cohesion and Pork-Barreling in advanced industrial democracies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Melchionda, E (2005) Alle origini delle primarie. Democrazia e direttismo nell’America progressista, Roma: Ediesse.Google Scholar
Pasquino, G (2005) Postfazione, in M Valbruzzi (ed.) Primarie: partecipazione e leadership, Bologna: Bononia University Press.Google Scholar
Pasquino, G (2006) Democrazia, partiti, primarie. Quaderni dell’osservatorio elettorale 55, 279293.Google Scholar
Peterson, D Djupe, P (2005) When primary campaigns go negative: the determinants of campaign negativity. Political Research Quarterly 58(1): 4554.Google Scholar
Pierson, JE Smith, TB (1975) Primary divisiveness and general election success: a re-examination. Journal of Politics 37(2): 555562.Google Scholar
Pilet, JB Cross, W (2014) The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Study, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rahat, G Hazan, RY (2007) Political participation in party primaries: increase in quantity, decrease in quality, in T Zittel and D Fuchs (eds). Participatory Democracy and Political Participation: Can Participatory Engineering Bring Citizens Back In?, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ramiro, L (2016) Effects of party primaries on electoral performance. The Spanish socialist primaries in local elections. Party Politics 22(1): 125136.Google Scholar
Romero, DW (2003) Divisive primaries and the house district vote: a pooled analysis. American Politics Research 31(2): 178190.Google Scholar
Sandri, G, Seddone, A Venturino, F (eds) (2015) Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective, London: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Seddone, A Venturino, F (2010) Choosing the Leader. The Italian Democratic Party at Polls, 2007 and 2009. SISP paper.Google Scholar
Serra, G (2011) Why primaries? The party’s tradeoff between policy and valence. Journal of Theoretical Politics 23(1): 2151.Google Scholar
Southwell, PL (1986) The politics of disgruntlement: Nonvoting and defection among supporters of nomination losers, 1968–1984. Political Behavior 8(1): 8195.Google Scholar
Spies, DC Kaiser, A (2014) Does the mode of candidate selection affect the representativeness of parties? Party Politics 20(4): 576590.Google Scholar
Valbruzzi, M (2005) Primarie: partecipazione e leadership, Bologna: Bononia University Press.Google Scholar
Venturino, F Pasquino, G (eds) (2009) Le primarie comunali in Italia, Bologna: Il Mulino, 2009.Google Scholar
Vicentini, G (2014) Does inclusiveness affect divisiveness? A comparative analysis of leadership races in five western European countries. Italian Political Science Review 44(1): 5580.Google Scholar
Ware, A (1979) Divisive primaries: the important questions. British Journal of Political Science 9(3): 381384.Google Scholar
Ware, A (2018) What is, and what is not, a primary election?, in RG Boatright (eds). Routledge Handbook of Primary Elections, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wichowsky, A (2010) Narrow victories and hard games: revisiting the primary divisiveness hypothesis. American Politics Research 38(6): 10521071.Google Scholar